How Empathy Unfolds
The moment Hope, just ninemonths old, saw another baby fall, tears welled up inher own eyes and she crawled off to be comforted by her mother, as though it were she who had beenhurt. And 15-month-old Michael went to get his own teddy bearfor his crying friend Paul; whenPaul kept crying, Michael retrieved Paul's security blanket for him.
霍普才九个月大，一见到另一个婴儿摔倒，泪水就涌了出来。她爬到妈妈身边寻求安慰，就好像是她自己摔疼了。15个月大的迈克尔去把自己的玩具熊拿来给正在大哭的朋友保罗；保罗不停地大哭的时候，迈克尔替保罗捡回他的安乐毯。
Both these small acts of sympathy and caring were observed by mothers trained to record such incidents of empathy in action. The results ofthe study suggest that the roots of empathy can be traced to infancy.Virtually from the day they are born infants are upset when they hear another infant crying – a response some see as the earliest precursor of empathy.
这些小小的表示同情和关爱的举动都是接受过记录同感行为训练的母亲们观察到的。这项研究的结果表明，同感的根源可以追溯到人的婴儿期。实际上，从出生的那天起，婴儿在听到其他婴儿哭闹的时候就会感到不安——有些人认为这种反应是同感的最初先兆。
Developmental psychologists have found that infants feel sympathetic distress even before they fully realize that they exist apart from other people. Even a few months after birth, infants react to a disturbance in those around them as though it were their own, crying when they see another child's tears.
成长心理学家发现，甚至在充分意识到自己是独立于其他人而存在之前，婴儿就感受到了同情的苦恼。甚至在出生后几个月，婴儿就会对周围人的烦躁不安做出反应，就好像他们自己的烦躁不安 一样，看到别的孩子哭也跟着哭。
By one year or so, they start to realize the misery is not their own but someone else's, though they still seem confused over what to do about it. In research by Martin L. Hoffman at New York University, for example, a one-year-old brought his own mother over to comfort a crying friend, ignoring the friend's mother, who was also in the room. 到了一岁左右，他们开始意识到痛苦不是他们的，而是别人的，可是他们对这样的事情似乎还是感到不知所措。例如，在纽约大学的马丁·L.霍夫曼所做的一项研究中，一个一岁的孩子把自己的妈妈拉过来安慰哭闹的朋友，却忽视了同在一室的朋友的妈妈。
This confusion is seen too when one-year-olds imitate the distress of someone else, possibly to better comprehend what they are feeling; for example, if another baby hurts her fingers, a one-year-old might put her own fingers in her mouth to see if she hurts, too. On seeing his mother cry, one baby wiped his own eyes, though they had no tears.
这样的困惑在其他一岁大的孩子身上也能看到，他们模仿别的孩子的痛苦，也许是为了更好地理解他们的感受。例如，如果别的婴儿伤了手指，一个一岁大的孩子就会把自己的手指放进嘴里，看看自己是否也感觉到痛。看到自己的妈妈哭，婴儿即使没有眼泪，也会擦拭自己的眼睛。
Such motor mimicry, as it is called, is the original technical sense of the word empathy as it was first used in the 1920s by E. B. Titchener, an American psychologist. Titchener's theory was that empathy stemmed from a sortof physical imitation of the distress of another, which then evokes the same feelings in oneself.
这种所谓的运动神经模仿就是“同感”的原始字面含义，而“同感”这个词于20世纪20年代由美国心理学家E.B.铁钦纳首次使用。铁钦纳的理论是：同感发自对他人痛苦的一种身体模仿；这种模仿继而在自身引起同样的心理感受。
He sought a word that would be distinct from sympathy, which can be felt for the general plight of another with no sharing whatever of what that other person is feeling.
他当时在寻找一个与同情有所区别的词；同情是针对他人的一般困境而发的，无须分担他人的任何感受。
Motor mimicry fades from toddlers' repertoire at around two and a half years, at which point they realize that someone else's pain is different from their own, and are better able to comfort them. A typical incident, from a mother's diary:
小孩两岁半左右就渐渐不再有运动神经模仿行为，那时他们会意识到别人的痛苦与自己的不同，会更有能力安慰别人。下面是摘自一位母亲日记里的典型事例：
A neighbor's baby cries and Jenny approaches and tries to give him some cookies. She follows him around and begins to whimper to herself. She then tries to stroke his hair, but he pulls away … He calms down, but Jenny still looks worried.She continues to bring him toys and to pat his head and shoulders.
邻居家的婴儿哭了，珍妮走上前去，试图给他一些小甜饼。她跟着他转，开始带着哭腔低声自言自语。然后她试图抚摸他的头发，可是他躲开了……他平静下来，但是珍妮仍然面带忧色。她继续给他拿来玩具，轻拍他的头和肩膀。
At this point in their development toddlers begin to diverge from one another in their overall sensitivity to other people's emotional upsets, with some, like Jenny, keenly aware and others tuning out.
在这个年龄，幼儿对于他人感情波动的总体敏感度开始有所不同，有些像珍妮一样，感同身受，有些则不予理睬。
A series of studies by Marian Radke-Yarrow and Carolyn Zahn-Waxler at the National Institute of Mental Health showed that a large part of this difference in empathic concern had to do with how parents disciplined their children. Children, they found, were more empathic when the discipline included calling strong attention to the distress their misbehavior caused someone else:
美国国家心理健康研究所的玛丽安·拉德克－亚罗和卡罗琳·察恩－瓦克斯勒所做的一系列研究表明，这种在同感关注方面的差异大部分与父母怎样教养子女有关。她们发现，如果在家教中让孩子特别注意他们的恶作剧给别人造成的痛苦，孩子就比较有同感心。
"Look how sad you've made her feel" instead of "That was naughty". They found too that children's empathy is also shaped by seeing how others react when someone else is distressed; by imitating what they see, children develop a repertoire of empathic response, especially in helping other people who are distressed.
比如对孩子说“瞧你让她多伤心啊”，而不是说“你真调皮”。她们也发现，观看别人遇到痛苦时其他人的反应，儿童的同感心也会受到影响。通过模仿亲眼所见，儿童能培养出一套同感反应行为，尤其是在帮助那些痛苦的人的时候。
That was the strapline of the 2002 film Catch Me If You Can, which tells the story of Frank Abagnale, Jr. (Leonardo DiCaprio), a brilliant young master of deception who at different times impersonated a doctor, a lawyer, and an airplane pilot, forging checks worth more than six million dollars in 26 countries. He became the youngest man to ever make the FBI's most-wanted list for forgery. Hunted and caught in the film by fictional FBI agent Carl Hanratty (Tom Hanks), Abagnale later escaped. He eventually became a consultant for the FBI where he focused on white-collar crime.
这是2002年的电影《有种来抓我》的剧情简介。影片讲述了小弗兰克•阿巴格纳尔（莱昂纳多•迪卡普里奥饰演）的故事。影片主人公是一位聪明绝顶的年轻骗术大师，曾在不同时间扮演医生、律师和飞行员的角色，在26个国家伪造了价值600万美元以上的支票。 他成了联邦调查局有史以来伪造罪头号通缉令名单上最年轻的通缉犯。 在影片中，阿巴格纳尔被虚构的联邦调查局特工卡尔•汉拉提（汤姆•汉克斯饰演）追捕，但后来逃脱了。 他最终成了联邦调查局专攻白领犯罪的顾问专家。
3 It's a great film, but could it happen in real life? In fact, Catch Me If You Can is based on the true story of Frank Abagnale, whose career as a fraudster lasted about six years before he was caught, who escaped from custody three times (once through an airplane toilet), and who spent a total of six years in prison in France, Sweden and the US. He now runs a consultancy advising the world of business how to avoid fraud. He has raised enough money to pay back all his victims, and is now a multi-millionaire.
《有种来抓我》是一部很棒的电影，但影片中的事情会在现实生活中发生吗？其实，《有种来抓我》是根据弗兰克•阿巴格纳尔的真实故事改编的，他的行骗生涯持续了大约六年；被抓后，曾三次逃脱监管（有一次是从飞机的厕所逃走的）；在法国、瑞典和美国的监狱中总共度过了六年时光。 他现在经营一家咨询事务所，为企业界提供防造假咨询。 他挣到了足够的钱，赔付了所有的受害者，如今已是大富豪。
4 Since 2003, identity theft has become increasingly common. Few people could imagine how important things like taking mail to the post office and not leaving it in the mailbox for pickup, shredding documents instead of throwing them out with the trash, even using a pen costing a couple of bucks, have become to avoid life-changing crimes.
2003年以来，身份盗窃案变得越来越常见。 很少有人会想象到，为了预防这种改变人生的犯罪，采取一些预防措施有多么重要，比如把邮件拿到邮局去寄而不是丢在信箱里等人来取、把文件切碎而不是直接把它们连同垃圾一道扔出去，甚至使用几美元一支的（特效）笔等等。
5 More and more people are becoming anonymous victims of identity theft. We spend many hours and dollars trying to recover our name, our credit, our money and our lives. We need to look for different ways to protect ourselves. We can improve our chances of avoiding this crime, but it will never go away.
越来越多的人正在成为身份盗窃案的无名受害者。 我们花费许多时间和金钱，去努力挽回我们的姓名、我们的信用、我们的钱和我们的生活。 我们需要想方设法来保护自己。 我们可以减少此类犯罪的机会，但是它永远不会消失。
6 It's not just a list of do's and don'ts, we need to change our mindset. Although online banking is now commonplace, there's a significant group of people in the country—the baby boomers, 15 per cent of the population—who still prefer to use paper. What's more, 30 per cent of cases of fraud occur within this group. A check has all the information about you that an identity thief needs. If you use a ballpoint pen, the ink can be removed with the help of a regular household chemical and the sum of money can be changed. More than 1.2 million bad checks are issued every day, more than 13 per second.
这不仅仅是要求我们列一份“该做”和“不该做”事项的清单，我们还需要改变心态。 虽然网上银行现在很常见，但国内有一大群人——即占人口15％的生育高峰时期出生的一代人——还是更喜欢用纸。 而且，30％的诈骗案都发生在这群人当中。 支票上有身份盗贼所需的你的全部信息。 如果你用圆珠笔，笔迹可以用一般的家用化学药品除去，钱数可以更改。 每天发出的空头支票高达120万张以上，平均每秒13张以上。
7 Check fraud is big business ... and growing by 25 per cent every year. Criminals count on our mistakes to make their jobs easier. So how can we prevent identity theft before it happens to us?
支票造假是个大产业……每年以25％的速率增长。 犯罪分子指望我们犯错误，好让他们更容易得手。 那么我们怎样才能防患于未然呢？
8 Take a few precautions. Don't leave your mail in your mailbox overnight or over the weekend. Thieves wait for the red flag to go up, so they can look through your outgoing mail for useful personal information or checks. Use a gel pen for checks and important forms, the ink is trapped in the fibre of the paper, and it can't be removed with chemicals. Also, shred or tear up all documents which contain personal information before you put them in the trash.
采取一些预防措施。 不要把你的邮件留在邮箱里过夜或过周末。 小偷就等着看你家信箱的小红旗（注：在美国，信箱上插上小红旗表示有邮件需要投递），以便通过你要投递的邮件找寻有用的个人信息或支票。 要用签字笔填写支票和重要
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，（因为）签字笔的墨水会渗进纸张的纤维中，无法用化学药品除去。 还有，切碎或撕碎含有个人信息的所有文件，然后再把它们丢进垃圾桶。
9 Remember that there are plenty of online opportunities for thieves to create a false identity based on your own. We're all aware of the risks to personal information on computer databases by hacking and Trojan horses. But choosing someone and doing a Google search can also yield large amounts of personal information, and so can online social networking sites such as MySpace, Facebook and Bebo. And just as we take our pocketbook with us when we leave the office to go to the bathroom, it's also worth logging off your computer to avoid opportunistic theft.
记住，网上有大量机会可以被小偷利用。他们根据你的身份伪造假身份。 我们都知道黑客行为和木马软件对电脑数据库中个人信息的威胁。 但是在谷歌上搜索某人也会透露大量个人信息，在线社交网站（如“我的空间”、“相册”和“毕波”）也一样。 正如我们离开办公室去厕所时要随身带上钱包一样，离开电脑时也应该注销你的电脑以防临时起意的盗窃。
10 Finally, if you get robbed in a more traditional way—in the street—canceling your credit cards is obviously the first thing to do. But don't forget that even after they're reported lost, they can be used as identification to acquire store cards ... and you get the criminal record.
最后一点，假如你遭遇较传统方式的抢劫——比如在大街上——挂失你的信用卡显然是要做的第一件事。 但是别忘了，即使挂了失，信用卡也可以用作身份证件来获得购物卡……那你就有了犯罪记录。
11 Identity fraud can go on for years without the victim's knowledge. There is no escaping the fact that right now fraudsters are finding identity crime all too easy. If you haven't had your identity stolen, it's only because they haven't got to you yet. Your turn will come
身份伪造可以肆行多年而不为受害者所知。 一个无法回避的事实是：现在的诈骗者觉得身份犯罪简直是太容易了。 如果你的身份尚未失窃，那只是因为他们还没有对你动手。 就会轮到你的。
Making the headlines
1 It isn't very often that the media lead with the same story everywhere in the world. Such an event would have to be of enormous international significance. But this is exactly what occurred in September 2001 with the terrorist attack on the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York. It is probably not exaggerated to say that from that moment the world was a different place.
世界各地的媒体都以头条报道同一新闻的情形并不很常见。 这样的事件得具有巨大的国际影响力。 但是这正是2001年9月恐怖分子袭击纽约世贸中心双塔之后发生的情形。 从那一刻起世界改变了模样，这样说也许并不夸张。
2 But it is not just the historical and international dimension that made 9/11 memorable and (to use a word the media like) newsworthy. It was the shock and horror, too. So striking, so sensational, was the news that, years after the event, many people can still remember exactly where they were and what they were doing when they first heard it. They can remember their own reactions: For many people across the globe their first instinct was to go and tell someone else about it, thus providing confirmation of the old saying that bad news travels fast.
但是，使9/11值得纪念并（用媒体喜欢的话来说）具有新闻价值的不仅仅是它的历史性和国际性。 还有震惊和恐惧。 这一消息极度震撼，极具爆炸性。事发多年以后，许多人还能清楚地记得他们第一次听到这一消息时身在何处、当时正在做什么。 他们能记得自己的反应：对世界各地的许多人来说，他们的第一本能是去把这一消息告诉别人。这就证实了那句老话：“坏事传千里”。
3 And so it is with all major news stories. I remember when I was at primary school the teacher announcing pale-faced to a startled class of seven year olds President Kennedy is dead. I didn't know who President Kennedy was, but I was so upset at hearing the news that I went rushing home afterwards to tell my parents (who already knew, of course). In fact, this is one of my earliest memories.
一切重大新闻都是如此。 我记得上小学的时候，老师脸色煞白地向一班吃惊的七岁孩子通报说，肯尼迪总统死了。 我并不知道肯尼迪总统是谁，但是我听到这一消息后非常不安，后来就跑回家去告诉了父母（当然，他们已经知道了）。 事实上，这是我最早的记忆之一。
4 So what exactly is news? The objective importance of an event is obviously not enough —there are plenty of enormous global issues out there, with dramatic consequences, from poverty to global warming—but since they are ongoing, they don't all make the just international, but odd, unexpected, and (in the sense that it was possible to identify with the plight of people caught up in the drama) very human.
那么，新闻到底是什么？ 一个事件光有客观重要性显然还不够——世界上有大量全球性的大问题，都会造成戏剧性的后果，从贫困问题到全球变暖问题——但由于它们都是进行中的，并不都会在同一天成为头条。对比之下，9/11不仅具有国际性，而且奇特怪异、出人意料，还（可能使读者对身陷那场悲剧中的人们的痛苦感同身受，从这个意义上讲）极具人性。
5 Odd doesn't mean huge. Take the story in today's China Daily about a mouse holding up a flight from Vietnam to Japan. The mouse was spotted running down the aisle of a plane in Hanoi airport. It was eventually caught by a group of 12 technicians worried that the mouse could chew through wires and cause a short circuit. By the time it took off the plane was more than four hours late.
奇特怪异并不意味着重大。 就拿今天的《中国日报》上关于一只老鼠延误了一架从越南飞至日本的航班这条消息为例吧。 在河内机场有人发现那只老鼠在一架飞机的过道里奔跑。 它最终被12 名技术人员合力逮住，他们怕它会咬破电线，造成短路。 飞机晚点了四个多小时才起飞。
6 Not an event with momentous international consequences, you might say, (apart from a few passengers arriving late for their appointments in another country), but there are echoes of the story across the globe, in online editions of papers from Asia to America, via Scotland (Mouse chase holds up flight, in the Edinburgh Evening News).
你也许会说，这并不是具有重大国际影响的事件（除了少数乘客到另一国赴约迟到以外）。但是全球却颇有反响，从亚洲经苏格兰到美洲的电子版报纸都有转载（《爱丁堡晚报》的标题是《捉老鼠延误航班》）。
7 Another element of newsworthiness is immediacy. This refers to the nearness of the event in time. An event which happened a week ago is not generally news—unless you've just read about it. "When" is one of the five "wh" questions traineejournalists are regularly told that they have to use to frame a news story (the others are "who", "what", "where" and "why"); "today", "this morning", and "yesterday" are probably at the top of the list of time adverbs in a news report. Similarly, an event which is about to happen ("today", "this evening" or "tonight") may also be newsworthy, although, by definition, it is not unexpected and so less sensational.
新闻价值的另一个元素是即时性。 这是指事件发生的时间近。 一周前发生的事件一般来说就不是新闻了——除非你刚刚读到它。 “何时”是受训记者常被教导用以勾勒新闻故事的五个“何”问题之一（其余是“何人”、“何事”、“何地”和“何故”）；今天、今晨、昨天很可能在新闻报道所使用的时间副词中名列前茅。 同样，即将发生的事件（今天、今晚或今夜）也可能具有新闻价值，虽然，从定义上讲，它不出人意外，也就不那么耸人听闻了。
8 When it comes to immediacy, those media which can present news in real time, such as TV, radio, and the Internet, have an enormous advantage over the press. To see an event unfolding in front of your eyes is rather different from reading about it at breakfast the next morning. But TV news is not necessarily more objective or reliable than a newspaper report, since the imagesyou are looking at on your screen have been chosen by journalists or editors with specific objectives, or at least following set guidelines, and they are shown from a unique viewpoint. By placing the camera somewhere else you would get a different picture. This is why it is usual to talk of the "power of the media"—the power to influence the public, more or less covertly.
说到即时性，能够实时播报新闻的媒体，如电视、广播和互联网，就比报纸的优势大多了。 眼看着事件在你眼前展开与次日早餐时在报上读到它的感觉大不相同。 但是，电视新闻未必比报纸报道更客观或更可靠，因为你在屏幕上看到的图像是经记者或编辑根据特殊的目的，或至少是按照预定指示筛选过的；它们是从一个独特的视点展现给观众的。 如果把摄像机移到别的地方，你就会看到另一番景象。 这就是为什么人们通常会谈到“媒体霸权”——或多或少地暗中影响公众。
9 But perhaps in the third millennium this power is being eroded, or at least devolvedto ordinary people. The proliferation of personal blogs, the possibility of self-broadcasting through sites such as YouTube, and the growth of open-access web pages (wikis) means that anyone with anything to say—or show—can now reach a worldwide audience instantly.
但也许在第三个千年，这种权力正在减弱，或至少下放给普通民众。 个人博客的大量出现，通过像YouTube这样的网站自我广播的可能性，以及权限开放网页（wiki网）的增长都意味着任何人有任何话要说——或有任何东西要展示——现在都能立刻让全世界的观众看到。
10 This doesn't mean that the press and TV are going to disappear overnight, of course. But in their never-ending search for interesting news items—odd, unexpected, and human—they are going to turn increasingly to these sites for their sources, providing the global information network with a curiouslylocal dimension
当然，这并不意味着报纸和电视即将在一夜之间消失。 但是，在它们永不休止的搜寻有趣新闻——奇特怪异、出人意外和极具人性的新闻——的过程中，报纸和电视将越来越多地借助网站来收集
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My dream comes true
1 The rain had started to fall gently through the evening air as darkness descended over Sydney. Hundreds of lights illuminated Stadium Australia, and the noise was deafening. As I walked towards the track I glanced around me at the sea of faces in the stands, but my mind was focused. The Olympic gold medal was just minutes away, hanging tantalisingly in the distance.
当夜幕降临悉尼时，雨也开始悄悄地从夜空中飘落。 几百盏灯把澳大利亚体育场照得灯火通明，场内的声音震耳欲聋。 走向跑道时我看了一眼四周看台上无数的脸，但我的注意力还是很集中。 再过几分钟奥运金牌的归属就要见分晓了，它悬挂在远处，很诱人。
2 My heart was beating loudly, my mouth was dry and the adrenalinewas pumping. I was so close to the realisation of my childhood dream and the feeling was fantastic; it was completely exhilarating, but also terrifying. I knew I would have to push myself beyond my known limits to ensure that my dream came true.
我的心在剧烈地跳动，口干舌燥，肾上腺素猛增。 童年的梦想就要实现了，这种感觉真是太奇妙了：令人非常兴奋，又胆战心惊。 我知道，为了确保能梦想成真我必须强迫自己超越已知的极限。
3 I tried to keep composed, telling myself not to panic, to stick to the plan and run my own race. I knew the Russian girls would set off quickly — and I had to finish this race fewer than ten seconds behind the Russian athlete Yelena Prokhorova. If I could do that, the title would be mine.
我极力保持镇静，告诫自己不要紧张，要坚持按原
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做，按自己的节奏跑。 我知道那些俄罗斯姑娘起跑很快——这场比赛我落后俄罗斯运动员叶莲娜•普罗科霍洛娃不能超过十秒。 如果我做到这一点，冠军就是我的了。
4 I looked out along the first stretch of the 400m track and caught my breath. The 800m race had punished me so much over the years — in the World, Commonwealth and European Championships — and now it stood between me and the Olympic title.
我望着四百米跑道的起跑点，屏住了呼吸。 这些年来，在世锦赛、英联邦锦标赛以及欧洲锦标赛的八百米赛跑中我屡战屡败，饱受挫折。现在，它再次横在我与奥运冠军头衔之间。
5 The British supporters were cheering so loudly it seemed as if they were the only fans there. I could hear my name being called. I could hear the shouts of encouragement and the cries of hope. Union Jacks fluttered all around the vast, beautiful stadium. I felt unified with the crowd — we all had the same vision and the same dream.
我的英国支持者在为我欢呼，声音特别大，就好像看台上只有他们是我的狂热支持者。 我听到他们喊我的名字，为我鼓劲加油，听到他们充满希望的呐喊。 宽阔美丽的体育场上到处飘扬着大不列颠联合王国的国旗，我感觉自己和观众融为了一体：我们有着同样的期盼，同样的梦想。
6 My ankle was bandaged against an injury I had incurred in the long jump just a couple of hours earlier, but I shut out all thoughts of pain. I tried to concentrate on the crowd. They were so vocal. My spirits lifted and I felt composed.
几个小时前，我的脚踝在跳远时受了伤，缠上了绷带，但是我忘掉伤痛，尽量把注意力集中在观众身上。 他们的叫喊声势浩大，使我精神振奋，我感到镇定自若。
7 I knew I would do my best, that I would run my heart out and finish the race. I felt the performerin me move in and take over. I had just two laps to run, that was all. Just two laps until the emotional and physical strain of the past two days and the last 28 years would be eclipsed by victory or failure. This race was all about survival. It's only two minutes, I kept telling myself, anyone can run for two minutes.
我知道自己会全力以赴，拼尽全力跑完全程。 我感觉自己已经进入最佳状态。 我只要跑两圈就行了，就两圈。 跑完这两圈，过去两天以及28 年来所有情感和身体上的辛苦付出就将被胜利或者失败所淹没。 这一跑真是生死攸关。 我不断地告诉自己：也就是跑两分钟，谁都能跑两分钟。
8 The starting gun was fired, and the race began. The first lap was good, I managed to keep up with the group, but I was feeling much more tired than I usually did, and much more than I'd anticipated. Both the long, hard weeks of training that had led up to this championship, and the exhaustionfrom two days of gruellingcompetition were showing in my performance. Mental and physical fatigue were starting to crush me, and I had to fight back.
发令枪响了，比赛正式开始。 第一圈还好，我跟其他人跑得一样快，但我觉得比平时要累得多，比我预想的要累得多。 这次锦标赛赛前长达数周的艰苦训练以及这两天激烈的比赛所带来的疲劳在我的赛跑过程中显现出来。 精神和肉体的疲倦开始向我袭来，我不得不反击。
9 Prokhorova had set the pace from the start. It was important that I didn't let her get too far in front. I had to stay with her. At the bell I was 2.3 seconds behind her. Just one lap to go. One lap. I could do it. I had to keep going. In the final 150 metres I could hear the roarof the crowd, giving me a boostat exactly the moment I needed it the most—just when my legs were burning and I could see the gap opening between me and the Russian. Thankfully, my foot was holding out, so now it was all down to mental stamina.
普罗科霍洛娃一开始就领先。 最重要的是我不能被她甩得太远，我得紧紧地跟着她。 最后一圈的铃声响起时，我比她落后2.3秒。 只剩最后一圈了，就一圈，我能赢，我必须坚持跑下去。 到最后150米的时候我听见观众高声叫喊，在我最需要的时候为我加油助威——这时我的腿疼得要命，我看见我和那个俄罗斯运动员之间距离正在拉大。 令人欣慰的是，我的脚还在继续向前迈步，这时候就全靠精神毅力来支撑了。
10 Prokhorova was pulling away. I couldn't let her get too far; I had to stay with her. I began counting down the metres I had left to run: 60m, 50m, 40m, 20m. I could see the clock. I could do it, but it would be close. Then finally the line appeared. I crossed it, exhausted. I had finished.
普罗科霍洛娃正在向前冲，我不能让她甩开了，我必须跟上她。 我开始倒数剩下的距离：60米、50米、40米、20米。 我看得见计时器了，我能赢，但成绩会很接近。 最后终点线出现了，我冲了过去，累得精疲力竭。 我跑完了。
11 As I crossed the line my initial thought was how much harder the race had been than expected, bearing in mind how, only eight weeks before, I had set a new personal best of two minutes 12.2 seconds. Then my mind turned to the result. Had I done it? I thought I had. I was aware of where the other athletes were, and was sure that I'd just made it. But, until I saw it on the scoreboard, I wouldn't let myself believe it. As I stood there, staring up and waiting for confirmation, I tried hard to keep negative thoughts from my mind—but I couldn't help thinking, what if I have just missed out? What if I've been through all this, and missed out?
冲过终点线时我最初的念头是这次赛跑比预期的要艰苦得多，记得八周前我以2分12.2 秒的成绩打破了个人最好成绩。 然后，我的心思转向了比赛成绩：我赢了吗？我想我是赢了，过终点线时，我知道其她运动员的位置，我肯定我赢了。 但是，如果我不是亲眼看见记分牌上的成绩，我就无法让自己相信这是真的。 当我站在那里，抬头望着记分牌等待确认成绩时，我竭力打消脑子里消极的念头，但是我还是禁不住想：如果我再次与冠军失之交臂怎么办？如果我经历了这些磨难却又一次失败了，那该怎么办？
12 In the distance I could hear the commentary team talking about two days of tough competition, then I could almost hear someone say, "I think she's done enough." The next thing I knew, Sabine Braun of Germany came over and told me I'd won. They had heard before me, and she asked what it felt like to be the Olympic champion. I smiled, still not sure.
我听见远处转播比赛的解说员在谈论两天来的艰难赛事，我好像听见有人说：“我觉得她做得够好了。” 接下来，来自德国的萨宾•布劳恩走过来告诉我我赢了，他们在我之前打听到了消息，她问我当奥运冠军是什么滋味。 我笑了，但还是不敢肯定。
13 Then, the moment that will stay with me for the rest of my life — my name in lights. That was when it all hit me. Relief, a moment of calm, and a thank you to my inner self for taking me through these two days. I felt a tinglethrough the whole of my body. This was how it is meant to be — arms aloft and fists clenched.
接下来的那一刻将让我铭记一生：计分牌上我的名字亮了。 那一刻我惊呆了。 如释重负，平静了一会儿，感谢我内在的自我帮我度过了这两天。 我感到全身一阵振颤，这时候该做的事是： 高举双手，紧握双拳。
14 I looked out at the fans, who were waving flags, clapping and shouting with delight. I was the Olympic champion. The Olympic champion.
我向我的支持者望去，他们正兴高采烈地挥舞旗帜，鼓掌呐喊。 我是奥运冠军，奥运会的冠军。
Protection
1 When Soren was leaving for Japan to study carpentry, he asked if Hogahn, who was his dog originally, could live with me. "Of course," I said, "he'll protect me." There had been robberies in the neighborhood recently, and my house in Massachusetts was surrounded by a pond and woods to the north and west, so that someone could easily approach after dark without being seen.
瑟伦要去日本学木工手艺，临走前他问我能否收留他的狗霍根。 我说：“当然可以，它可以保护我。” 最近我们家附近常有抢劫案发生，我在马萨诸塞州的房子北面靠湖，西面被树林环绕，晚上坏人可以神不知鬼不觉地溜进来。
2 Soren laughed. "Hogahn doesn't exactly bark when someone comes to the door," he said. "If a burglar came, he would probably lick him."
瑟伦哈哈大笑。 他说：“有陌生人进门时，霍根也不一定会叫。 如果来了个夜贼，他或许还会去舔他。”
3 But Hogahn sensed that his connection to me was different from his connection to Soren. Soren, who is strong and relatively fearless, did not need much protection. When Soren was in a hurry, he would lift Hogahn like a small child into the bed of the pickup. I could not lift him. We were just about the same weight, and Hogahn was younger and stronger. As a woman, I faced dangers that Soren and Hogahn did not have to know about. After a week of living with me, Hogahn was barking at anyone who came near the house.
不过，霍根感觉到他跟我的关系与他跟瑟伦的关系有所不同。 瑟伦体格强壮，而且相对来说比较勇敢，他并不需要太多的保护。 匆忙赶路时，瑟伦会像抱小孩那样一下子把霍根抱到皮卡的货箱上。 我可抱不动他，我的体重和霍根差不多，而且他还比我年轻力壮。 作为女人，我所面临的危险是瑟伦和霍根根本不可能知道的。 在我这里生活了一周之后，只要一有陌生人靠近家门，霍根就开始吠叫。
4 Our protecting relationship began early, with me as the initial protector. Hogahn was a puppy, about seven months old, when Soren left him with me for the first time, only for a weekend. It was a cold, late November morning and the water in the pond was just beginning to freeze. A thin layer of ice held blowing leaves and light branches, but was much too tenuous for animal paws.
我们之间的保护关系其实早就存在了，起初我是保护者。 瑟伦第一次把霍根托付给我看管时，他还只是一只七个月大的小狗，他只在我家里过了一个周末。 那是11月底一个寒冷的早晨，湖水刚开始结冰。 湖面上的一层薄冰能托得住吹落的树叶和细小的树枝，但是还太脆弱，远不能承受动物的爪子。
5 I was hanging up the laundry in the backyard on a long clothesline which stretched from the giant oak tree next to the house to the spruceat the edge of the water. A light blue sheet was lifting itself with the wind and was trying to sail off over the pond to join the sky. As I struggled to trap it with a clothespin, Hogahn was panting warm clouds of air at my feet, lifting and dropping a two-foot oak branch that had fallen into his loving possession.
那时我正在后院晾衣服，长长的晒衣绳拴在房子旁的一棵参天橡树和湖边的一棵云杉之间。 一条淡蓝色的床单随风飘起，眼看着就要掠过湖面飞上天空。 当我奋力地用衣服夹子夹床单时，霍根正在我腿边玩得气喘嘘嘘，一段两英尺长的橡树枝成了他的宝贝，被他叼来叼去。
6 Focused on capturing the sheet so that it draped evenly over the line, I distractedly picked up the stick and tossed it down the hill toward the fence that separated the yard from the water.
由于一心只想着揪住床单，让它平整伏贴地悬挂在晒衣绳上，我心不在焉地捡起那段树枝，朝山坡下将我们家院子与湖水隔开的围栏方向扔了过去。
7 I had tossed sticks for him before and knew the approximate distance they would go, depending upon their weight and my motion. This stick, however, caught a gustand, flying where the sheet wanted to go, sailed across the yard, over the fence, and, with a fine skater's touch, glided onto the pond. As I looked up, I saw Hogahn racing through the gate and, with a magnificent leap, crashing through the ice just short of the stick and into the water.
我以前也经常这样为他扔木头。根据木头的重量和我动作的大小，我知道它们大概能飞多远。 但这块木头赶上了一阵疾风，朝着床单想去的方向飞过了院子，越过了围栏，最后以溜冰高手般的优美动作滑进湖水里。 我抬头一看，只见霍根飞速穿过院门，以一个漂亮的飞跃撞破薄冰，落入水中，他差一点就够得着那段木头了。
8 Time froze as I stood at the clothesline. I thought: Soren has given me this child to watch over. He is my first grandchild. I have to save him. I was penetratingly aware of the dangers of the pond in November. I had fallen through once and saved myself because I had stayed very calm and moved very slowly. I knew that Hogahn could claw at me in his panic, pulling me down, and we could both go under.
时间凝固了，我站在晒衣绳边，心想：瑟伦把这孩子交给我看管，他可是我的第一个孙子，我必须救他。 我深知11月的湖水的危险性：我曾经掉进那水里，当时是靠着镇定和缓慢移动才逃过了一劫。 我知道在惊恐中霍根很可能会用爪子抓我，把我拖进水里，我们俩可能会因此一同葬身湖底。
9 The next moment I was standing in the water and Hogahn was swimming toward me, breaking the ice with his front paws. He seemed a little startled by the intrusion of the ice in his path, but definitely in control. I went as far as I could until the pond bottom sank down under my weight and the ice water penetrated my jacket, and I stood and waited. He swam into my neck, and I lifted his puppy-body and carried him out of the water. He seemed to acknowledge that there had been some danger. He stayed quietly in my arms as we went across the yard and into the house, not squirmingin his usual way to get free. Inside, I rubbed him for a long time with a towel. Afterward, he went over and examined my wet clothes, which I had thrown in a pile on the floor; he liked the fact that my clothes smelled of the pond, that we both had that swampsmell
接下来的一瞬间我已经站在水里，霍根用前爪破冰朝我游过来。 一路上冰块的侵扰似乎让他受了些惊吓，但他绝对能控制得住自己。 我尽量向前趟，直到我的双脚陷进湖底的烂泥，冰冷的湖水浸透了我的夹克。我站在那儿等着。 他游到我身边，抓住我的脖子，我把小狗的身体托起来，带他离开了湖水。 他好像知道了刚才的危险。 当我们穿过院子进屋时，他一直静静地呆在我的臂弯里，而不像平常那样扭动着身体想挣脱。 在屋里我用毛巾在他身上揉擦了很长时间，后来他跑到我扔在地板上的那堆湿衣服旁边察看，他喜欢我的衣服带有湖水的气味，喜欢我们俩身上都有那种沼泽气味。
Painting as a pastime
1 A gifted American psychologist has said, "Worry is a spasm of the emotion; the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go." It is useless to argue with the mind in this condition. The stronger the will, the more futile the task. One can only gently insinuate something else into its convulsive grasp. And if this something else is rightly chosen, if it is really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the process of recuperation and repair begins.
一位天才美国心理学家说过：“烦恼是感情的发作；此时大脑缠住了某种东西不肯放手。” 在这种情况下，和头脑争论（让它放手）是无用的。 愿望越强烈，与之争论就越是徒劳。 你只能温和地将另一种东西慢慢灌输到痉挛状态的头脑中。 如果（这一东西）选得恰当，而且它真的从另一领域的情趣中受到启迪的话，那么逐渐地，往往也是迅速地，原先不适当的“不肯放手”就会慢慢放松，恢复和补救的过程就会开始。
2 The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. But this is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. The seeds must be carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed.
因此，对于公众人物而言，培养业余爱好和新的兴趣才是上策。 但这并非一日之功，也不是单凭意志力就能做到的事情。 精神情趣的培养是一个长期的过程。 要想在需要的时候可随手摘取充满生机的果实，种子就必须精挑细选，必须播种在肥沃的土壤里，还必须辛勤地护理。
3 To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: "I will take an interest in this or that." Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or businessman, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.
要想真正快乐，真正安全，一个人至少应有两三种业余爱好，而且必须是实际可行的。 到了晚年才开始说：“我会培养对这或对那的兴趣”，这是没有用的。 这种愿望只能加剧精神紧张。 一个人可能会获得大量与其日常工作无关的知识，却不能从中得到任何益处或宽慰。 做你喜欢做的事是没有用的，你要喜欢你做的事。 泛而言之，人可以分为三类：极其劳累的人，极其操心的人，极其无聊的人。 对于卖了一周力气、流了一周汗水的体力劳动者来说，让他们在星期六下午踢足球或打垒球是不合适的。 同样，对于工作了六天、一直为公务操心的政界人士、专业人员或商人来说，在周未再让他们为鸡毛蒜皮的琐事而操心劳累也是无益的。
4 As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire—for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation. In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion. For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path.
那些能够支配一切、能够肆意妄为、能够染指一切追求目标的人是“不幸的”。对于他们而言，多一种新的乐趣、多一种新的刺激只是增加一分厌腻而已。 他们到处奔乱跑，企图靠喧闹和骚动来摆脱无聊对他们的报复，但这么做是徒劳的。 对他们来说，某种形式的纪律约束是最有希望让他们走出困境、走上正道的。
5 It may be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one. Of these the former are the majority. They have their compensations. The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance, but a keen appetite for pleasure even in its simplest and most modest forms. But Fortuna's favored children belong to the second class. Their life is a natural harmony. For them the working hours are never long enough. Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptionsin an absorbing vocation. Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential. Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds.
可以这样说，理智的，勤劳的、有用的人可以分为两类：第一类人认为工作是工作，娱乐是娱乐；第二类人认为工作和娱乐是一回事。 这两类人当中，第一类人占大多数。 他们是能够得到补偿的。 在办公室或工厂里长时间工作给他们带来了报酬，这不仅是谋生的手段，也使他们对寻找快乐充满了渴望，哪怕是最简单、最质朴的快乐。 但是，幸运之神偏爱的是第二类人。 他们的生活是一种自然的和谐。 对他们来说，工作时间永远不会太长（永远都不够长），每一天都是假日，而当普通节日来到时，他们会感到厌恶，因为这强行打断了他们埋头从事的工作。 然而对这两种人来说，换换脑子，改变一下气氛，转移一下注意力都是不可缺少的。 其实，把工作当作乐趣的人，很可能是最需要每隔一段时间就把工作放下，让头脑放松的人。
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