美国文学简史笔记常耀信完整版

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化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]美国文学简史笔记常耀信AConciseHistoryofAmericanLiteratureWhatisliterature?Literatureislanguageartisticallyusedtoachieveidentifiableliteraryqualitiesandtoconveymeaningfulmessages.Chapter1ColonialPeriodBackground:PuritanismfeaturesofPuritanismPredestination:Goddecidedeverythingbeforethingsoccurred.Originalsin:Humanbeingswereborntobeevil,andthisoriginalsincanbepasseddownfromgenerationtogeneration.TotaldepravityLimitedatonement:Onlythe“elect”canbesaved.InfluenceAgroupofgoodqualities–hardwork,thrift,piety,sobriety(seriousandthoughtful)influencedAmericanliterature.Itledtotheeverlastingmyth.Allliteratureisbasedonamyth–gardenofEden.Symbolism:theAmericanpuritan’smetaphoricalmodeofperceptionwaschieflyinstrumentalincallingintobeingaliterarysymbolismwhichisdistinctlyAmerican.Withregardtotheirwriting,thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest,notwithoutatouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBible.Overviewoftheliteraturetypesofwritingdiaries,histories,journals,letters,travelbooks,autobiographies/biographies,sermonswritersofcolonialperiodAnneBradstreetEdwardTaylorRogerWilliamsJohnWoolmanThomasPainePhilipFreneauJonathanEdwardslifeworksTheFreedomoftheWillTheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefendedTheNatureofTrueVirtueideas–pioneeroftranscendentalismThespiritofrevivalismRegenerationofmanGod’spresencePuritanidealismBenjaminFranklinlifeworksPoorRichard’sAlmanacAutobiographycontributionHehelpedfoundthePennsylvaniaHospitalandtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety.Hewascalled“thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfire(electricityinthiscase)fromheaven”.Everythingseemstomeetinthisoneman–“Jackofalltrades”.HermanMelvillethusdescribedhim“masterofeachandmasteredbynone”.Chapter2AmericanRomanticismSection1EarlyRomanticPeriodWhatisRomanticism?AnapproachfromancientGreek:PlatoAliterarytrend:18cinBritain(1798~1832)SchlegelBros.Preview:Characteristicsofromanticismsubjectivityfeelingandemotions,findingtruthemphasisonimaginationemphasisonindividualism–personalfreedom,noheroworship,naturalgoodnessofhumanbeingsbacktomedieval,espmedievalfolkliteratureunrestrainedbyclassicalrulesfullofimaginationcolloquiallanguagefreedomofimaginationgenuineinfeelings:answertheircallforclassicsbacktonaturenatureis“breathinglivingthing”(Rousseau)AmericanRomanticismBackgroundPoliticalbackgroundandeconomicdevelopmentRomanticmovementinEuropeancountriesDerivative–foreigninfluencefeaturesAmericanromanticismwasinessencetheexpressionof“arealnewexperienceandcontained“analienquality”forthesimplereasonthat“thespiritoftheplace”wasradicallynewandalien.ThereisAmericanPuritanismasaculturalheritagetoconsider.Americanromanticauthorstendedmoretomoralize.ManyAmericanromanticwritingsintendedtoedifymorethantheyentertained.The“newness”ofAmericansasanationisinconnectionwithAmericanRomanticism.Asalogicalresultoftheforeignandnativefactorsatwork,Americanromanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.WashingtonIrvingseveralnamesattachedtoIrvingfirstAmericanwriterthemessengersentfromthenewworldtotheoldworldfatherofAmericanliteraturelifeworksAHistoryofNewYorkfromtheBeginningoftheWorldtotheEndoftheDutchDynastyTheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gent.(Hewonameasureofinternationalrecognitionwiththepublicationofthis.)TheHistoryoftheLifeandVoyagesofChristopherColumbusAChronicleoftheConquestofGranadaTheAlhambraLiterarycareer:twoparts1809~1832SubjectsareeitherEnglishorEuropeanConservativelovefortheantique1832~1859:backtoUSstyle–beautifulgentility,urbanity,pleasantnessavoidingmoralizing–amusingandentertainingenvelopingstoriesinanatmospherevividandtruecharactershumour–smilingwhilereadingmusicallanguageJamesFenimoreCooperlifeworksPrecaution(1820,hisfirstnovel,imitatingAusten’sPrideandPrejudice)TheSpy(hissecondnovelandgreatsuccess)LeatherstockingTales(hismasterpiece,aseriesoffivenovels)TheDeerslayer,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePathfinder,ThePioneer,ThePrairiepointofviewthethemeofwildernessvs.civilization,freedomvs.law,ordervs.change,aristocratvs.democrat,naturalrightsvs.legalrightsstylehighlyimaginativegoodatinventingtalesgoodatlandscapedescriptionconservativecharacterizationwoodenandlackinginprobabilitylanguageanduseofdialectnotauthenticliteraryachievementsHecreatedamythabouttheformativeperiodoftheAmericannation.IfthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesis,inasense,theprocessoftheAmericansettlersexploringandpushingtheAmericanfrontierforeverwestward,thenCooper’sLeatherstockingTaleseffectivelyapproximatestheAmericannationalexperienceofadventureintotheWest.HeturnedthewestandfrontierasauseablepastandhehelpedtointroducewesterntraditiontoAmericanliterature.Section2SummitofRomanticism–AmericanTranscendentalismBackground:foursourcesUnitarianismFatherhoodofGodBrotherhoodofmenLeadershipofJesusSalvationbycharacter(perfectionofone’scharacter)ContinuedprogressofmankindDivinityofmankindDepravityofmankindRomanticIdealismCenteroftheworldisspirit,absolutespirit(Kant)OrientalmysticismCenteroftheworldis“oversoul”PuritanismEloquentexpressionintranscendentalismAppearance1836,“Nature”byEmersonFeaturesspirit/oversoulimportanceofindividualismnature–symbolofspirit/Godgarmentoftheoversoulfocusinintuition(irrationalismandsubconsciousness)InfluenceItservedasanethicalguidetolifeforayoungnationandbroughtabouttheideathathumancanbeperfectedbynature.Itstressedreligioustolerance,calledtothrowoffshacklesofcustomsandtraditionsandgoforwardtothedevelopmentofanewanddistinctlyAmericanculture.Itadvocatedidealismthatwasgreatneededinarapidlyexpandedeconomywhereopportunityoftenbecameopportunism,andthedesireto“geton”obscuredthemoralnecessityforrisingtospiritualheight.IthelpedtocreatethefirstAmericanrenaissance–oneofthemostprolificperiodinAmericanliterature.RalphWaldoEmersonlifeworksNatureTwoessays:TheAmericanScholar,ThePoetpointofviewOnemajorelementofhisphilosophyishisfirmbeliefinthetranscendenceofthe“oversoul”.Heregardsnatureasthepurest,andthemostsanctifyingmoralinfluenceonman,andadvocatedadirectintuitionofaspiritualandimmanentGodinnature.Ifmandependsuponhimself,cultivateshimselfandbringsoutthedivineinhimself,hecanhopetobecomebetterandevenperfect.ThisiswhatEmersonmeansby“theinfinitudeofman”.Everyoneshouldunderstandthathemakeshimselfbymakinghisworld,andthathemakestheworldbymakinghimself.aestheticideasHeisacompleteman,aneternalman.Truepoetryandtrueartshouldennoble.Thepoetshouldexpresshisthoughtinsymbols.Astotheme,EmersoncalleduponAmericanauthorstocelebrateAmericawhichwastohimalonepoeminitself.hisinfluenceHenryDavidThoreaulifeworksAWeekontheConcordandMerrimackRiverWaldenAPleaforJohnBrown(anessay)pointofviewHedidnotlikethewayamaterialisticAmericawasdevelopingandwasvehementlyoutspokenonthepoint.Hehatedthehumaninjusticeasrepresentedbytheslaverysystem.LikeEmerson,butmorethanhim,Thoreausawnatureasagenuinerestorative,healthyinfluenceonman’sspiritualwell-being.Hehasfaithintheinnervirtueandinward,spiritualgraceofman.Hewasverycriticalofmoderncivilization.“Simplicity…simplify!”Hewassorelydisgustedwith“theinundationsofthedirtyinstitutionsofmen’sodd-fellowsociety”.Hehascalmtrustinthefutureandhisardentbeliefinanewgenerationofmen.Section3LateRomanticismNathanielHawthornelifeworksTwocollectionsofshortstories:Twice-toldTales,MossesfromandOldManseTheScarletLetterTheHouseoftheSevenGablesTheMarbleFaunpointofviewEvilisatthecoreofhumanlife,“thatblacknessinHawthorne”Wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevilcanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration(causality).Heisoftheopinionthatevileducates.Hehasdisgustinscience.aestheticideasHetookagreatinterestinhistoryandantiquity.Tohimthesefurnishthesoilonwhichhismindgrowstofruition.HewasconvincedthatromancewasthepredestinedformofAmericannarrative.Totellthetruthandsatirizeandyetnottooffend:ThatwaswhatHawthornehadinmindtoachieve.style–typicalromanticwritertheuseofsymbolsrevelationofcharacters’psychologytheuseofsupernaturalmixedwiththeactualhisstoriesareparable(parableinform)–toteachalessonuseofambiguitytokeepthereaderintheworldofuncertainty–multiplepointofviewHermanMelvillelifeworksTypeeOmioMardiRedburnWhiteJacketMobyDickPierreBillyBuddpointofviewHeneverseemsabletosayanaffirmativeyestolife:Hisistheattitudeof“EverlastingNay”(negativeattitudetowardslife).Oneofthemajorthemesofhisisalienation(farawayfromeachother).Otherthemes:loneliness,suicidalindividualism(individualismcausingdisasteranddeath),rejectionandquest,confrontationofinnocenceandevil,doubtsoverthecomforting19cideaofprogressstyleLikeHawthorne,Melvillemanagestoachievetheeffectofambiguitythroughemployingthetechniqueofmultipleviewofhisnarratives.Hetendstowriteperiodicchapters.Hisrichrhythmicalproseandhispoeticpowerhavebeenprofuselycommenteduponandpraised.Hisworksaresymbolicandmetaphorical.Heincludesmanynon-narrativechaptersoffactualbackgroundordescriptionofwhatgoesonboardtheshiporontheroute(MobyDick)RomanticPoetsWaltWhitmanlifework:LeavesofGrass(9editions)SongofMyselfThereWasaChildWentForthCrossingBrooklynFerryDemocraticVistasPassagetoIndiaOutoftheCradleEndlesslyRockingthemes–“CatalogueofAmericanandEuropeanthought”HehadbeeninfluencedbymanyAmericanandEuropeanthoughts:enlightenment,idealism,transcendentalism,science,evolutionideas,westernfrontierspirits,Jefferson’sindividualism,CivilWarUnionism,Orientalism.Majorthemesinhispoems(almosteverything):equalityofthingsandbeingsdivinityofeverythingimmanenceofGoddemocracyevolutionofcosmosmultiplicityofnatureself-reliantspiritdeath,beautyofdeathexpansionofAmericabrotherhoodandsocialsolidarity(unityofnationsintheworld)pursuitofloveandhappinessstyle:“freeverse”nofixedrhymeorschemeparallelism,arhythmofthoughtphoneticrecurrencethehabitofusingsnapshotstheuseofacertainpronoun“I”alooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticstructureuseofconventionalimagestrongtendencytouseoralEnglishvocabulary–powerful,colourful,rarelyusedwordsofforeignorigins,someevenwrongsentences–cataloguetechnique:longlistofnames,longpoemlinesinfluenceHisbestworkhasbecomepartofthecommonpropertyofWesternculture.HetookoverWhitman’svisionofthepoet-prophetandpoet-teacherandrecastitinamoresophisticatedandEuropeanizedmood.HehasbeencomparedtoamountaininAmericanliteraryhistory.ContemporaryAmericanpoetry,whateverschoolorform,bearswitnesstohisgreatinfluence.EmilyDickensonlifeworksMyLifeClosedTwicebeforeItsCloseBecauseICan’tStopforDeathIHeardaFlyBuzz–WhenIdiedMine–bytheRightoftheWhiteElectionWildNights–WildNightsthemes:basedonherownexperiences/joys/sorrowsreligion–doubtandbeliefaboutreligioussubjectsdeathandimmortalitylove–sufferingandfrustrationcausedbylovephysicalaspectofdesirenature–kindandcruelfreewillandhumanresponsibilitystylepoemswithouttitlessevereeconomyofexpressiondirectness,brevitymusicaldevicetocreatecadence(rhythm)capitalletters–emphasisshortpoems,mainlytwostanzasrhetorictechniques:personification–makesomeofabstractideasvividComparison:Whitmanvs.DickinsonSimilarities:Thematically,theybothextolled,intheirdifferentways,anemergentAmerica,itsexpansion,itsindividualismanditsAmericanness,theirpoetrybeingpartof“AmericanRenaissance”.Technically,theybothaddedtotheliteraryindependenceofthenewnationbybreakingfreeoftheconventionoftheiambicpentameterandexhibitingafreedominformunknownbefore:theywerepioneersinAmericanpoetry.differences:Whitmanseemstokeephiseyeonsocietyatlarge;Dickinsonexplorestheinnerlifeoftheindividual.WhereasWhitmanis“national”inhisoutlook,Dickinsonis“regional”.Dickinsonhasthe“cataloguetechnique”(direct,simplestyle)whichWhitmandoesn’thave.EdgarAllenPoeLifeWorksshortstoriesratiocinativestoriesMsFoundinaBottleTheMurdersintheRueMorgueThePurloinedLetterRevenge,deathandrebirthTheFalloftheHouseofUsherLigeiaTheMasqueoftheRedDeathLiterarytheoryThePhilosophyofCompositionThePoeticPrincipleReviewofHawthorne’sTwice-toldTalesThemesdeath–predominantthemeinPoe’swriting“Poeisnotinterestedinanythingalive.EverythinginPoe’swritingsisdead.”disintegration(separation)oflifehorrornegativethoughtsofscienceAestheticideasTheshortstoriesshouldbeofbrevity,totality,singleeffect,compressionandfinality.Thepoemsshouldbeshort,andtheaimshouldbebeauty,thetonemelancholy.Poemsshouldnotbeofmoralizing.Hecallsforpurepoetryandstressesrhythm.Style–traditional,butnoteasytoreadReputation:“thejingleman”(Emerson)HisinfluencesChapter3TheAgeofRealismBackground:FromRomanticismtoRealismthethreeconflictsthatreachedbreakingpointinthisperiodindustrialismvs.agrarianculturely-measuredeastvs.newly-developedwestplantationgentilityvs.commercialgentility1880’surbanization:fromfreecompetitiontomonopolycapitalismtheclosingofAmericanfrontierCharacteristicstruthfuldescriptionoflifetypicalcharacterundertypicalcircumstanceobjectiveratherthanidealized,closeobservationandinvestigationoflife“Realisticwritersarelikescientists.”open-ending:Lifeiscomplexandcannotbefullyunderstood.Itleavesmuchroomforreaderstothinkbythemselves.concernedwithsocialandpsychologicalproblems,revealingthefrustrationsofcharactersinanenvironmentofsordidnessanddepravityThreeGiantsinRealisticPeriodWilliamDeanHowells–“DeanofAmericanRealism”RealisticprinciplesRealismis“fidelitytoexperienceandprobabilityofmotive”.Theaimis“talkofsomeordinarytraitsofAmericanlife”.ManinhisnaturalandunaffecteddullnesswastheobjectofHowells’sfictionalrepresentation.Realismisbynomeansmerephotographicpicturesofexternalsbutincludesacentralconcernwith“motives”andpsychologicalconflicts.Hecondemnsnovelsofsentimentalityandmorbidself-sacrifice,andavoidssuchthemesasillicitlove.Authorsshouldminimizeplotandtheartificialorderingofthesenseofsomething“desultory,unfinished,imperfect”.Charactersshouldhavesolidityofspecificationandbereal.Interpretingsympatheticallythe“commonfeelingsofcommonplacepeople”wasbestsuitedasatechniquetoexpressthespiritofAmerica.Heurgedwriterstowinnowtraditionandwriteinkeepingwithcurrenthumanitarianideals.Truthisthehighestbeauty,butitincludestheviewthatmoralitypenetratesallthings.Withregardtoliterarycriticism,Howellsfeltthattheliterarycriticshouldnottrytoimposearbitraryorsubjectiveevaluationsonbooksbutshouldfollowthedetachedscientistinaccuratedescription,interpretation,andclassification.WorksTheRiseofSilasLaphamAChanceAcquaintanceAModernInstanceFeaturesofHisWorksOptimistictoneMoraldevelopment/ethicsLackingofpsychologicaldepthHenryJamesLifeLiterarycareer:threestages1865~1882:internationalthemeTheAmericanDaisyMillerThePortraitofaLady1882~1895:inter-personalrelationshipsandsomeplaysDaisyMiller(play)1895~1900:novellasandtalesdealingwithchildhoodandadolescence,thenbacktointernationalthemeTheTurnoftheScrewWhenMaisieKnewTheAmbassadorsTheWingsoftheDoveTheGoldenBowlAestheticideasTheaimofnovel:representlifeCommon,evenuglysideoflifeSocialfunctionofartAvoidingomniscientpointofviewPointofviewPsychologicalanalysis,forefatherofstreamofconsciousnessPsychologicalrealismHighly-refinedlanguageStyle–“stylist”Language:highly-refined,polished,insightful,accurateVocabulary:largeConstruction:complicated,intricateMarkTwain(seenextsection)LocalColorism1860s,1870s~1890sAppearanceunevendevelopmentineconomyinAmericaculture:flourishingoffrontierliterature,humouristsmagazinesappearedtoletwriterpublishtheirworksWhatis“LocalColour”Tasksoflocalcolourists:towriteorpresentlocalcharactersoftheirregionsintruthfuldepictiondistinguishedfromothers,usuallyaverysmallpartoftheworld.Regionalliterature(similar,butlargerinworld)Garland,Harte–thewestEggleston–IndianaMrsStoweJewett–MaineChopin–LouisianaMarkTwain–MississippilifeworksTheGildedAge“thetwoadvantages”LifeontheMississippiAConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur’sCourtTheManThatCorruptedHardleybugstylecolloquiallanguage,vernacularlanguage,dialectslocalcoloursyntacticfeature:sentencesaresimple,brief,sometimesungrammaticalhumourtalltales(highlyexaggerated)socialcriticism(satireonthedifferentuglythingsinsociety)Comparisonofthethree“giants”ofAmericanRealismThemeHowells–middleclassJames–upperclassTwain–lowerclassTechniqueHowells–smiling/genteelrealismJames–psychologicalrealismTwain–localcolourismandcolloquialismChapter4AmericanNaturalismBackgroundDarwin’stheory:“naturalselection”Spenser’sidea:“socialDarwinism”FrenchNaturalism:ZoraFeaturesenvironmentandheredityscientificaccuracyandalotofdetailsgeneraltone:hopelessness,despair,gloom,uglysideofthesocietysignificanceItpreparesthewayforthewritingof1920s’“lostgeneration”andT.S.Eliot.TheodoreDreiserlifeworksSisterCarrieThetrilogy:Financier,TheTitan,TheStoicJennieGerhardtAmericanTragedyTheGeniuspointofviewHeembracedsocialDarwinism–survivalofthefittest.Helearnedtoregardmanasmerelyananimaldrivenbygreedandlustinastruggleforexistenceinwhichonlythe“fittest”,themostruthless,survive.Lifeispredatory,a“game”ofthelecherousandheartless,ajunglestruggleinwhichman,being“awaifandaninterloperinNature”,a“wispinthewindofsocialforces”,isamerepawninthegeneralschemeofthings,withnopowerwhatevertoasserthiswill.Nooneisethicallyfree;everythingisdeterminedbyacomplexofinternalchemismsandbytheforcesofsocialpressure.SisterCarriePlotAnalysisStyleWithoutgoodstructureDeficientcharacterizationLackinimaginationJournalisticmethodTechniquesinpaintingChapter5TheModernPeriodSection1The1920sIntroductionThe1920sisafloweringperiodofAmericanliterature.Itisconsidered“thesecondrenaissance”ofAmericanliterature.Thenicknamesforthisperiod:Roaring20s–comfortDollarDecade–richJazzAge–JazzmusicBackgroundFirstWorldWar–“awartoendallwars”Economically:becamerichfromWWI.Economicboom:newinventions.Highly-consumingsociety.Spiritually:dislocation,fragmentation.wide-spreadcontemptforlaw(lookingdownuponlaw)Freud’stheoryFeaturesoftheliteratureWriters:threegroupsParticipantsExpatriatesBohemian(unconventionalwayoflife)–on-lookersTwoareas:FailureofcommunicationofAmericansFailureoftheAmericansocietyImagismI.BackgroundImagismwasinfluencedbyFrenchsymbolism,ancientChinesepoetryandJapaneseliterature“haiku”II.Development:threestages1908~1909:London,Hulme1912~1914:England->America,Pound1914~1917:AmyLowellIII.Whatisan“image”AnimageisdefinedbyPoundasthatwhichpresentsanintellectualandemotionalcomplexinaninstantoftime,“avortexorclusteroffusedideas”“endowedwithenergy”.Theexactwordmustbringtheeffectoftheobjectbeforethereaderasithadpresenteditselftothepoet’smindatthetimeofwriting.IV.PrinciplesDirecttreatmentofthe“thing”,whethersubjectiveorobjective;Touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation;Asregardingrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofametronome.V.SignificanceItwasarebellionagainstthetraditionalpoeticswhichfailedtoreflectthenewlifeofthenewcentury.ItofferedanewwayofwritingwhichwasvalidnotonlyfortheImagistpoetsbutformodernpoetryasawhole.Themovementwasatrainingschoolinwhichmanygreatpoetslearnedtheirfirstlessonsinthepoeticart.ItisthismovementthathelpedtoopenthefirstpagesofmodernEnglishandAmericanpoetry.VI.EzraPoundlifeliterarycareerworksCathayCantosHughSelwynMauberleypointofviewConfidentinPound’sbeliefthattheartistwasmorallyandculturallythearbiterandthe“saviour”oftherace,hetookituponhimselftopurifytheartsandbecametheprimemoverofafewexperimentalmovements,theaimofwhichwastodumptheoldintothedustbinandbringforthsomethingnew.Tohimlifewassordidpersonalcrushingoppression,andcultureproducednothingbut“intangiblebondage”.PoundseesinChinesehistoryandthedoctrineofConfuciusasourceofstrengthandwisdomwithwhichtocounterpointWesterngloomandconfusion.Hesawachaoticworldthatwantedsettingtorights,andahumanity,sufferingfromspiritualdeathandcosmicinjustice,thatneededsaving.HewasforthemostpartofhislifetryingtoofferConfucianphilosophyastheonefaithwhichcouldhelptosavetheWest.style:verydifficulttoreadPound’searlypoemsarefreshandlyrical.TheCantoscanbenotoriouslydifficultinsomesections,butdelightfullybeautifulinothers.Fewhavemadeseriousstudyofthelongpoem;fewer,ifanyoneatall,havehadthecouragetodeclarethattheyhaveconqueredPound;andmanyseemtoagreethattheCantosisamonumentalfailure.ContributionHehashelped,throughtheoryandpractice,tochartoutthecourseofmodernpoetry.TheCantos–“theintellectualdiarysince1915”Features:Language:intricateandobscureTheme:complexsubjectmattersForm:nofixedframework,nocentraltheme,noattentiontopoeticrulesVII.T.S.EliotlifeworkspoemsTheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrockTheWasteLand(epic)HollowManAshWednesdayFourQuartersPlaysMurderintheCathedralSweeneyAgonistesTheCocktailPartyTheConfidentialClerkCriticalessaysTheSac