ISBP《国际标准银行实务》（中文）

InternationalStandardBankingPracticeForewordThepublicationInternationalStandardBankingPracticefortheExaminationofDocumentsunderDocumentaryLettersofCreditistheproductof2.5yearsofworkbyataskforceoftheICCBankingCommission.ItwasapprovedbythefullCommissionatitsmeetinginRomeinOctober2002,atwhichtime,theCommissionvotedtomakeitanofficialdocumentoftheICC.TheISBP,asitismorecommonlycalled,isapracticalcomplementtoUCP500,ICC'suniversallyusedrulesondocumentarycredits.AlthoughitdoesnotamendtheUCP,itexplains,inexplicitdetail,howtherulesaretobeappliedonaday-to-daybasis.Assuch,itfillsaneededgapbetweenthegeneralprinciplesannouncedintherulesandthedailyworkofthedocumentarycreditpractitioner.ThetaskforcethatdevelopedtheISBPwasmeticulousinseekingtodocumentinternationalpracticeinthefield.ItstartedbyaskingICCnationalcommitteesandmemberstosendchecklistsonhowdocumentswereexaminedintheirbanks.Some39nationalcommitteesandasubstantialnumberofindividualbanksresponded.Cullingthesecommentsrequired14taskforcemeetingsandfourdifferentdraftsbeforetheISBPwasfinallyinashapetobeapproved.Thetaskforcedeservesconsiderablecreditforhavingproceededsocarefully.TheobjectoftheexercisewastodocumentinternationalstandardbankingpracticefortheexaminationofdocumentsundertheUCP;itwasnottoreportonindividualcountrypracticesthatmaydifferinsomewayfromthenorm.TheUCPwascreatedtobringuniformitytoafieldinwhichindividualpracticesoftendiffered,tothedetrimentofdocumentarypractitionersinallcountries.ByusingtheISBP,documentcheckerscanbringtheirpracticesinlinewiththosefollowedbytheircolleaguesworldwide.Theresultshouldbeasignificantreductioninthenumberofdocumentsrefusedfordiscrepanciesonfirstpresentation.MariaLivanosCattauiSecretaryGeneralInternationalChamberofCommerceParis,FranceDecember2002IntroductionAtitsMay2000meetingtheCommissiononBankingTechniqueandPracticeoftheInternationalChamberofCommerce(ICCBankingCommission)establishedataskforcetodocumentinternationalstandardbankingpracticefortheexaminationofdocumentspresentedunderdocumentarycreditsissuedsubjecttotheUniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentaryCredits,theInternationalChamberofCommerce'sPublicationNo.500(UCP).TheinternationalstandardbankingpracticesdocumentedinthispublicationareconsistentwiththeUCPandtheOpinionsandDecisionsoftheICCBankingCommission.ThisdocumentdoesnotamendUCP.ItexplainshowthepracticesarticulatedintheUCParetobeappliedbydocumentarypractitioners.Itis,ofcourse,recognizedthatthelawinsomecountriesmaycompeladifferentpracticethanthatstatedhere.NosinglepublicationcananticipateallthetermsorthedocumentsthatmaybeusedinconnectionwithdocumentarycreditsortheirinterpretationundertheUCPandthestandardpracticeitreflects.However,thetaskforcepreparingthispublicationhasendeavouredtocovertermscommonlyseenonaday-to-daybasisandthedocumentsmostoftenpresentedunderdocumentarycredits.ItshouldbenotedthatanyterminadocumentarycreditwhichmodifiesoraffectstheapplicabilityofaprovisionoftheUCPmayalsohaveanimpactoninternationalstandardbankingpractice.Therefore,inconsideringthepracticesdescribedinthispublication,partiesmusttakeintoaccountanyterminadocumentarycreditthatexpresslyexcludesormodifiesaprovisioninanarticleoftheUCP.Thisprincipleisimplicitthroughoutthispublication,whetherornotstated,butitissometimesexpresslyrepeatedforpurposesofemphasisorforillustration.Whereexamplesaregiven,thesearesolelyforthepurposeofillustrationandarenotexhaustive.Thispublicationreflectsinternationalstandardbankingpracticeforallpartiestoadocumentarycredit.Sinceapplicants'obligations,rights,andremediesdependupontheirundertakingwiththeissuingbank,theperformanceoftheunderlyingtransaction,andthetimelinessofanyobjectionunderapplicablelawandpractice,applicantsshouldnotassumethattheymayrelyontheseprovisionsinordertoexcusetheirobligationstoreimbursetheissuingbank.Theincorporationofthispublicationintothetermsofadocumentarycreditshouldbediscouraged,astherequirementtofollowagreedpracticesisimplicitintheUCP.BecausethispublicationreflectscurrentdocumentarycreditpracticeasprovidedbyICCnationalcommitteesandindividualICCmembers,itwillbeofconsiderableuseintheformulationofanyfuturerevisionoftheUCP.PRELIMINARYCONSIDERATIONSTheapplicationandissuanceofthecredit1)Thetermsofacreditareindependentoftheunderlyingtransactionevenifacreditexpresslyreferstothattransaction.Toavoidunnecessarycosts,delays,anddisputesintheexaminationofdocuments,however,theapplicantandbeneficiaryshouldcarefullyconsiderwhichdocumentsshouldberequired,bywhomtheyshouldbeproduced,andthetimeframeforpresentation.2)Theapplicantbearstheriskofanyambiguityinitsinstructionstoissueoramendacredit.Unlessexpresslystatedotherwise,arequesttoissueoramendacreditauthorizesanissuertosupplementordevelopthetermsinamannernecessaryordesirabletopermittheuseofthecredit.3)TheapplicantshouldbeawarethattheUCPcontainsArticlessuchasArticles13,20,21,23,24,26,27,28,39,40,46and47thatdefinetermsinamannerthatmayproduceunexpectedresultsunlesstheapplicantfullyacquaintsitselfwiththeseprovisions.Forexample,acreditrequiringpresentationofamarinebillofladingandcontainingaprohibitionagainsttranshipmentwill,inmostcases,havetoexcludeUCPsub-Article23(d)tomaketheprohibitionagainsttranshipmenteffective.4)Acreditshouldnotrequirepresentationofdocumentsthataretobeissuedand/orcountersignedbytheapplicant.Ifacreditisissuedincludingsuchterms,thebeneficiarymusteitherseekamendmentorcomplywiththemandbeartheriskoffailuretodoso.5)Manyoftheproblemsthatariseattheexaminationstagecouldbeavoidedorresolvedbycarefulattentiontodetailintheunderlyingtransaction,thecreditapplication,andissuanceofthecreditasdiscussed.GENERALPRINCIPLESAbbreviations6)Theuseofgenerallyacceptedabbreviations,forexample"Ltd."insteadof"Limited","Int'l"insteadof"International","Co."insteadof"Company","kgs"or"kos."insteadof"kilos","Ind"insteadof"Industry","mfr"insteadof"manufacturer"or"mt"insteadof"metrictons"-orviceversa-doesnotmakeadocumentdiscrepant.7)Virgules(slashmarks"/")mayhavedifferentmeanings,andunlessapparentinthecontextused,shouldnotbeusedasasubstituteforaword.Certificationsanddeclarations8)Acertification,declarationorthelikemayeitherbeaseparatedocumentorcontainedwithinanotherdocumentasrequiredbythecredit.Ifthecertificationordeclarationappearsinanotherdocumentwhichissignedanddated,anycertificationordeclarationappearingonthatdocumentdoesnotrequireaseparatesignatureordateifthecertificationordeclarationappearstohavebeengivenbythesameentitythatissuedandsignedthedocument.Correctionsandalterations9)Correctionsandalterationsofinformationordataindocuments,otherthandocumentscreatedbythebeneficiary,mustappeartobeauthenticatedbythepartywhoissuedthedocumentorbyapartyauthorizedbytheissuertodoso.Correctionsandalterationsindocumentswhichhavebeenlegalized,visaed,orthelike,mustappeartobeauthenticatedbythepartywholegalized,visaed,etc.,thedocument.Theauthenticationmustshowbywhomtheauthenticationhasbeenmadeandincludethatparty'ssignatureorinitials.Iftheauthenticationappearstohavebeenmadebyapartyotherthantheissuerofthedocument,theauthenticationmustclearlyshowinwhichcapacitythatpartyhasauthenticatedthecorrectionoralteration.10)Correctionsandalterationsindocumentsissuedbythebeneficiaryitself,exceptdrafts,whichhavenotbeenlegalized,visaedorthelike,neednotbeauthenticated.Seealso"Draftsandcalculationofmaturitydate".11)Theuseofmultipletypestylesorfontsizesorhandwritinginthesamedocumentdoesnot,byitself,signifyacorrectionoralteration.12)Whereadocumentcontainsmorethanonecorrectionoralteration,eithereachcorrectionmustbeauthenticatedseparatelyoroneauthenticationmustbelinkedtoallcorrectionsinanappropriateway.Forexample,ifthedocumentshowsthreecorrectionsnumbered1,2and3,onestatementsuchas"Correctionnumbers1,2and3aboveauthorizedbyXXX"orsimilar,willsatisfytherequirementforauthentication.Dates13)Drafts,transportdocumentsandinsurancedocumentsmustbedatedevenifacreditdoesnotexpresslysorequire.Arequirementthatadocument,otherthanthosementionedabove,bedated,maybesatisfiedbyreferenceinthedocumenttothedateofanotherdocumentformingpartofthesamepresentation(e.g.whereashippingcertificateisissuedwhichstates"dateasperbillofladingnumberxxx"orsimilarterms).Althoughitisexpectedthatarequiredcertificateordeclarationinaseparatedocumentbedated,itscompliancewilldependonthetypeofcertificationordeclarationthathasbeenrequested,itsrequiredwording,andthewordingthatappearswithinit.Whetherotherdocumentsrequiredatingwilldependonthenatureandcontentofthedocumentinquestion.14)Anydocument,includingacertificateofanalysis,inspectioncertificateandpre-shipmentinspectioncertificate,maybedatedafterthedateofshipment.However,ifacreditrequiresadocumentevidencingapre-shipmentevent(e.g.pre-shipmentinspectioncertificate),thedocumentmust,eitherbyitstitleorcontent,indicatethattheevent(e.g.inspection)tookplacepriortooronthedateofshipment.Arequirementforan"inspectioncertificate"doesnotconstitutearequirementtoevidenceapre-shipmentevent.Documentsmustnotindicatethattheywereissuedafterthedatetheyarepresented.15)Adocumentindicatingadateofpreparationandalaterdateofsigningisdeemedtobeissuedonthedateofsigning.16)Theruleforthelatestdateforpresentationinsub-Article43(a)ofUCPappliesonlytopresentationsthatarerequiredtocontainoneormoreoriginaltransportdocuments.TransportdocumentsarethosecoveredbyUCPArticles23-29.Inanyevent,documentsmustbepresentednotlaterthantheexpirydateofthecredit.17)Phrasesoftenusedtosignifytimeoneithersideofadateorevent:a)"within2daysafter"indicatesaperiodfromthedateoftheeventuntil2daysaftertheevent.b)"notlaterthan2daysafter"doesnotindicateaperiod,onlyalatestdate.Ifanadvicemustnotbedatedpriortoaspecificdate,thecreditmustsostate.c)"atleast2daysbefore"indicatesthatsomethingmusttakeplacenotlaterthan2daysbeforeanevent.Thereisnolimitastohowearlyitmaytakeplace.d)"within2daysof"indicatesaperiod2dayspriortotheeventuntil2daysaftertheevent.18)Theterm"within"whenusedinconnectionwithadateexcludesthatdateinthecalculationoftheperiod.19)Datesmaybeexpressedindifferentformats,e.g.the12thofNovember2003couldbeexpressedas12Nov03,12Nov03,12.11.2003,12.11.03,2003.11.12,11.12.03,121103,etc.Providedthatthedateintendedcanbedeterminedfromthedocumentorfromotherdocumentsincludedinthepresentation,anyoftheseformatsareacceptable.Toavoidconfusionitisrecommendedthatthenameofthemonthshouldbeusedinsteadofthenumber.DocumentsforwhichtheUCPTransportArticlesdonotapply20)Somedocumentscommonlyusedinrelationtothetransportationofgoods,e.g.DeliveryOrder,Forwarder'sCertificateofReceipt,Forwarder'sCertificateofShipment,Forwarder'sCertificateofTransport,Forwarder'sCargoReceiptandMate'sReceiptdonotreflectacontractofcarriageandarenottransportdocumentsasdefinedinUCPArticles23through29.Assuch,UCPArticle43wouldnotapplytothesedocuments.Therefore,thesedocumentswillbeexaminedinthesamemannerasotherdocumentsforwhichtherearenospecificprovisionsintheUCP,i.e.underUCPArticle21.Inanyevent,documentsmustbepresentednotlaterthantheexpirydateofthecredit.21)CopiesoftransportdocumentsarenottransportdocumentsforthepurposeofUCPArticles23-29and43.TheUCPTransportArticlesapplywherethereareoriginaltransportdocumentspresented.Whereacreditallowsforthepresentationofacopy(ies)ratherthananoriginal(s),thecreditmustexplicitlystatethedetailstobeshown.Wherecopies(non-negotiable)arepresented,theyneednotevidencesignature,dates,etc.ExpressionsnotdefinedinUCP22)Expressionssuchas"shippingdocuments","staledocumentsacceptable","thirdpartydocumentsacceptable",and"exportingcountry"shouldnotbeusedastheyarenotdefinedinUCP.Ifusedinacredit,theirmeaningshouldbemadeapparent.Ifnot,theyhavethefollowingmeaningunderinternationalstandardbankingpractice:a)"shippingdocuments"-alldocuments(notonlytransportdocuments),exceptdrafts,requiredbythecredit.b)"staledocumentsacceptable"-documentspresentedlaterthan21daysafterthedateofshipmentareacceptableaslongastheyarepresentedwithinthevalidityofthecredit.c)"thirdpartydocumentsacceptable"-alldocuments,excludingdraftsbutincludinginvoices,maybeissuedbyapartyotherthanthebeneficiary.Iftheissuingbank'sintentisthatthetransportdocument(s)mayshowashipperotherthanthebeneficiary,theclauseisnotnecessarybecauseitisalreadypermittedbyUCPsub-Article31(iii).d)"exportingcountry"-thecountrywherethebeneficiaryisdomiciled,and/orthecountryoforiginofthegoods,and/orthecountryofreceiptbythecarrierand/orthecountryfromwhichshipmentordispatchismade.23)Wordsandphrasessuchas"prompt","immediately","assoonaspossible",andthelikeshouldnotbeusedinanycontext.Iftheyareusedbankswilldisregardthem.Inconsistencyinthedocuments24)Documentspresentedunderacreditmustnotappeartobeinconsistentwitheachother.Therequirementisnotthatthedatacontentbeidentical,merelythatthedocumentsnotbeinconsistent.Issuerofdocuments25)Ifacreditindicatesthatadocumentistobeissuedbyanamedpersonorentity,thisconditionissatisfiedifthedocumentappearstobeissuedbythenamedpersonorentity.Itmayappeartobeissuedbyanamedpersonorentitybyuseofitsletterhead,or,ifthereisnoletterhead,thedocumentappearstohavebeencompletedand/orsignedby,oronbehalfof,thenamedpersonorentity.Language26)Underinternationalstandardbankingpractice,itisexpectedthatdocumentsissuedbythebeneficiarywillbeinthelanguageofthecredit.Whenacreditstatesthatdocumentsintwoormorelanguagesareacceptable,anominatedbankmay,initsadviceofthecredit,limitthenumberofacceptablelanguagesasaconditionofitsengagementinthecreditorconfirmation.Mathematicalcalculations27)Detailedmathematicalcalculationsindocumentswillnotbecheckedbybanks.Banksareonlyobligedtochecktotalvaluesagainstthecreditandotherrequireddocuments.Misspellingsortypingerrors28)Misspellingsortypingerrorsthatdonotaffectthemeaningofawordorthesentenceinwhichitoccurs,donotmakeadocumentdiscrepant.Forexample,adescriptionofthemerchandiseas"mashine"insteadof"machine","fountanpen"insteadof"fountainpen"or"modle"insteadof"model"wouldnotmakethedocumentdiscrepant.However,adescriptionas"model123"insteadof"model321"wouldnotberegardedasatypingerrorandwouldconstituteadiscrepancy.Multiplepagesandattachmentsorriders29)Unlessthecreditoradocumentprovidesotherwise,pageswhicharephysicallyboundtogether,sequentiallynumberedorcontaininternalcrossreferences,howevernamedorentitled,aretobeexaminedasonedocument,evenifsomeofthepagesareregardedasanattachment.Whereadocumentconsistsofmorethanonepage,itmustbepossibletodeterminethatthepagesarepartofthesamedocument.30)Ifasignatureand/orendorsementisrequiredtobeonadocumentconsistingofmorethanonepage,thesignatureisnormallyplacedonthefirstorlastpageofthedocument,butunlessthecreditorthedocumentitselfindicateswhereasignatureorendorsementistoappear,thesignatureorendorsementmayappearanywhereonthedocument.Originalsandcopies31)Documentsissuedinmorethanoneoriginalmaybemarked"Original","Duplicate","Triplicate","FirstOriginal","SecondOriginal",etc.Noneofthesemarkingswilldisqualifyadocumentasanoriginal.32)Eachrequireddocumentmustbepresentedinatleastoneoriginal,unlessthecreditallowsforpresentationofdocumentsascopies.Thenumberoforiginalstobepresentedmustbeatleastthenumberrequiredbythecredit,theUCP,or,wherethedocumentitselfstateshowmanyoriginalshavebeenissued,thenumberstatedonthedocument.33)Itcansometimesbedifficulttodeterminefromthewordingofacreditwhetheritrequiresanoriginaloracopy,andtodeterminewhetherthatrequirementissatisfiedbyanoriginaloracopy.Forexample,wherethecreditrequires:a)"Invoice","OneInvoice"or"Invoicein1copy",itwillbeunderstoodtobearequirementforanoriginalinvoice.b)"Invoicein4copies",itwillbesatisfiedbythepresentationofatleastoneoriginalandtheremainingnumberascopiesofaninvoice.c)"OnecopyofInvoice",itwillbesatisfiedbypresentationofacopyofaninvoice.However,itisstandardbankingpracticetoacceptanoriginalinsteadofacopyinthisconstruction.34)Whereanoriginalwouldnotbeacceptedinlieuofacopy,thecreditmustprohibitanoriginal,e.g."photocopyofinvoice-originaldocumentnotacceptableinlieuofphotocopy",orthelike.35)TheICCBankingCommissionPolicyStatement,document470/871(Rev),titled"Thedeterminationofan"Original"documentinthecontextofUCPsub-Article20(b)"isrecommendedforfurtherguidanceonoriginalsversuscopies.Shippingmarks36)Thepurposeofashippingmarkistoenableidentificationofabox,bagorpackage.Ifacreditspecifiesthedetailsofashippingmark,thedocument(s)mentioningthemarksmustshowthesedetails,butadditionalinformationisacceptableprovideditisnotinconsistentwiththecreditterms.37)Shippingmarkscontainedinsomedocumentsoftenincludeinformationinexcessofwhatwouldnormallybeconsidered"shippingmarks",andcouldincludeinformationsuchasthetypeofgoods,warningsastothehandlingoffragilegoods,netand/orgrossweightofthegoods,etc.Thefactthatsomedocumentsshowsuchadditionalinformation,whileothersdonot,isnotadiscrepancy.38)Transportdocumentscoveringcontainerizedgoodswillsometimesonlyshowacontainernumberundertheheading"Shippingmarks".Otherdocumentsthatshowadetailedmarkingwillnotbeconsideredtobeinconsistentforthatreason.Signatures39)Evenifnotstatedinthecredit,drafts,certificatesanddeclarationsbytheirnaturerequireasignature.TransportdocumentsandinsurancedocumentsmustbesignedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsoftheUCP.40)Thefactthatadocumenthasaboxorspaceforasignaturedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsuchboxorspacemustbecompletedwithasignature.Forexample,banksdonotrequireasignatureintheareatitled"Signatureofshipperortheiragent",orsimilarphrases,commonlyfoundontransportdocumentssuchasairwaybillsorroadtransportdocuments.Ifadocumentonitsfacerequiresasignatureforitsvalidity(e.g."Thisdocumentisnotvalidunlesssigned",orsimilarterms),itmustbesigned.41)Asignatureneednotbehandwritten.Facsimilesignatures,perforatedsignatures,stamps,symbols(suchaschops)oranyelectronicormechanicalmeansofauthenticationaresufficient.However,aphotocopyofasigneddocumentdoesnotqualifyasasignedoriginaldocument,nordoesasigneddocumenttransmittedthroughafax-machine,absentanoriginalsignature.Arequirementforadocumenttobe"signedandstamped",orasimilarrequirement,isalsofulfilledbyasignatureandthenameofthepartytyped,orstamped,orhandwritten,etc.42)Asignatureonacompany'sletterheadpaperwillbetakentobethesignatureofthatcompany,unlessotherwisestated.Thecompany'snameneednotberepeatednexttothesignature.Titleofdocumentsandcombineddocuments43)Documentsmaybetitledascalledforinthecredit,bearasimilartitle,orbeuntitled.Forexample,acreditrequirementfora"PackingList"mayalsobesatisfiedbyadocumentcontainingpackingdetailswhethertitled"PackingNote","PackingandWeightList",etc.,oranuntitleddocument.Thecontentofadocumentmustappeartofulfillthefunctionoftherequireddocument.44)Documentslistedinacreditshouldbepresentedasseparatedocuments.Ifacreditrequiresapackinglistandaweightlist,suchrequirementwillbesatisfiedbypresentationoftwoseparatedocuments,orbypresentationoftwooriginalcopiesofacombinedpackingandweightlist,providedsuchdocumentstatesbothpackingandweightdetails.DRAFTSANDCALCULATIONOFMATURITYDATETenor45)Thetenormustbeinaccordancewiththetermsofthecredit.a)Ifadraftisdrawnatatenorotherthansight,orotherthanacertainperiodaftersight,itmustbepossibletoestablishthematuritydatefromthedatainthedraftitself.b)Asanexampleofwhereitispossibletoestablishamaturitydatefromthedatainthedraft,ifacreditcallsfordraftsatatenor60daysafterthebillofladingdate,wherethedateofthebillofladingis12May2002,thetenorcouldbeindicatedonthedraftinoneofthefollowingways:i."60daysafterbillofladingdate12May2002",orii."60daysafter12May2002",oriii."60daysafterbillofladingdate"andelsewhereonthefaceofthedraftstate"billofladingdate12May2002",oriv."60daysdate"onadraftdatedthesamedayasthedateofthebilloflading,orv."11July2002",i.e.60daysafterthebillofladingdate.c)Ifthetenorreferstoxxxdaysafterthebillofladingdate,theonboarddateisdeemedtobethebillofladingdateeveniftheonboarddateispriortoorlaterthanthedateofissuanceofthebilloflading.d)TheUCPprovidesnoguidancewherethewords"from"and"after"areusedtodeterminematuritydatesofdrafts.Referenceto"from"and"after"intheUCPreferssolelytodateterminologyforperiodsofshipment.Wheretheword"from"isusedtoestablishthematuritydate,internationalstandardbankingpracticewouldexcludethedatementioned,unlessthecreditspecificallyprovidesthat"from"isconsideredtoincludethedatementioned.Therefore,forthepurposesofdeterminingthematuritydateofatimedraft,thewords"from"and"after"havethesameeffect.Calcu