新核心综合学术英语教程-4-Unit-2-参考答案

如有侵权，请联系网站删除，仅供学习与交流【精品文档】第PAGE6页新核心综合学术英语教程-4-Unit-2-参考答案Unit2评估母乳喂养的锐减程度assesstheextentofdeclineinbreast-feeding不良改变的诱发因素themajorfactorsresponsibleforthenegativechange就住房和一般生活成本而言intermsofhousingandgeneralcostofliving被奶瓶文化所取代givewaytothe“bottleculture”补充其他食物besupplementedwithotherfoods对延长母乳喂养产生不利影响Militateagainstprolongedbreast-feeding宏观经济与社会文化因素的复杂交织complexinteractionsbetweenbroadeconomicandsocio-culturalfactors把负面的变化归因于从发达国家舶来的态度和影响attributethenegativechangetoattitudesandinfluencesimportedfromthedevelopedworld不符合母亲的营养意识fallshortofthemother’snutritionalawareness等同于极端的个人及社会贫困besynonymouswithextremeindividualandcommunitypovertyTask1(Page32)1.D　2.C　3.E　4.A　5.B　6.L　7.K　8.O　9.J　10.N　11.F　12.M　13.M　14.HTask2(Page33)1)Thereportattemptstoevaluatecurrentmaternalperceptionsofinfant-feedingamongdifferentethnic,religious,cultural,andsocio-economicgroupsinNigeria.Theresearchquestionsinclude:Whatisthecurrentsituationofthedeclineinbreast-feedinginNigeria?Whatarethemajorfactorsresponsibleforthenegativechange?Howtoinstitutecorrectiveeducationalmeasures?(B)2)ThemetropolitanLagosisheterogeneousinitsethnicandsocio-economiccomposition.(B)3)Mostoftheearlierreportsattributedthenegativechangetoattitudesandinfluencesimportedfromthedevelopedworldandthepreferenceforbottle-feedingbytheurbanizedAfrican.(L)4)FormostNigerians,urbanexistencemeansextremeindividualandcommunitypoverty.Implicitinthisisagreatpressureonmotherstospendmoretimetryingtoaugmentthefamilyincomeattheexpenseofcaringadequatelyfortheirchildren.(M)5)Childhoodmalnutritionismorearesultofobjectiveconditionsofpeople’slivesthanignoranceonthemother’spart.(N)Task3(Page42)1.h　2.j　3.m　4.n　5.q　6.v　7.u　8.a　9.t　10.b11.s　12.l13.c　14.d　15.r　16.p　17.e　18.o　19.k　20.i　21.g　22.f　23.wTask41)ThegovernmentaccordedhimtherankofColonel.授予，给予presentwith,grant,confer,give,render2)Shedidnotunderstandthedimensionofherplight.方面scope,extent3)Todayhiscompanycontinuestothrive.兴旺，繁荣flourish,bloom,prosper,growrich4)Thediscrepancybetweenpressandradioreportsisobvious.差异difference,disparity,divergence,disagreement,dissimilarity,incongruity,contradiction,inconsistency,incongruousness,discordance5)Noneofthesebuildingsarenoteworthyfortheirarchitecture.值得关注的，重要的，显著的great,magnitudinous,important,notable,significant,exceptional,towering,extraordinary,outstanding,remarkable6)Wewillinstitutesomelegalproceedingsagainstthecompany.开始实行，着手，提起（诉讼）initiate,introduce,originate,launch,start,begin7)Shekeepsextollinghismanagerialskills.赞美acclaim,praise,paytributeto,glorify,applaud,compliment8)Theyattributetheirsuccesstoexternalcausessuchasluck.归因于ascribe,assign,credit9)Theheterogeneoussocietyoftodayshouldbetakenintoaccount.各种各样的varied,mixed,diversified,assorted,diverse10)Thegreatvirtueofcampingisitscheapness.优点plus,strength,advantage,asset,benefit,merit11)Goinggreyisnotnecessarilysynonymouswithgrowingold.等同于equivalentto,identicalto,equalto,thesameas,identifiedwith,tantamountto,similarto12)Shefeltanoverwhelmingdesiretohaveanotherchild.难以抑制的，强烈的overpowering,strong,compelling,uncontrollable,compulsive,irresistible,forceful,powerfulThemostformalonesare:disparity,ascribe,augment,incongruity,acclaim,initiate,burgeon,compelling,confer,paytributeto,incongruous,tantamountto,discordance,compulsive,identi-fiedwith,assorted,meritTask5(Page44)1)Atleast29%ofthefamilieshadincomesbelowN2ooeverymonth,whichwasmuchlowerthantheminimumrequiredlivinginacityrankedamongthemostexpensiveintheworldwhenitcomestohousingandgeneralcostofliving.2)Ascouldbeclearlyseenfromthepresentstudy,therewasawidegapbetweenwomen’sactualinfant-feedingpracticeandtheiropinionsonwhatthepracticeshouldbelike.Inmostofthecasesthemothers’nutritionalawarenessisbetterthantheiractualpractice,andthisiscontradictorytothewidelyheldbeliefsthatthoseilliterateandurbanizedwomensufferfrominappropriatecounseling.3)Mostoftheearlierreportsbelievethatpeople’sattitudeschangenegativelybecauseoftheinfluencesfromthedevelopedworldandthepreferenceofbottle-feedingtobreast-feedingbytheurbanizedAfrican.Clearlysuchexplanationsaretoosimpleandonlysuitasmallnumberofpeoplefortheyneglecttheharshrealitiesofurbanexistence,whichmakesitdifficultforthemotherstoprolongbreast-feeding.Task6(Page44)Mainidea:Researchshowsthatchildhoodmalnutritionismorearesultofobjectiveconditionsofpeople’slivesthanignoranceonthemother’spart.Task7(Page45)　Themajorobjectiveoftheresearchpaperistoassesstheextentofdeclineinbreast-feedingaswellasthefactorsresponsibleforthenegativechange,andmeasurestotackletheproblem.Thestudysamplecomprised558randomlyselectedwomenresidentsinSurulere,Nigeria.Aninterviewwasconductedbyastandardquestionnairetoobtaininformation.Researchshowsthatthedeclineinbreast-feedinginNigeriaismainlyduetotheharshrealitiesofurbanexistence,whichmeansextremeindividualandcommunitypoverty.Thecurrenttrendwillnotbereversedifthemajorstructuraldefectofurbanlifeinthedevelopingworldisnoteliminatedorcontrolled.Muchcanbedonetoeducatethemothersontheuseofhygienicallyacceptablesupplementaryfoodsfromrelativelyinexpensivebutnutritiouslocallyavailablestaplefoods.Task10(Page45)BreastfeedingFacesChallengesinChina　Urbanizationiscloselylinkedtomodernization,industrialization,andthesociologicalprocessofrationalization.Urbanizationcandescribeaspecificconditionatasettime,i.e.theproportionoftotalpopulationorareaincitiesortowns,orthetermcandescribetheincreaseofthisproportionovertime.Sothetermurbanizationcanrepresentthelevelofurbandevelopmentrelativetooverallpopulation,oritcanrepresenttherateatwhichtheurbanproportionisincreasing.　Uponhearingherbabywail,ZhangShuyifindsherselfatherwit’send.Althoughshewaspreviouslyconfidentthatshewouldbeabletobreastfeedherchildproperly,sheworriesthatshemightnotbeabletogiveherbabyenoughmilk.　Aftergivingbirthtohersontwoyearsago,35-year-oldZhang,adoctorattheCapitalInstituteofPediatricsinBeijinghascontinuedtopracticeexclusivebreastfeedinginstrictaccordancewithinternationalstandards.Task12(Page54)1)ParaKItstopicsentence:Complexinteractionsbetweenbroadeconomicandsocio-culturalfactorsinfluenceinfant-feedingpracticesinthedevelopingcountries.2)ParaOItstopicsentence:Perhapsmorelastingbenefitswillbeachievedbyemphasizingtheeducationofmothersonhowtoprepareandusehygienicallyacceptablesupplementaryfoodsfromrelativelyinexpensivebutnutritiouslocallyavailablestaplefoods.AcademicSurvivalSkillsTask1(Page58)Question2Strongauthorversion:Anyanwu(1985)claimedthat“formostNigerians,urbanexistenceissynonymouswithextremeindividualandcommunitypoverty”forthegreateconomicpressureonthemothersleavethemlittletimetocareadequatelyfortheirchildren.Weakauthorversion:FormostNigerians,thegreateconomicpressureonthemothersleavethemlittletimetocareadequatelyfortheirchildren,thus“urbanexistenceissynonymouswithextremeindividualandcommunitypoverty”(Anyanwu,1985).Question3Strongauthorversion:Anyanwu(1985)claimedthatitwouldbebetterifemphasiscouldbeputontheeducationofmothers“onhowtoprepareandusehygienicallyacceptablesupplementaryfoodsfromrelativelyinexpensivebutnutritiouslocallyavailablestaplefoods.”Weakauthorversion:Itwillbebetterifemphasiscanbeputontheeducationofmothers“onhowtoprepareandusehygienicallyacceptablesupplementaryfoodsfromrelativelyinexpensivebutnutritiouslocallyavailablestaplefoods”(Anyanwu,1985).Task2(Page59)1)Directquotation.2)Theoriginalsourceisquotedwithabriefexplanationinthebeginningofthesentence.3)Theoriginalsourceisquotedwiththeauthor’scommentinsertedinthemiddleofthesentence.Task3(Page59)　　Asummaryismuchshorterthantheoriginalsourceforitonlycontainsthemainidea,omittingthedetails,whileaparaphraseisusuallythesamelengthastheoriginalsource,makingchangesinvocabularyandstructuresaboutsomedifficultwordsandexpressions.Task4(Page60)2)Chinesebigcitiessufferfromcongestionduetothesteadilyincreasingnumberofvehicles.3)Somecomplexsentencesmaybemeaningless.4)Learnersareactivefortheyattempttolearnfromtheirexperiences.5)Someeducatorsbelievethatthechoiceofmajormakesthebiggestdifferenceforstudentsenteringcollege,whileothersthinkdifferently.6)Socialnetworkingservices(SNS)haschangedthewaypeoplesocialize.7)HirshiandGottfredsonadvancethetheoryof“self-control”toexplainpeople’spropensitytocommitorrefrainfromcrimes.Task6(Page64)Paragraph2Summary:GordonandTaylorarguethatthedifficultiesexperiencedbypeoplewithwritingwillbecomeeasieriftheylearntodealwiththeirreactionstoitappropriately.Paragraph3Summary:Frickarguesthateducationhasbeensignificantlychangedbytechnologyatsomemajorturningpointsinhistory.Thefirstexamplewastheprimitivemodesofcommunicationinprehistorictimes.Paragraph4Summary:Hewittbelievesthatactsofacademicdishonestyunderminethevalidityofthemeasureoflearning.Paragraph5Summary:Edelsoarguesthatbesidesnaturalresources,therearemoreimportantfactorsdeterminingthewealthofpeople—thefundamentalpoliticalandlegalinstitutionsofanation.