大学英语跨文化交流完整第一章ppt课件

大学英语跨文化交际Chapter1Culture.Learningobjectives:1.Understandthedefinitionsofculture.2.Describethefunctionsandcharacteristicsofculture.3.Summarizetheprocessoftheformationofculturalidentity..ChapterOutlineCultureAnthropologicalInterculturalFormationCharacteristicsSubcultureCo-cultureSubgroupTheNatureofCultureCulturalIdentityDefinitionDefinitionsLearnedDynamicPervasiveSociologicalIntegratedadaptiveCultureswithinCultureCharacteristicsPsychological.Lead-inActivity1:Makealistofimagesfromyourhomecultureandtrytoexplainwhattheyexpressaboutwhothepeopleofyourcultureareandwhattheirrelationshipistopeoplefromothercultures..whichimagedoyouprefer?Whichdoyouthinkaretheimagesthatmosttrulyexpresshowpeoplefeelaboutthemselvesandtheworld?.Thinkaboutthefollowingsimilesandmetaphors,howdoyouthinkcultureisrelatedtothereferences?1.Cultureislikeaniceberg.2.Cultureisoursoftware.3.Cultureislikethewaterafishswimsin.4.Cultureisthegrammarofourbehavior.TheNatureofCulture.BehaviourTraditionsArtefacts–buildings,clothes,artetc.Whatliesunderthesurface?1.Thecultureiceberg.Whatliesunderthesurface?culturalbeliefs（e.g.howpeopleshouldbehave）culturalperceptions（e.g.whichpeoplearebeautiful）culturalattitudes（e.g.whichpeoplearemostimportantinsociety）culturalvalues（e.g.what’simportantinlife）?Whichthingsbelowthesurfaceinfluenceusmost?Howcanwebecomeawareofourowndeepculture?Howcanwerecognizeitinothers?.Canyoutellwhichofthefollowingareabovethewaterandwhicharebelow?WhatandhowpeopleeatHowtokeephealthyHowtoraisechildrenHowtodobusinessHowtousetimeHowtointroducepeopleHowtoparticipateinceremoniesRulesforgesturesRulesforfacialexpressionsandeyecontactEtiquetteWorkspeedWhatisrightorwrong,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,goodorbad,etc..2.CultureIsOurSoftwareWhyisculturecomparedtothesoftwareofpeople’smind?Citesomeexamplestoillustrateit.Thesocietyaroundusisnotanentirelyobjectivereality,foreveryoneofushelpstoconstructourworld.Cultureisthesharedsetofmentalandpsychologicalprinciplesthatexistinpeople’minds..3.CultureIsLiketheWateraFishSwimsIn.“Outofwater”=OutofContextAsaschooledfish…“Water”ismycultureOtherWatersorAirareotherculturalcontexts“Iwantmycontexttofeelcomfortable!”.4.CultureIstheGrammarofOurBehaviorThecollectiveagreementgovernspeople’sbehaviorandgivespeopleguidelinesaboutwhatthingsmean,whatisimportant,andwhatshouldorshouldnotbedone...DEFINITIONSOF‘CULTURE’AccordingtoTheConciseOxfordDictionary,cultureis“theartsandothermanifestationsofhumanintellectualachievementregardedcollectively”..DEFINITIONSOF‘CULTURE’1.DefiningCulturefromtheAnthropologicalPerspective2.DefiningCulturefromthePsychologicalPerspective3.DefiningCulturefromtheSociologicalPerspective4.DefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective5.OurDefinitionofCulture.1.DefiningCulturefromtheAnthropologicalPerspective“Cultureconsistsofpatterns,explicitandimplicit,ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols,constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups,includingtheirembodiments(体现）inartifacts;theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditionalideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues”.-----KroeberandKluckhohn.2.DefiningCulturefromthePsychologicalPerspectivecultureis"thecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother".---GeertHofstede.3.DefiningCulturefromtheSociologicalPerspectiveAccordingtothesocialscientists:“Cultureisdefinedasapatternoflearned,group-relatedperception—includingbothverbalandnonverballanguageattitudes,values,beliefsystem,disbeliefsystems,andbehavior”..Activity:KeywordsFindoutthekeywordssharedbythethreedefinitionsabove.Writethemdownandtrytomakeupyourowndefinitionofcultureaccordingtothekeywords.Keywords:.4.DefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective“Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behaviorsandartifactsthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.”[BatesandPlog].SYMBOLSWHATDOTHEYREPRESENT?.AWAYOFOVERCOMINGMAN’SVULNERABILITY(弱点）ACQUIREDTHROUGHSOCIALIZATIONTHUS,MANISTHEPRODUCEROFCULTUREANDTHEPRODUCTOFCULTURECONCLUSION:CULTUREIS….ThevulnerabilityofhumanbeingsCultureiswhatdistinguishhumansfromanimals.Humanbeingsdonothavebuilt-ininstinctsforsurvivalthatarebiologicallypredetermined.Butitisjustthisinbornweaknessthatmakesmanexceedanimalsinearninghimselfabetterlife...BasicFunctionsofCultureCulturemakesallthingseasy.-byprovidingmeaningtoevents,objectsandpeople---makinglifelessconfusing-byprovidinguswithstructure---theskillsandrulesnecessarytoadapttoourworld.Aculturecanalsobeunderstoodasaparticularwaytosatisfyourhumanneeds.Let’sfollowAbrahamMaslow(1908-1970,Americanpsychologist)!.TheCharacteristicsofCultureCaseStudyRichard,anengineerfromtheUnitedStates,wasinvitedtotaketeawithoneofhisBritishcolleagueswhilehewasinEngland.Thiswasapurelysocial,relaxedoccasion.Teawasservedalongwithsugarandcream.Ashehelpedhimselftosomesugarandcream,hesensedhehaddonesomethingwrong.Canyoutellwhatwentwrong?“Helpyourself”VS.“Bemyguest”.ADAPTIVELEARNEDDYNAMICINTEGRATEDPERVASIVECULTUREIS…TheCharacteristicsofCulture.CultureisLearnedWelearnourcultureinmanywaysandfromavarietyofsources,eitherconsciouslyorunconsciously.Onewayisbymeansofproverbsthatofferinavividwayanimportantsetofinstructionsformemberstofollow.ethnic.CultureisDynamicCultures,onceformed,arestable,butareatthesametimechangingwiththedevelopmentofhumansociety.Althoughmanyaspectsofculturearesubjecttochange,thedeepstructureofcultureresistsmajoralterations.ethnic.CultureisIntegratedTheelementsofculturearecloselylinkedasifinacomplexchainlikesystem.Youtouchacultureinoneplaceandeverythingelseisaffected.ethnic.CaseStudySeveralmonthsagoIwasinabusinUrumqi.Ayoungman,whoseemedlikeacollegestudent,satseveralrowsaheadofme.HestaredatmesinceIgotonthebus.wepassedonebusstopafteranother.Suddenlyherosefromhisseat,cametositbymeandjuststartedaveryunpleasantconversationwithhisspeedyEnglish.“Doyouhaveawife?”“Howoldareyou?”“HaveyoueverbeenawayfromUrumqiforalongtime?whatembarrassedmewasnottheconversationatmosphere,orhislongstareatmewhilewittingsoclose,neitherweresomanyquestionswewesternerswouldneverask.Whatwasreallyembarrassingwashisfamiliaritywithmywhereabouts.Hehadobviouslybeenobservingmeforatleastoneyear,whichtrulymademyfleshcreep.Whydoyouthinktheyoungmanaskedtheforeignteachersuchquestions?Andwhywastheforeignerfrightened?CulturalIdentity.CulturalIdentityCulturalidentityreferstoone’ssenseofbelongingtoaparticularcultureorgroup.Peopleconsciouslyidentifythemselveswithagroupthathasasharedsystemofsymbolsandmeaningsaswellasnormsforconduct.ethnic.ConsideringIdentity&Context–WhataremyCulturalInfluences?MyCultureMyGroupMe.JackyChen,ChinesefamousKongFumoviestar,expresseshisloyaltytoChineseculturebywearingChinesetraditionalclothesandadvocatingChineseculture..CULTURE:ELEMENTSStage1Materialorartifact,includingdresses,buildings,food,etc.Stage2Stage3Institutional,includingfamily,education,law,etc.values’/beliefs.Includingideaslikefreedom,democracy,equality,etc..Pointoutpeculiarexpressionsorbehaviorsofteachers,lawyers,doctors,policemenandsportsmen.Aretheysubculturesorsubgroups?CulturesWithinCulture.DOMINANTCULTUREANDSUBCULTURE/CO-CULTURECultureissubdividedintodominantculture,mainstreamculture,andsubculture(s),whichcoexistwithineachculture.Asubcultureresemblesacultureinthatitusuallyencompasses(包括）arelativelylargenumberofpeopleandrepresentstheaccumulationofgenerationsofhumanstriving.However,subcultureshavesomeimportantdifferences:theyexistwithindominantculturesandareoftenbasedoneconomicorsocialclass,ethnicity（种族渊源）,race,orgeographicregion.Todaythetendencyistosay‘co-culture’andsub-groupstoavoidprejudice..