2002年专业英语八级真题

2002年专业英语八级 真题 北京中考数学真题pdf四级真题及答案下载历年四级真题下载证券交易真题下载资料分析真题下载 一、Listening Comprehension (News Broadcast)（共5小题,共5.0分）In this section, you will hear several news items. Listen to them carefully and then answer the questions that follow. 第1题 The news item is mainly about ___. A a call for research papers to be read at the conference. B an international conference on traditional Tibetan medicine. C the number of participants at the conference and their nationalities. D the preparations made by the sponsors for the international conference. 【正确 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 [听力原文] The first International Tibetan Traditional Medicine Conference will be held July 15th—17th inLasa, capital city of the Tibet Autonomous Region. China's Ethnic Medicine Institute, Tibetan Health Bureau and Tibetan Medical College will co-host the conference. The conference has received more than 500 research papers from China and abroad. The organizing committee primarily selected 290 articles to be discussed at the conference. More than 50 foreign guests from the United States, Russia, Britain, India, Germany, France, Italy and Nepal will attend the meeting. The Chinese mainland was sending a delegation consisting of 250 Tibetan medicine experts to the conference. 第2题 The news item mainly concerns _________ in Hong Kong. A Internet centres B an IBM seminar C e-government D broadcasting 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 第3题 The aims of the three policy objectives include all the following EXCEPT A improvement of government efficiency B promotion of e-commerce. C integration of service delivery. D formulation of Digital 21 Strategy. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 [听力原文] "The government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will actively adopt information technology and build an e-government, "a senior HK official said yesterday. "This is an integral part of Hong Kong's Digital-21 Strategy formulated in 1998 to make Hong Kong both a regional and worldwide Internet center," said Kerry Yao, secretary for Information Technology and Broadcasting. She outlined 3 policy objectives in developing an e-government in Hong Kong at the IBM Asian-Pacific E-Government executive Seminar. The first policy objective is to develop an electronic and paperless government so as to improve the efficiency, cost-effectiveness and quality of public services. The second is to promote the wider adoption of e-commerce with the government setting a leading example. The third is, through the e-government program, to integrate service delivery across multiple departments and agencies. 第4题 Which of the following records was the second best time of the year by Donovan Bailey? A 9.98. B 9.80. C 9.91. D 9.95. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 第5题 The record shows that Bailey was A still suffering from an injury. B getting back in shape. C unable to compete with Greene. D less confident than before. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 [听力原文] Canada's Olympic 100-meter Champion Donovan Bailey showed he was on his way back to top form on Tuesday by winning the 100 meters at the athletic meet in Switzerland in a time of 9.98 seconds. Despite unfavourable wind conditions, Bailey recorded the second best time of the year, short after 9.91 set by double world champion Morris Greene of the United States on May 13th in Asaka, Japan. "I would have run 9.8 if I really pushed myself," said Bailey, 1996 Olympic and 1995 world champion. The Canadian has been fighting for form before the Sydney Olympics, following a long-term injury which resulted in a disappointing series of starless season. 二、Reading Comprehension (Comprehension)（共14小题,共15.0分）In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet Two. 第1题 TEXT A 1 Do you ever feel as though you spend all your time in meetings? 2 Henry Mintzberg, in his book The Nature of Managerial Work, found that in large organizations managers spent 22 per cent of their time at their desk, 6 per cent on the telephone, 3 per cent on other activities, but a whopping 69 per cent in meetings. 3 There is a widely-held but mistaken belief that meetings are for "solving problems"and "making decisions". For a start, the number of people attending a meeting tends to be inversely roportional to their collective ability to reach conclusions and make decisions. And these are the least important elements. 4 Instead hours are devoted to side issues, playing elaborate games with one another. It seems, therefore, that meetings serve some purpose other than just making decisions. 5 All meetings have one thing in common: role-playing. The most formal role is that of chairman. He sets the agenda, and a good chairman will keep the meeting running on time and to the point. Sadly, the other, informal, role-players are often able to gain the upper hand. Chief is the "constant talker", who just loves to hear his or her own voice. 6 Then there are the "can't do" types who want to maintain the status quo. Since they have often been in the organization for a long time, they frequently quote historical experience as an excuse to block change: "It won't work, we tried that last year and it was a disaster. "A more subtle version of the "can't do" type, the "yes, but... ," has emerged recently. They have learnt about the need to sound positive, but they still can't bear to have things changed. 7 Another whole sub-set of characters are people who love meetings and want them to continue until 5: 30 p.m. or beyond. Irrelevant issues are their speciality. They need to call or attend meetings, either to avoid work, or to justify their lack of performance, or simply because they do not have enough to do. 8 Then there are the "counter-dependents", those who usually disagree with everything that is said, particularly if it comes from the chairman or through consensus from the group. These people need to fight authority in whatever form. 9 Meetings can also provide attenders with a sense of identification of their status and power. In this case, managers arrange meetings as a means of communicating to others the boundaries of their exclusive club: who is "in", and who is not. 10 Because so many meetings end in confusion and without a decision, another game is played at the end of meetings, called reaching a false consensus. Since it is important for the chairman to appear successful in problem-solving and making a decision, the group reaches a false consensus. Everyone is happy, having spent their time productively. The reality is that the decision is so ambiguous that it is never acted upon, or, if it is, there is continuing conflict, for Which another meeting is necessary. 11 In the end, meetings provide the opportunity for social intercourse, to engage in battle in front of our bosses, to avoid unpleasant or unsatisfying work, to highlight our social status and identity. They are, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological sideshow. Perhaps it is our civilized way of moderating, if not preventing, change. On role-playing, the passage seems to indicate that chairman A talks as much as participants. B is usually a "constant talker". C prefers to take the role of an observer. D is frequently outshone by participants. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为细节理解题。据第5段第3句和第4句可知与会者(the other，informal，role—players)经常能够占据上风，即无视会议主持人对会议的控制，在会上让别人听他或她说个不停。outshine 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示“比……更出色”，“胜过”。A、B、C都曲解了第5段原文的意思。 第2题 Which of the following is NOT a distinct characteristic of the three types of participants? A Submissiveness. B Stubbornness. C Disobedience. D Lack of focus. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为细节理解题。据第6段可确认B(拒绝任何变化，反映了一种固执)；据第7段可确认D(谈不相关的话题，反映谈话缺乏重点)；据第8段可确认C(反对一切，反映了那些人不愿服从)。 第3题 The passage suggests that a false consensus was reached at the end of a meeting in order to A make room for another meeting. B bring an illusory sense of achievement. C highlight the importance of a metting. D go ahead with the agreed programme. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为细节理解题。据第10段前2句可知。 [难点解析] <1>whopping巨大的，庞大的，不平常 <2>playing elaborate games with one another彼此之间玩着十分复杂的游戏。所谓游戏，这里指下文所讲的各种与会者的角色扮演。 <3>...there are the“can't do” types who want to maintain the status quo．一些人认为这也不 能做那也不能做，这类人只是想维持现状，status quo来自拉丁语，意为“现状”。 <4>...there are the“counter-dependents...”一些人总是持反对意见。 <5>sideshow穿插表演，附带活动。psychological这里指会议活动是一种心理行为，而这种行为是我们日常活动中的附带事件。 <6>...it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing，change．会议作为一种心 理上的附带活动，是我们缓和变化(如果不是阻止变化的话)的一种文明方式。 第4题 TEXT B 1 Cooperative competition. Competitive cooperation. Confused? Airline alliances have travellers scratching their heads over what's going on in the skies. Some folks view alliances as a blessing to travellers, offering seamless travel, reduced fares and enhanced frequent- flyer benefits. Others see a conspiracy of big businesses, causing decreased competition, increased fares and fewer choices. Whatever your opinion, there's no escaping airline alliances: the marketing hype is unrelenting, with each of the two mega-groupings, Oneworld and Star Alliance, promoting itself as the best choice for all travellers. And, even if you turn away from their ads, chances are they will figure in any of your travel plans. By the end of the year, Oneworld and Star Alliance will between them control more than 40% of the traffic in the sky. Some pundits predict that figure will be more like 75%in 10 years. 2 But why, after years of often ferocious competition, have airlines decided to band together? Let's just say the timing is mutually convenient. North American airlines, having exhausted all means of earning customer loyalty at home, have been looking for ways to reach out to foreign flyers. Asian carriers are still hurting from the region-wide economic downturn that began two years ago — just when some of the airlines were taking delivery of new aircraft. Alliances also allow carriers to cut costs and increase profits by pooling manpower resources on the ground (rather than each airline maintaining its own ground crew) and code-sharing — the practice of two partners selling tickets and operating only one aircraft. 3 So alliances are terrific for airlines — but are they good for the passenger? Absolutely, say the airlines: think of the lounges, the joint FFP (frequent flyer programme) benefits, the round-the-world fares, and the global service networks. Then there's the promise of "seamless" travel: the ability to, say, travel trom Singapore to Rome to New York to Rio de Janiero, all on one ticket, without having to wait hours for connections or worry about your bags. Sounds utopian? Peter Buecking, Cathay Pacific's director of sales and marketing, thinks that seamless travel is still evolving. "It's fair to say that these links are only in their infancy. The key to seamlessness rests in infrastructure and information sharing. We're working on this." Henry Ma, spokesperson for Star Alliance in Hong Kong, lists some of the other benefits for consum ers: "Global travellers have an easier time making connections and planning their itineraries." Ma claims alliances also assure passengers consistent service standards. 4 Critics of alliances say the much-touted benefits to the consumer are mostly pie in the sky, that alliances are all about reducing costs for the airlines, rationalizing services and running joint marketing programmes. Jeff Blyskal, associate editor of Consumer Reports magazine, says the promotional ballyhoo over alliances is much ado about nothing. "I don't see much of a gain for consumers: alliances are just a marketing gimmick. And as far as seamless travel goes, I'll believe it when I see it. Most airlines can't even get their own connections under control, let alone coordinate with another airline." 5 Blyskal believes alliances will ultimately result in decreased flight choices and increased costs for consumers. Instead of two airlines competing and each operating a flight on the same route at 70% capacity, the allied pair will share the route and run one full flight. Since fewer seats will be available, passengers will be obliged to pay more for tickets. 6 The truth about alliances and their merits probably lies somewhere between the travel utopia presented by the players and the evil empires portrayed by their critics. And how much they affect you depends on what kind of traveller you are. 7 Those who've already made the elite grade in the FFP of a major airline stand to benefit the most when it joins an alliance: then they enjoy the FFP perks and advantages on any and all of the member carriers. For example, if you're a Marco Polo Club "gold"member of Cathay Pacific's Asia Miles FFP, you will automatically be treated as a valuable customer by all members of Oneworld, of which Cathay Pacific is a member — even if you've never flown with them before. 8 For those who haven't made the top grade in any FFP, alliances might be a way of simplifying the earning of frequent flyer miles. For example, I belong to United Airline's Mileage Plus and generally fly less than 25,000 miles a year. But I earn miles with every flight I take on Star Alliance member — All Nippon Airways and Thai Airways. 9 If you fly less than I do, you might be smarter to stay out of the FFP game altogether. Hunt for bargains when booking flights and you might be able to save enough to take that extra trip anyway. The only real benefit infrequent flyers can draw from an alliance is an inexpensive round-the-world fare. 10 The bottom line: for all the marketing hype, alliances aren't all things to all people — but everybody can get some benefit out of them. Which is the best word to describe air travellers' reaction to airline alliances? A Delight. B Indifference. C Objection. D Puzzlement. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为细节理解题。据第1段前几句可知。scratch their heads over what's going On in the skies表示对航空公司联盟摸不着头脑，感到十分困惑。 第5题 According to the passage, setting up airline alliances will chiefly benefit A North American airlines and their domestic travellers. B North American airlines and their foreign counterparts. C Asian airlines and their foreign travellers. D Asian airlines and their domestic travellers. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为细节理解题。据第2段第3、4句可知。北美航空公司国内市场已饱和，正在寻找资金吸引国外乘客。亚洲航空公司受地区经济衰退影响，而此时一些公司正在购买新飞机。二者通过联合得到互补。故B。第3段第1句可提供进一步支持。 第6题 Which of the following is NOT a perceived advantage of alliances? A Baggage allowance. B Passenger Comfort. C Convenience. D Quality. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为细节归纳题。据第3段第3句可确认B；据第3段倒数第2句可确认C。据第3段最后1句可确认D。 第7题 One disadvantage of alliances foreseen by the critics is that air travel may be more expensive as a result of A less convenience. B higher operation costs. C less competition. D more joint marketing. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为细节理解题。据第5段第2句可知。 第8题 According to the passage, which of the following categories of travellers will gain most from airline alliances? A Travellers who fly frequently economy class. B Travellers who fly frequently business class. C Travellers who fly occasionally during holidays. D Travellers who fly economy class once in a while. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为细节归纳题。据第7段第1句可确认B(those who've already made the elite grade inthe FFP指那些经常乘坐business class的人)。据第8段第1句可排除A(those who haven't made the top grade in any FFP指那些经常乘坐economy class的人)。据第9段可 排除C、D。 [难点解析] <1>seamless travel一体化旅行(即可凭一票连续去多处旅行，无需中途再购票候机) <2>unrelenting丝毫不松懈的 <3>Critics of alliances say the much-touted benefits to the consumer are mostly pie in the sky...对航空公司联合一事持批评态度的人认为，那些被大肆吹捧的给乘客的各种好处多数只是天上的馅饼(即不能保证实现的允)。 <4>...the promotional ballyhoo over alliances is much ado about nothing．有关(航空公司的)联合问题的大吹大擂其实是无事生非。 <5>gimmick花招，诡计，骗局 <6>elite grade精英级别 <7>perks特殊待遇，特权，同perquisite。 <8>earn miles赚取飞行里数(从而节省时间或费用) 第9题 TEXT C 1 It is nothing new that English use is on the rise around the world, especially in business circles. This also happens in France, the headquarters of the global battle against American cultural hegemony. If French guys are giving in to English, something really big must be going on. And something big is going on. 2 Partly, it's that American hegemony. Didier Benchimol, CEO of a French e-commerce software company, feels compelled to speak English perfectly because the Internet software business is dominated by Americans. He and other French businessmen also have to speak English because they want to get their message out to American investors, possessors of the world's deepest pockets. 3 The triumph of English in France and elsewhere in Europe, however, may rest on something more enduring. As they become entwined with each other politically and economically, Europeans need a way to talk to one another and to the rest of the world. And for a number of reasons, they've decided upon English as their common tongue. 4 So when German chemical and pharmaceutical company Hoechst merged with French competitor Rhone-Poulenc last year, the companies chose the vaguely Latinate Aventis as the new company name — and settled on English as the company's common language. When monetary policymakers from around Europe began meeting at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt last year to set interest rates for the new Euroland, they held their deliberations in English. Even the European Commission, with 11 official languages and a traditionally French-speaking bureaucracy, effectively switched over to English as its working language last year. 5 How did this happen? One school attributes English's great success to the sheer weight of its merit. It's a Germanic language, brought to Britain around the fifth century A. D. During the four centuries of French-speaking rule that followed Norman Conquest of 1066, the language morphed into something else entirely. French words were added wholesale, and most of the complications of Germanic grammar were shed while few of the complications of French were added. The result is a limguage with a huge vocabulary and a simple grammar that can express most things more efficiently than either of its parents. What's more, English has remained ungoverned and open. to change — foreign words, coinages, and grammatical shifts — in a way that French, ruled by the purist Academie Francaise, had not. 6 So it's a swell language, especially for business. But the rise of English over the past few centuries clearly owes at least as much to history and economies as to the language's ability to economically express the concept win-win. What happened is that the competition first Latin, then French, then briefly, German — faded with the waning of the political, economic, and military fortunes of, respectively, the Catholic Church, France, and Germany. All along, English was increasing in importance: Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, and London the world's most important financial centre, which made English a key language for business. England's colonies around the world also made it the language with the most global reach. And as that former colony the U.S. rose to the status of the world's preeminent political, economic, military, and cultural power, English became the obvious second language to learn. 7 In the 1990s more and more Europeans found themselves forced to use English. The last generation of business and government leaders who hadn't studied English in school was leaving the stage. The European Community was adding new members and evolving from a paper-shuffling club into a serious regional government that would need a single common language if it were ever to get anything done. Meanwhile, economic barriers between European nations have been disappearing, meaning that more and more companies are begining to look at the whole continent as their domestic market. And then the Internet came along. 8 The Net had two big impacts. One was that it was an exciting, potentially lucrative new industry that had its roots in the U. S. , so if you wanted to get in on it, you had to speak some English. The other was that by surfing the Web, Europeans who had previously encountered English only in school and in pop songs were now coming into contact with it daily. 9 None of this means English has taken over European life. According to the European Union, 47% of Western Europeans (including the British and Irish) speak English well enough to carry on a conversation. That's a lot more than those who can speak German (32%) or French (28%), but it still means more Europeans don't speak the language. If you want to sell shampoo or cell phones, you have to do it in French or German or Spanish or Greek. Even the U. S. and British media companies that stand to benefit most from the spread of English have been hedging their bets — CNN broadcasts in Spanish; the Financial Times had recently launched a daily German-language edition. 10 But just look at who speaks English: 77% of Western European college students, 69% of managers, and 65% of those aged 15 to 24. In the secondary schools of the European Union's non-English-speaking countries, 91% of students study English, all of which means that the tran sition to English as the language of European business hasn't been all that traumatic, and it's only going to get easier in the future. In the author's opinion, what really underlies the rising status of English in France and Europe is A Americ an dominance in the Internet software business. B a prae tical need for effective communication among Europeans. C Europe ans' eagerness to do business with American businessmen. D there cent trend for foreign companies to merge with each other. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.3分 【答案解析】 此题为细节理解题。据第3段可知，由于欧洲诸国在政治和经济上密不可分，他们需要一种可以用来进行彼此之间的对话乃至与世界上其他国家之间进行交流的共同语言，最终他们确定英语为这种共同语言。A、C、D都与英语的地位提升有关，但不是最根本的因素。 第10题 Europeans began to favour English for all the following reasons EXCEPT its A inherent linguistic properties. B association with the business world. C links with the United States. D disassociation from political changes. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.3分 【答案解析】 此题为细节归纳题。据第5段可确认A；据第2段和第6段第1句可确认B，据第2段和第6段最后1句可确认C。据第6段第3句可知，随着天主教、法国、德国分别在政治、经济和军事上的衰退，拉丁语、法语和德语先后在共同语的竞争中败下阵来。故排除A。 第11题 Which of the following statements forecasts the continuous rise of English in the future? A About half of Western Europeans are now proficient in English. B U.S. and British media companies are operating in Western Europe. C Most secondary school students in Europe study English. D Most Europeans continue to use their own language. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.3分 【答案解析】 此题为一般推理题。据最后1段最后1句可知。 第12题 TEXT D 1 As humankind moves into the third millennium, it can rightfully claim to have broken new ground in its age-old quest to master the environment. The fantastic achievements of modern technology and the speed at which scientific discoveries are translated into technological applications attest to the triumph of human endeavour. 2 At the same time, however, some of these applications threaten to unleash forces over which we have no control. In other words, the new technology Man now believes allows him to dominate this wider cosmos could well be a Frankenstein monster waiting to turn on its master. 3 This is an entirely new situation that promises to change many of the perceptions governing life on the planet. The most acute challenges facing the future are likely to be not only those pitting man against his fellow man, but those involving humankind's struggle to preserve the environment and ensure the sustainability of life on earth. 4 A conflict waged to ensure the survival of the human species is bound to bring humans closer together. Technological progress has thus proved to be a double-edged sword, giving rise to a new form of conflict: a clash between Man and Nature. 5 The new conflict is more dangerous than the traditional one between man and his fellow man, where the protagonists at least shared a common language. But when it comes to the reactions of the ecosystems to the onslaught of modern technology, there is no common language. 6 Nature reacts with weather disturbances, with storms and earthquakes, with mutant viruses and bacteria—that is, with phenomena having no apparent cause and effect relationship with the modern technology that supposedly triggers them. 7 As technology becomes ever more potent and Nature reacts ever more violently, there is an urgent need to rethink how best to deal with the growing contradictions between Man and Nature. 8 For a start, the planet, and hence all its inhabitants, must be perceived as an integral whole, not as a dichotomous mass divided geographically into the rich and developed and the poor and underdeveloped. 9 Today, globalization encompasses the whole world and deals with it as an integral unit. It is no longer possible to say that conflict has shifted from its traditional east-west axis to a north-south axis. The real divide today is between summit and base, between the higher echelons of the international political structure and its grassroots level, between governments and NGOs, between state and civil society, between public and private enterprise. 10 The mesh structure is particularly obvious on the Internet. While it is true that to date the Internet seems to be favouring the most developed sectors of the international community over the less developed, this need not always be the case. Indeed, it could eventually overcome the disparities between the privileged and the underdeveloped. 11 On the other hand, the macro-world in which we live is exposed to distortions because of the unpredictable side-effects of a micro-world we do not and cannot totally control. 12 This raises the need for a global system of checks and balances, for mandatory rules and constraints in our dealings with Nature, in short, for a new type of veto designed to manage what is increasingly becoming a main contradiction of our time: the one between technology and ecology. 13 A new type of international machinery must be set in place to cope with the new challenges. We need a new look at the harnessing of scientific discoveries, to maximize their positive effects for the promotion of humanity as a whole and to minimize their negative effects. We need an authority with veto powers to forbid practices conducive to decreasing the ozone hole, the propagation of AIDS, global warming, desertification—an authority that will tackle such global problems. 14 There should be no discontinuity in the global machinery responsible for world order. The UN in its present form may fall far short of what is required of it, and it may be undemocratic and detrimental to most citizens in the world, but its absence would be worse. And so we have to hold on to the international organization even as we push forward for its complete restructuring. 15 Our best hope would be that the functions of the present United Nations are gradually taken over by the new machinery of veto power representing genuine democratic globalization The mention of Man's victory over Nature at the beginning of the passage is to highlight A a new form of conflict. B Man's creative powers. C the role of modern technology. D Man's ground-breaking work. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为一般推理题。从后文来看，尽管现代技术在征服自然方面贡献巨大，但同时也带有一些新的问题(尤其第2段)，所以B、C、D均不妥。 第13题 According to the passage, which is NOT a reponsibility of the proposed internationalauthority? A Monitoring effects of scientific discoveries. B Dealing with worldwide environmental issues. C Vetoing human attempts to conquer Nature. D Authorizing efforts to improve human health. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为细节归纳题。据第13段第2句可确认A。据第13段最后1句可确认B和D。C在文中无从得到支持，事实上据常识也知C项内容是不可能的。 第14题 When commenting on the present role of the UN, the author expresses his A dissatisfaction. B disillusionment. C objection. D doubt. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为一般推理题。在第14段中，作者提出，当今的联合国也许不能满足人们对它的要求，也许不民主，也许对世界上大多数公民有害，但若没有它情况会更糟。因此，作者认为，现在还不得不依赖这一国际性组织，但同时要努力促使它作全面重组。在第15段，作者期望当今联合国的各项功能逐步由一种新的能体现真正的、民主的全球化理念的机构所承载。综 上所述，我们可以推知，作者对联合国目前所扮演的角色是怀有不满的。disillusionment表示“不再抱有幻想”，“理想破灭”。objection表示“反对”。doubt表示“怀疑”。 [难点解析] <1>break ground此处表示“取得巨大进展”。 <2>The fantastic achievements of modern technology and the speed at which scientificdiscoveries are translated into technological applications attest to the triumph of human endeavour．此处translate表示“转化为”，attest to表示“证明”、“表明”。 <3>unleash发生，发动，释放 <4>...the new technology Man now believes allows him to dominate this wider cosmos could well be a Frankenstein monster waiting to turn on its master． Man now believes allows him to dominate this wider cosmos为定语从句，修饰the new technology，在technology与Man之间一般要有引导词that或which。Man now believes为插入成分。Frankenstein monster此处为一典故。Frankenstein是一个创造怪物而自己被它毁灭的医学研究者，是英国女作家Mary W．Shelly于1818所著同名小说中的主人公。现它广泛用来指那些作法自毙者。此处作者将威胁人类生存环境的科学技术比作Frankenstein发明的那个怪物。turn on sb．表示“转身攻击”、“突然袭击”。 <5>pitting man agains this fellow man此分词短语作定语，修饰those(代指challenge)。pit A against B表示“使A与B对立、相斗或冲突”。 <6>dichotomous mass可被一分为二的整体 <7>echelon阶层，系统中的等级 <8>NGO non-governmental organization，非政府组织的缩写 <9>mesh structure网状结构 <10>veto否决，否决权 <11>We need an authority with veto powers to forbid practices conducive to decreasing the ozone hole，the propagation of AIDS，global warming，desertification...conducive to...desertification这一形容词短语作practices的后置定语。conducive to sth．表示“易导致……的”、“助长……的”。ozone hole表示“臭氧层空洞”。 propagation表示“蔓延”、“扩展”。 <12>the UN in its present form in its present form这一介词短语做UN的后置定语。 三、 Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)（共10小题,共10.0分）In this section there are several passages with a total of ten multiple-choice questions. Skim or scan them as required and then answer the questions. 第1题 TEXT E In addition to the national social security system, 17 special pension schemes are among the social advantages that government employees are not prepared to give up. Under the national scheme, retirement is at the age of 65, whereas the special schemes offer retirement at 55 or even 50. Most of the pension schemes are in the red and have to be topped up by the state. The total state contribution in 1994 was F125 billion ($ 25 billion ) The prime minister says he wants to keep the special schemes. There are three solutions for keeping them afloat: lengthening the contribution period, increasing contributions, or reducting the pensions paid out. The government chose the first solution in the plan that it announced on November 15. Private sector employees were required in 1993 to contribute for 40 instead of 37.5 years, in order to qualify for a full pension. State employees could still retire after 37.5 years' service provided they had reached the age limit. The prime minister's announcement touched off strikes on the railways, Paris's transport services and government departments. Facing increasing opposition to this proposal, the prime minister said on December 5 that working more years would no longer be a condition for reforming the special pension schemes. A government commission that will examine pensions will, however, be free to propose Changes in the retirement age in certain professions. But it will take into consideration the hardships involved in the work and the constraints of working hours. At the moment, the minimum retirement age is 60—as in the private sector before 1983 —for 65 percent of public service employees. It is 55, or even 50, for 35 per cent of employees considered to be doing work "involving special risks or exceptional fatigue". Primary school teachers can retire at 55, but the limit for new, better qualified recruits is 60. Postal workers at sorting offices can retire at 55. The retiring age for police officers is 50, prison officers 50, nurses 55, and railwaymen 50 and 55 for others. The 30,000 employees of the Paris Metro have an average retirement age of 53. Two-thirds of the "active" employees and those working in conditions that can damage health in the public gas and electric utility retire at 55. Retirement age for notary's clerks is 55 for women, and 60 for men. For miners, retirement is at 55. Comparing the national pension scheme and the special schemes is not easy, because state employees receive bonuses—some of them substantial—which are not included in calculating their contributions or their pensions. What is the most appropriate topic of the following passage? A Strikes. B Pensions. C Retirement ages. D Government decisions. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为快速浏览题。从文章首尾段(及第3段、第5段等)可知全文的中心议题为pensions。全文中多次谈到retirement ages，但有关它的讨论隶属于有关pension的讨论。A与D明显不符。 第2题 TEXT F It seems obvious that trapping more of the sun's heat will make the planet hotter. But what seems obvious isn't always true. According to some respected scientists, there is a chance that global warming could plunge us into, of all things, an ice age. The argument hinges on the Gulf Stream, the ocean current that brings warm surface water north and east and heats Europe. As it travels, some of the water evaporates; what's left is saltier and thus denser. Eventually the dense surface water sinks to the sea bottom, where it flows back southward. And then, near the equator, warm, fresh water from tropical rivers and rain dilutes the salt once again, allowing the water to rise to the surface, warm up and begin flowing north again. But with global warming, melting ice from Greenland and the Arctic Ocean could pump fresh water into the North Atlantic; so could the increased rainfall predicted for northern latitudes in a warmer world. Result: the Gulf Stream's water wouldn't get saltier after all and wouldn't sink so easily. Without adequate resupply, the southerly underwater current would stop, and the Gulf Stream would in turn be shut off. If that happens, Europe will get very cold. Rome is, after all, at the same latitude as Chicago, and Paris is about as far north as North Dakota. More snow will' fall, and the bright snow cover will reflect more of the sun's energy back into space, making life even chillier. Beyond that, the Gulf Stream is tied into other ocean currents, and shutting it down could rearrange things in a way that would cause less overall evaporation. Worst of all, the experts believe, such changes could come on with astonishing speed— perhaps within a decade or less. And while we might have a great deal of trouble adjusting to a climate that gets 2℃ warmer over the next century, an ice age by mid-century would be unimaginably devastating. The lingering uncertainty about whether our relentless production of greenhouse gases will keep heating our planet or ultimately cool it suggests that we should make a better effort to leave the earth's thermostat alone. In the following passage the author intends to A explain how the Gulf Stream is formed. B compare global warming with global cooling. C explain the composition of the sea currents. D deliver a warning of a coming ice age. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为快速浏览题。据第1段及后3段主题句以及最后1段可确定。 第3题 TEXT G Experts predict that the printed, paper and glue book will be rendered obsolete by electronic text delivery systems, of which one, the Microsoft Reader, is already on the market, offering "books" on a pocket PC manufactured by Hewlett-Packard. This is not impossible; already much of the written communication that used to be handled by letters, newspapers and magazines has shifted to computer screens and to the vast digital library available over the Internet. If the worst comes true and the paper book joins the papyrus scroll and parchment codex in extinction, we will miss, I predict, a number of things about it. The book as furniture. Shelved rows of books warm and brighten the starkest room. By bedside and easy chair, books promise a cozy, swift and silent release from this world into another. For ease of access and speed of storage, books are tough to beat. The book as sensual pleasure. Smaller than a breadbox, bigger than a TV remote, the average book fits into the human hand with a seductive nestling, a kiss of texture, whether of cover cloth, glazed jacket or flexible paperback. The weight can rest on the little finger of the right hand for hours without strain, while the thumb holds the pages open and the fingers of the other hand turn them. The rectangular block of type, a product of five and a half centuries of printers' lore, yeilds to decipherment so gently that one is scarcely aware of the difference between immersing oneself in an imaginary world and scanning the furniture of one's own room. The book as souvenir. One's collection comes to symbolize the contents of one's mind. Books read in childhood, in yearning adolescence, at college and in the first self-conscious years of adulthood travel along, often, with readers as they move from house to house. My mother's college texts sat untouched in a corner of our country bookcase. The bulk of my own college books are still with me, rarely consulted but always there, reminders of moments, of stages, in a pilgrimage. The decades since add their own drifts and strate of volumes read or half read or intended to be read. Books preserve, daintily, the redolence of their first reading — this beach, that apartment, that summer afternoon, this flight to Indonesia. Books as ballast. As movers and the moved both know, books are heavy freight, the weight of refrigerators and sofas broken up into cardboard boxes. They make us think twice about changing addresses. How many aging couples have decided to stay put because they can't imagine what to do with the books? How many divorces have been forestalled by love of the jointly acquired library? Books hold our beams down. They act as counterweight to our fickle and flighty natures. In comparison, any electronic text delivery device would lack substance. Further, speaking of obsolescence, it would be outdated in a year and within 15 years as inoperable as my formerly treasured Wang word processor from the mid-80's. Electronic equals immaterial. Without books, we might melt into the airwaves, and be just another set of blips. What is the main theme of the following passage? A Strengths of paper books over E-books. B Projected extinction of paper books. C Market prospects of E-books. D The history of paper books. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为快速浏览题。据第1段及后几段主题句(黑体字)可知。 第4题 TEXT H It's difficult to determine what constitutes an appropriate tip in any country. In Japan, if you leave a couple of coins on the table, the waiter is liable to chase after you to return your forgotten change. In New York, on the other hand, if you leave less than 15%, your reservation might not hold up next time. Asia, with its multiplicity of cultures and customs, is a particularly difficult terrain. To make your next trip a little easier, here's a guide to tipping across the region: HONG KONG Tipping is de rigueur in this money-mad metropolis at all but the lowest establishments. Even bathrooms in posh hotels have little dishes for loose change. Restaurants: Most places automatically add a 10% service charge to the bill, but the surcharge often ends up in the pocket of the owner, not the staff kitty. If the service is good, add another 10% to the bill, up to HK 100 if you're in an especially nice restaurant. Porters: HK $10 should do it at all but the nicest hotels where a crisp HK $ 20 bill may be more acceptable. Taxis: Round up to the nearest dollar, although many drivers will do this on their own when making change. MANILA Tipping is common in Manila, and anything above 10% will gain you undying loyalty. Restaurants: Even if a service charge is included, custom dictates adding another 5%— 10% to the bill. Porters: Service in top hotels is good and should be rewarded with 20 pesos per bag. Taxis: Most cabs are metered, and rounding up to the next five pesos is a good rule of thumb. SEOUL Tipping is not part of Korean culture, although it has become a matter of course in international hotels where a 10% service charge is often added. Restaurants: If you'er at a Korean barbecue joint, there's no need to add anything extra. But a sleek Italian restaurant may require a 10% contribution. Porters: If you're at a top-end hotel, international standards apply, so expect to give 500 —1,000 won per bag. Taxis: Drivers don't expect a tip, so unless you're feeling remarkably generous, keep the change for yourself. SINGAPORE According to government mandate in the Lion City, tipping is a no-no. It's basically outlawed at Changi Airport and officials encourage tourists not to add to the 10% service charge that many highend hotels add on to the bill. Porters: Hotel staff are the one exception to the no-tipping rule. As a general guide, S $1 should be adequate for baggage-lugging service. Taxis: Drivers don't expect tipping, but they won't refuse if you want to round up the fare to the next Singaporean dollar. The passage intends primarily to _____ in some Asian cities. A explain how porters work B introduce top-end eateries C provide advice on tipping D describe how taxis are metered 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为快速浏览题。据第1段(尤其是最后1句)以及下文布局可知。 第5题 TEXT I WHAT'S ON CONCERTS New concert hall: The movie theatre of the National Library of China has been turned into a concert hall after months of renovation. The Guotu Concert Hall will open to the public for the first time on June 30. After the opening ceremony, the China National Song and Dance theatre will present highlights of Chinese modern operas from the past 50 years. Programme: excepts from Chinese modern operas including "The White-haired Girl", "Red Rocks" and more. Time: 7:30 pm, June 30 Place, Guotu Concert Hall at the National Library of China. Tel: 6841—9238 Chinese music: The Traditional Band of China National Song and Dance Theatre will perform traditional Chinese music, under Lin Wenjin, composer and director of the theatre. Programme: "Butterfly Lovers ", "Moonlight Reflected on Number Two Spring", "The Night is Deep" and other traditional pieces. Time: 7:30pm, July 1—2 Place: Guotu Concert Hall at the National Library of China Tel: 6848—5462 EXHIBITIONS One-man show: Lao Dao is presenting his most recent paintings at the Wanfung Gallery. Titled "spanning the space" the exhibition features about 30 works created from synthetic materials. The paintings are composed of mottled ancient doors with faded couplets pasted on them, leading the viewers into ancient stories hidden behind the door. Time: 9 am—5 pm until July 1st Place: 136 Nanchizi Dajie, Dongcheng District Tel: 6523—3320 Charm of ink: The Huangshicheng Gallery is hosting a solo show of ink-and- colour paintings by veteran calligrapher and painter Qin Tang. More than just visually appealing, Qin's work impresses the viewer with its vividness and simplicity. Time: 9 am—5 pm until July 5th Place: Nanchizi Dajie, Dongcheng District Tel: 6528—9103 STAGE Peking Opera: The Liyuan Theatre presents traditional Peking Opera excerpts in short programmes for foreign audiences and in original styles. With an explanation in English, the performances are from the Beijing Opera Theatre. Time:7:30 pm July 3—5 Place. Liyuan Theatre, Qianmen Jianguo Hotel, Xuanwu District Tel: 6301--6688 If you want to see a performance by the Beijing Peking Opera Theatre, which phone number would you ring? A 6841—9283 B 6848—5462 C 6301—6688 D 6523--3320 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为跳读题。可以Peking Opera为关键词在STAGE一栏中查寻。 第6题 Supposing you have some free time after 7 pm on July 1 [st], which performance or exhibition can you go to? A Traditional Chinese music. B Chinese modern operas. C Peking Opera. D Lao Dao's recent paintings. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为跳读题。可以July lst为关键词在各栏中Time栏中查寻。 第7题 TEXT J Autobiography Linda Anderson, University of Newcastle, UK This wide-ranging introduction to the study of autobiography offers a historical overview of autobiographical writing from St Augustine to the present day. Linda Anderson follows the important developments in autobiographical criticism in the last thirty years, paying particular attention to psychoanalytic, post-structuralist and feminist approaches. This volume: ● outlines the main theoretical issues and concepts of this difficult area ● looks at the different forms from confessions to narratives to memoirs to diaries ● considers the major writers of this historical tradition. Culture/ Metaculture Francis Mulhern, Middlesex University, UK Culture/Metaculture is a stimulating introduction to the meanings of "culture" in contemporary Western society. This essential survey examines: ● culture as an antidote to "mass" modernity, in the work of Thomas Mann, Julien Benda, Karl Mannheim and F.R. Leavis ● post-war theories of "popular" culture and the rise of Cultural Studies, paying particular attention to the key figures of Raymond Williams and Stuart Hall ● theories of "metaculture", or the ways in which culture, however defined, speaks of itself. Modernism Peter Childs, Cheltenham and Gloucester College of Higher Education, UK With its battle cry of "Make it New", the modernist movement shook the foundations of the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century literary establishment. Modernism offers an outstanding analysis of this literary and cultural revolution. Peter Childs' immensely readable account: ● details the origins of the modernist movement and the influence of thinkers such as Darwin, Marx, Freud, Nietzsche, Saussure and Einstein ● explores the radical changes which occurred in the literature, drama, art and film of the period ● traces "modernism at work" in the writing of Joyce, Woolf, Mansfied, Forster, Yeats, Ford, Eliot, Beckett and other key literary figures. Science Fiction Adam Roberts, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK Science fiction is one of the most vigorous and exciting areas of modern culture, ranging from groundbreaking novels of ideas to blockbusters on the cinema screen. This outstanding volume offers a clear and critically engaged account of the phenomenon. Adam Roberts: ● provides a concise history of science fiction and the ways in which the genre has been defined ● examines the interactions between science fiction and science fact ● anchors each chapter with a case study drawn from short story, book or film, from Frank Herbert's Dune to Barry Sonnenfeld's Men in Black. Who is the author of Culture/Metaculture? A Linda Anderson. B Peter Childs. C Adam Roberts. D Francis Mulhern. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为跳读题。可以Culture／Metaculture为关键词在文中相应栏目中查寻。 第8题 Which of the following books draws on case studies? A Modernism. B Science Fiction. C Autobiography. D Culture/Metaculture. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为跳读题。可以case studies为关键词在文中各栏目的特点部分查寻。 第9题 TEXT K We all enjoy a little extra-special every now and then, whether it's a prime table at our favourite restaurant or an upgrade on that long flight across the Pacific. Being recognized makes us feel valued — and we're more likely to do business with someone who takes the time to go that extra mile. E-commerce sites know this, and they're doing everything they can to create personalized environments so we'll want to spend money online. How? By employing cookies. Cookies are bits of data stored on your computer's hard drive when you visit a website. They can only be read by the site that sets them. Companies use them to store information about you and to track your behaviour on a particular website and, of course, your shopping habits. Cookies help companies personalize their websites. This is how an online bookstore knows you're you, or how a news website knows to show you headlines from your hometown. Retailers use cookies to promote products they think you might like or to target ads that you might find appealing. Cookies also record user IDs and passwords so you don't have to log in each time you visit a site. Cookies, however, have a darker side too, and all kinds of privacy issues lurk at every bend. On their own, cookies are generally harmless, if mildly intrusive. One potential problem, though, crops up when you enter personal information on a survey. This can be easily linked up with cookies about your surfing habit and the website knows pretty much everything there is to know about you. Often this information is used simply to show you an advertisement for a product you might want to buy. But privacy advocates worry that this information could be misused. Here's what you can do as an online shopper to protect your privacy: ● Accept only cookies that get sent back to the originating server. Both Microsoft Explorer and Netscape Communicator offer this option. ● Shop only with sites that post online privacy policies. ● Be careful about what sort of information you give out in surveys. ● Set up a secondary profile using an anonymous e-mail account and bogus ID. It's clandestine, but you'll surf with greater anonymity. Of course, when you actually want to buy something you'll have to give out your real name and address. What are Cookies in the following passage? A Computer data. B Shopping habits. C Websites. D Passwords. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为快速浏览题。据第2段可知。 第10题 How many pieces of advice are offered by the author to protect online shoppers' privacy? A 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 此题为快速浏览题。从文中最后部分四个黑点提示可知。 四、Listening Comprehension ( Talk ) （共5小题,共5.0分）Questions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the talk. 第1题 According to the passage, during the 18th and 19th centuries cities were small in size mainly because A the urban pupulation was stable. B few people lived in cities. C transport was backward. D it was originally planned. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 第2题 Cities survived in those days largely as a result of A the trade activities they undertook. B the agricultural activities in the nearby areas. C their relatively small size. D the non-economic roles they played. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 第3题 Cities survived in those days largely as a result of A the trade activities they undertook. B the agricultural activities in the nearby areas. C their relatively small size. D the non-economic roles they played. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 第4题 Urban people left cities for the following reasons EXCEPT A more economic opportunities. B a freer social and political environment. C more educational opportunities. D a more relaxed religious environment. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 第5题 Why did the early cities fail to grow as quickly as expected throughout the 18th century? A Because the countryside attracted more people. B Because cities did not increase in number. C Because the functions of the cities changed. D Because the number of city people was stable. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 [听力原文] The first era in American urban history extended from the early 17th century to about 1840.Throughout those years, the total urban population remained small and so were the cities. At the first federal census in 1790, city dwellers made up nearly 5. 1% of the total population and only 2 places had more than 25,000 inhabitants. Fifty years later, only 10.8% of the nation's population fell into the urban category and only one city — New York — contained more than 50,000 people. Largely because of the unsophisticated modes of transportation, even the more popular places in the early 19th century remained small enough that people easily walked from one end of the city to the other in those days. Though small by modern standards, these walking cities, as it were, performed a variety of functions in those days. One was economic. Throughout the pre-modern era, this part of the urban life remained so overwhelmingly commercial that almost every city owed its development to trade. Yet city dwellers concerned themselves not only with promoting agricultural activities in their rural areas. They also collected and processed goods from these areas and then distributed them to other cities. From the beginning then and increasingly in the 18th and early 19th centuries, cities served as centres of both commerce and simple manufacturing. Apart from the economic functions, the early cities also had important non-economic functions to play. Since libraries, museums, schools, and colleges were built and needed people to go there to visit or to study, cities and the larger early towns, with their concentrations of population, tended to serve as centres of educational activities and the points from which information was spread to the countryside. In addition, the towns with people of different occupational, ethnic, racial and religious affiliations became focuses of formal and informal organizations, which were set up to foster the security and to promote the interests and influence of each group. In these days, the pre-industrial city in America functioned as a complex and varied organising element in American life, not as a simple, homogeneous and static unit. The vitality of these early cities was reinforced by the nature of their location and by the process of town spreading. Throughout the pre-industrial period of American history, the cities occupied sites on the eastern portion of the then largely undeveloped continent and the settlement of countryside generally followed the expansion of the towns in that region. The various interest groups in each city tended to compete with their counterparts in other cities for economic, social and political control, first of nearby and later of more distant and larger areas. And always there remained the undeveloped regions to be developed through the establishment of new towns by individuals and groups. These individuals and groups sought economic opportunities or looked for a better social, political or religious atmosphere. In this sense, the city still helped the development of the successions of urban frontiers. Well, this kind of circumstance made Americans one of the most political and self-conscious city-building peoples of their time. It did not result in a steadily urbanizing society in the sense that decade by decade an even larger proportion of population lived in cities. In 1690, an estimated 9—10% of American colonists lived in urban settlements. A century later, that is, the end of the 18th century, though 24 places had 2, 500 persons or more, city dwellers accounted for only 5.1%of the total population. For the next 30 years, the proportion remained relatively stable and it was not until 1830 that the urban figure moved back up to the level of 1690. In short, as the number of cities increased after 1690, they sent larger numbers of people into the countryside. Then they returned. Nonetheless, the continuous movement of people into and out of the cities made life in the many but relatively small places lively and stimulating. 五、Listening Comprehension ( Interview )（共5小题,共5.0分）the next questions are based on an interview with an architect. At the end of the interview you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following questions. Now listen to the interview. 第1题 According to Janet, the factor that would most affect negotiations is A English language proficiency. B different cultural practices. C different negotiation tasks. D the international Americanized style. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 第2题 Janet's attitude towards the Americanized style as a model for business negotiations is A supportive. B negative. C ambiguous. D cautious. 【正确答案】：D 【本题分数】：1.0分 第3题 Which of the following can NOT be seen as a difference between Brazilian and American negotiators? A Americans prepare more points before negotiations. B Americans are more straightforward during negotiations. C Brazilians prefer more eye contact during negotiations. D Brazilians seek more background information. 【正确答案】：A 【本题分数】：1.0分 第4题 Which group of people seems to be the most straightforward? A The British. B Germans. C Americans. D Not mentioned. 【正确答案】：C 【本题分数】：1.0分 第5题 Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Japanese negotiators? A Reserved. B Prejudiced. C Polite. D Prudent. 【正确答案】：B 【本题分数】：1.0分 【答案解析】 [听力原文] I'm talking to Janet Toms, who has spent many years negotiating for several well-known national and multinational companies. M: Hello, Janet. F: Hello. M: Now, Janet, you've experienced and observed the negotiation strategies used by people from different countries and speakers of different languages. So before we come on to the differences, could I ask you to comment, first of all, on what such encounters have in common? F: OK, well, I'm just going to focus on the situations where people speak English in nternational business situations. M: I see. Now not everyone speaks English to the same degree of proficiency, so maybe that affects the situation. F: Yes, perhaps. But that's not always so significant. Well, because, I mean, negotiations between business partners from different countries normally mean that we have negotiations between individuals who belong to distinct cultural traditions. M: Oh, I see. F: Well, every individual has a different way of performing various tasks in everyday life. M: Yes, but, but isn't it the case that in the business negotiation they must come together and work together to a certain extent? I mean, doesn't that level out the style, the style of differences somewhat? F: Oh, I'm not so sure. I mean there are people in the so called western world who say that in the course of the past 30 or 40 years, there are a lot of things that have changed a great deal globally. And then as a consequence, national difference has diminished or got fewer, giving way to some sort of international Americanized style. M: Yeah. I heard that. Now some people say this Americanized style has acted as a model for local patterns. F: Maybe it has, maybe it hasn't. Because on the one hand there does appear to be a fairly unified, even uniform style of doing business, with certain basic principles and preferences, you know, like "time is money", that sort of thing. But at the same time, it's very important to remember that we all retain aspects of the national characteristics. But it's actually behavior that we're talking about here. We shouldn't be too quick to eneralize that into national characteristics and stereotypes. It doesn't help much. M: Yeah, you mentioned Americanized style. What is particular about the American style of business bargaining or negotiation? F: Well, I've noticed that. For example, when Americans negotiate with people from Brazil, the American negotiators make their points in a direct, self-explanatory way. M: I see. F: Well, the Brazilians make their points in a more indirect way. M: How? F: Let me give you an example. Brazilian importers look at people that they are talking too straight in the eyes a lot. They spend time on what for some people seems to be background information. They seem to be more indirect. M: Then, what about the American negotiators? F: An American style of negotiating, on the other hand, is far more like that of point-making, first point, second point, third point, and so on. Now of course, this isn't the only way in which one can negotiate. And there is absolutely no reason why this should be considered the best way to negotiate. M: Right. Americans seem to have a different style, say., even from the British, don't they? F: Exactly, which just goes to show how careful you must be about generalizing. I mean,how else can you explain how American negotiators are seen as informal and sometimes much too open. For, in British eyes, Americans are direct, even blunt. M: Is that so? F: Yeah. And at the same time for the British, too, German negotiators can appear direct and uncompromising in negotiations. And yet, if you experience Germans and Americans negotiating together, it's often the Americans who will be too blunt for German negotiators. M: Fascinating. So people from different European countries use different styles, don't they? F: That's right. M: OK. So what about the Japanese, then? I mean is their style different from Americans'and Europeans'? F: Oh, well, yes, of course. Many Europeans know the extreme politeness of their Japanese counterparts. The way they avoid giving the slightest offence, you know. They are also very reserved towards people they don't know well. At the first meetings,American colleagues have difficulties in finding the right approach sometimes. But then,when you meet the Japanese negotiators again, this initial impression turns to disappear.But it's perhaps true to say that your average Japanese business person does choose his or, more rarely, her words very carefully. M: So can we say that whatever nationality you're dealing with, you need to remember that different nationalities negotiate in different ways? F: Well, it's perhaps more helpful to bear in mind that different people behave and negotiate in different ways and you shouldn't assume that everyone will behave in the same way that you do. M: Right, this is definitely a very useful tip for our business men who often negotiate with their overseas partners. Ok, Janet, thank you very much for talking with us. F: My pleasure. none、六（共Listening Comprehension ( Mini-Lecture )小题,10共分）10.0 第1题     In order to help college and university students in the process of learning, four key study activities have been designed and used to encourage them to make knowledge their own. 1. Essay writing: central focus of university work esp. in the humanities, e.g (1) benefits:l) Helping to select interesting content in books and to express understanding. 2)Enabling teachers to know progress and to offer (2) . 3) Familiarizing students with exam forms. 2. Seminars and classroom discussion: another form to internalize knowledge in specialized contexts. benefits:l) (3) enables you to know the effectivess of and others' response to your speech immediately. 2) Within the same period of time, more topics can be dealt with than in (4) .3) The use of a broader range of knowledge is encouraged. 3. Individual tutorials:a substitute for group discussion. format: from teacher (5) to flexible conversation, benefit: encouraging ideas and interaction. 4. Lectures: a most (6) used study activity. disadvantages:(1) Less (7) than discussions or tutorials. 2) More demanding than note-taking. advantages: 1) Providing a general (8) of a subject under discussion. 2) Offering more easily understood versions of a theory. 3) Updating students on (9) developments. 4) Allowing students to follow different (10) 【正确答案】： 答案:literature或history或po1itics 第2题 【正确答案】： 答案:advice 第3题 【正确答案】： 答案:talking或conversation 第4题 【正确答案】： 答案:writing或essays 第5题 【正确答案】： 答案:explanation 第6题 【正确答案】： 答案:widely或extensively或frequently或commonly 第7题 【正确答案】： 答案:interactive 第8题 【正确答案】： 答案:map或survey或overview 第9题 【正确答案】： 答案:recent 第10题 【正确答案】： 答案:views [本题分数]： 1.0 分 【答案解析】 [听力原文] Study Activities in University Good morning, Today we'll look at some study activities carried out in the university. As we know, students in colleges or universities are expected to master some academic materials that are fairly difficult to understand. However, some of them find it hard to learn some complex, abstract or unfamiliar subject matter. As a result, a central problem in higher education is how to internalize academic knowledge, that is, how to make knowledge your own. In order to do so, we must convert knowledge from being other people's knowledge to being part of our own ways of thinking. Then, how are we going to do it? And what are the means available to help us in the process of learning? There are 4 key study activities currently used in higher education to encourage students to internalize knowledge. They are the ones we are familiar with: writing essays, going to classes and seminars, having individual tutorials, and listening to lectures. These 4 activities are long established features of our higher education and they are almost as important now as they were 100 years ago. Now let's look at the features of them one by one. First, essay writing. The central focus of university work, especially in the humanities, for example, in literature, history or politics, is on students producing regular essays and papers which summarize and express their personal understanding of the topic. Then, what is good about essay writing? Firstly, writing essays forces you to select what you find interesting in books and journals and to express your understanding in a coherent form. Individual written work also provides teachers with the best available guide to how you are progressing in the subject and allows them to give advice on how to develop your strengths or counteract your weaknesses. Lastly, of course, individual written work is still the basis of almost all assessment in higher education. Written assignments familiarize you with the forms that your exams or course-work papers will take. The second key activity in colleges and universities is seminars and class-discussions. Their role is to help you internalize academic knowledge by providing specialized contexts so that you can talk about such difficult problems as the trade-off between inflation and unemployment in economic policy or the use of metaphors in Shakespeare's plays. Talking is a more interactive activity than written work. In the conversation, you know immediately how effectively you are expressing a viewpoint and can modify what you are saying in response to people's reactions. In addition, a normal program of between 10 and 25 classes will cover far more topics in one subject that you can hope to manage in your written work. Participating in flexible conversations across this range of issues also allows you to practice using the broard knowledge gained from other key activities, such as lectures. Now, let's take a look at another activity—individual tutorials. Discussions between a teacher and 1 or 2 students are used in many colleges as a substitute for or supplement to group discussions in classes like those mentioned before. Tutorials can range from direct explanations by the teacher in the subject to flexible conversational sections which, at their best, are effective in stimulating students' mastery of the body of knowledge. The one-to- one quality of the personal interaction is very important in stimulating acceptance of ideas and producing fruitful interaction. In order to make individual tutorials really work, students should make good preparation before hand and during the tutorial they should also ask questions to keep the ball rolling rather than let teachers talking in a vacuum. The last activity is lectures. As we all know, lectures play a large part in most students' timetables and occupy considerable proportion of teachers' efforts. However, the major difficulty with lectures is that they are not interactive like discussions or tutorials. The lecturer normally talks for the whole time with minimal feedback from questions. Besides, taking notes in lectures while concentrating on the argument being developed is often difficult to some students, especially when the argument is very complicated. However, having said that, lectures are clearly valuable in several specific ways. They can provide a useful overview, an area map, as it were, to familiarize you with the main landscape features to be encountered during a course. Lectures typically give much more accessible descriptions of theoretical perspectives in their oral presentations that can be found in the academic literature. Whenever there is a rapid pace of progress in theory or practice, lectures play an indispensable part in letting students know the development immediately, usually several years before the new material is included in textbooks. Lastly, lectures are often very useful in allowing you to see directly how exponents of different views build up their arguments. The cues provided by seeing someone talking in person may seem irrelevant, but these cues are important aids to understanding the subjects better later. So far, we've discussed 4 study activities and their respective features and roles in higher education. Of course, study activities are not limited to just these four types. There are other activities that are equally important, such as general reading, project learning, etc. We'll cover them during our next lecture. none、七（共Proofreading and Error Correction小题,10共分）10.0 第1题 There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling. (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt 'naturally' and unconsciously, and orthography is learnt (1)______ deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what (2)______ our speech sounds like when we speak out, and it often (3)______ comes as a shock when we firstly hear a recording of ourselves. (4)______ It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. We begin the 'natural' (5)______ learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and (6)______ practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult (7)______ English spelling. This is ' natural', therefore, that our speech-sounds (8)______ should be those of our immediate circle；after all, as we have seen, speech operates as a means of holding a community and (9)______ giving a sense of 'belonging'. We learn quite early to recognize a 'stranger', someone who speaks with an accent of a different community — perhaps only a few miles far. (10)______ 【正确答案】： 答案:将第2个and改成but或whereas. [本题分数]： 1.0 分 【答案解析】 因为从句前后部分的内容在意思上明显存在对比。 第2题 【正确答案】： 答案:将with改成of。 [本题分数]： 1.0 分 【答案解析】 unconscious一般与of搭配。 第3题 【正确答案】： 答案:将out去掉。 [本题分数]： 1.0 分 【答案解析】 speak out表示“大声说话”、“大胆地说”，在意思上与上下文不符。 第4题 【正确答案】： 答案:将firstly改成firstly 。 [本题分数]： 1.0 分 【答案解析】 firstly一般用于列举观点、条目等。first作为副词时一般表示“先”、“首先”、“第一(相当于firstly)”、“首次”、“第一次”，等等。 a．Before we go， 工must first change my clothes． b．I first met him ten years ago． c．Firstly We must think hard．Secondly，we mustwork hard．Lastly we must be helpfu1． 第5题 【正确答案】： 答案:将which改成that。 [本题分数]： 1.0 分 【答案解析】 当先行词为不定代词(如anything，something，nothing等)时，定语从句应由that(在从句中充当主语或宾语)来引导。 第6题 【正确答案】： 答案:将went改成go。 [本题分数]： 1.0 分 【答案解析】 这里谈论的是人们学语言的习惯性行为，所以不用过去时。 第7题 【正确答案】： 答案:将per或every去掉。 [本题分数]： 1.0 分 【答案解析】 per与every在意思上重复。 第8题 【正确答案】： 答案:将This改成It。 [本题分数]： 1.0 分 【答案解析】 在英语中一般用it作形式主语来替代主语从句。 第9题 【正确答案】： 答案:在community与and之间加上together。 [本题分数]： 1.0 分 【答案解析】 hold sth. together表示“使连在一起”、“使团结一致”。hold单独不可表示此义。 第10题 【正确答案】： 答案:将far改成away。 [本题分数]： 1.0 分 【答案解析】 far表示“远的”时一般用作前置定语。far作副词时表示“遥远地”、“到很远的距离”，等等。away作副词时可表示“在离特定地点有一段距离的地方”，常用作表语，也可作后置定语。有时可用。off代替。far可以修饰away。例如： a． He comes from far country． b． I just live a few doors away． c． The town is a mile away． d． The school is far away from my home． 八、Chinese to English （本大题1小题．每题10.0分，共10.0分。Translate the following underlined part of the text into English. ） 第1题 大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌；往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。 【正确答案】： Nature favors the rich and the poor alike． Thus， a11 people depend on it， unanimously and profoundly．Especially in the countryside，people have been living a changeless life for thousands of years：planting crops and grapes，brewing and drinking wine，raising and milking cows，weeding and cultivating flowers；going to church on weekends for prayers and religions services；playing the musical instrument，dancing and singing on the square during the holidays．The countryside of the past days remains to be the beloved homeland of today． Thus， each place has its own egend， and subsequently，its customs pass on from one generation to the next．  [本题分数]： 10.0 分 【答案解析】  [难点解析] <1>大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。此句也可译为：Nature favors everyone alike，whether they are rich or poor。后半句也可说成regardless of their wealth。此句中“一律平等”用alike似乎比equally或fairly更贴切。 <2>人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。此句为典型的汉语句式，英译时要避免汉化。为突出“一致并深深地”，我们可以在这两个状语前加上逗号以取得相似效果。 <3>种植庄稼……跳舞和唱歌。此部分用来具体描述人们一直以不变的方式生活，宜用分词短语，或附在上一句后，也可单独成句。 <4>往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这里的“田园”指的是上文中的“乡间”。“温馨的”可用dear，beloved等来译。 九、English to Chinese （本大题1小题．每题10.0分，共10.0分。Translate the following underlined part of the text into Chinese. ） 第1题 The word "winner" and "loser" have many meanings. When we refer to a person as a winner, we do not mean one who makes someone else lose. To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society. Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be;rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performancemaintainning pretence, and manipulating others. They are aware that there is a difference between being loving and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. They can separate facts from opinions and don't pretend to have all the answers. They listen to others, evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire and respect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them. Winners do not play "helpless", nor do they play the blaming game. Instead, they assume responsibility for their own lives. 【正确答案】： 赢者在其一生中并不致力于想象自己会成为什么样的人。相反，他们会非常客观地认识自己，因而不会花力气做样子、装腔作势、操纵别人等。他们清楚真正关爱他人与假装关爱他人之间、真傻和假傻之间，真有学问与装作有学问之间是有差别的。赢者无需匿身于面具之后。 赢者不惧怕独立思考和运用自己的知识。他们能够分清客观事实与主观看法，他们不会佯装可以解决所有问题。他们会听取别人的意见，评估别人所言，但结论都是自己作出。赢者也会敬仰、尊敬别人，但不会完全被他们限制、驳倒、束缚，也不会因为他们而畏怯。赢者不会故作无助，也不会玩怨天尤人的把戏。相反，他们会为自己的生活承担责任。  [本题分数]： 10.0 分 【答案解析】 [难点解析] <1>Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be...理解此句时可考虑它与后句之间的语义联系。从rather的使用可知二者之间存在对立或对比关系。这样可以更好地理解原句的意思，并作出灵活的翻译。 <2>as such此处表示“就以这种身份或资格”，“如所指的人或物那样”，即以赢者他们本来的身份而非伪装的身份行事。as such另一常用意思是“就其本身而论”。 <3>put on a performance做样子 <4>between being loving and acting loving，between being stupid and acting stupid between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable此处act为不及物动词，表示“假装”、“故意表现(为)”。理解此部分内容要结合上一句。 <5>have all the answers若直译其字面意思似乎不太符合汉语表达习惯。根据其意可转译为“解决所有问题”。 <6>define define的本义是“下定义”、“限定”、“规定”，根据上下文，我们可以用“限制”来译。 <7>demolish常表示“毁坏，拆毁”。此处取“驳倒(理论、论点等)”之义。 <8>play“helpless”此处play与上文中的act同义，表示“装作”、“假装”。 十、Writing（本大题1小题．每题20.0分，共20.0分。 ） 第1题 All of us would agree that in order to be successful in the present-day society, we university graduates have to possess certain personal qualities that can enable us to realize our aim. What do you think is the most important personal quality of a university graduate? Write a composition of about 300 words on the following topic: THE MOST IMPORTANT PERSONAL QUALITY OF A UNIVERSITY STUDENT In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you shoud bring what you have written to natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriacy. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. 【正确答案】： [写作要点] 1．第一部分(即第一段)交待论点，第二部分(可分为三段)展开讨论，以具体的细节来支持自己的观点。第三部分(即最后一段)总结第二部分的讨论，得出结论。 2．写作时需注意内容、组织、语法和表达的得体性。 3．字数要求为300词左右。 [写作提纲] 第1段：交待背景，引出话题。文章可以提问开始：大学生毕业时要具备哪些素质才能在当今社会中取得成功?哪一点最为重要呢?对此，人们会有不同的看法。接着，提出自己的观点，认为适应能力最重要。 第2段：提出第一个方面的理由，即三四年的教育不足以维持我们的一生。现代社会日新月异，知识更新不断加快。在学校学到的专业知识会过时，如电脑技术。 第3段：提出第二个方面的理由，即大学生应能适应新的环境，这种环境包括地理以及社会文化两个方面的环境。 第4段：提出第三个方面的理由，即大学生还应能适应周边环境，即如何与同事相处。由于经常可能会换工作，相应地，同事也会跟着换。处理好与同事的关系，对于事业的成功十分重要。 第5段：总结上文，得出结论。重申大学毕业生最应具备良好的适应能力。 [习作参考] The Most lmportant Personal Quality of University Graduate What personal qualities should a qualified university graduate possess in order to be successful in the present—day society?People may concur on a number of elements such as honesty，knowledge，ability，cooperativeness，communicative competence，adaptability，among others．Yet opinions may vary on which of these qualities is most important． Personally，I would like to argue that adaptability outweighs the others now that today's society obviously runs in a state of flux． To start with，a mobile society demands talents who can easily adapt to the development of society．In the span of three or four years，students can indeed acquire a lot of expertise from their academic schooling．However，it would be too naive to believe that the knowledge thus acquired will be enough for the future work. In fact, the world keeps on changing. What one has learned in college may soon grow outdated, as in the case of computer technology. In order to be successful, a college graduate must be capable of meeting the changing needs of his or her post. That one lives to learn underscores the necessity to keep learning for the sake of easy adaptation. Secondly, a university graduate should be able to survive in new surroundings. The first years of the new century has witnessed frequently migration of people. Even in a single country like China, there exists geographical and cultural diversity across different regions. For example, while people in Shenzhen pass their winter as a nice season in the year, those in Beijing complain about the chilling cold. Even more troublesome is the difference in their customs and living habits. Misunderstanding often arises as a result of the failure to recognise these divergences. Therefore, college students need to get acquainted with the cultural ways of the places they will work in . Moreover, as interpersonal relations play an important part in people's career, university students also need to know how to quickly adjust themselves so as to be on good terms with whatever colleagues they may work with in the future. In a mobile society, they are not expect to stay on one and the same post and place permanently. They may change jobs and places ccasionally. Then it is highly necessary that they get acquainted with their new colleagues as soon as possible and establish friendly relations with them. After all, a friendly environment may promote the chances of professional success. In a nutshell, adaptability is of chief importance to university graduates in many ways. It is a kind of quality that may enable them to get accustomed to their working conditions and work towards one success after another. 跟多 试卷 云南省高中会考试卷哪里下载南京英语小升初试卷下载电路下试卷下载上海试卷下载口算试卷下载 请访问《做题室》www.zuotishi.com