欧洲文化名词解释集锦

DivisionOneGreekCultureandRomanCultureIliad(《伊禾U亚特》)：1)ItisoneofthetwogreatancientGreekepicsbyHomer.2)ItdealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece,ledbyAgamemnonintheirwaragainstthecityofTroyprobablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.3)TheheroesareHectorontheTrojansideandAchillesandOdysseusontheGreek.4)Inthefinalbattle,HectorwaskilledbyAchillesandTroywassackedandburnedbytheGreeks.2．Herodotus(希罗多德)：1)HeisoneofgreatancientGreekhistorians.2)Heisoftencalled“FatherofHistory.3)HewroteaboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians.4)Hishistory,fullofanecdotesanddigressionsandlivelydialogue,iswonderfullyreadable.5)Hisobjectinwritingwas“thatthegreatandwonderfuldeedsdonebyGreeksandPersiansshouldnotlackrenown.3．Socrates：1)HewasthephilosopherofancientGreeceinthe5thand4thcentury.2)HewasconsideredoneofthethreegreatestnamesinEuropeanphilosophy.3)Heholdthatphilosophytooktheaimtoreachtheconclusionofoneselfandvirtuewasknowledge.4)HisthoughtswererecordedinDialoguesbyPlato.5)Hedevisedthedialecticalmethod.Dialecticalmethod(辩证法)：1)ItwasdevisedbyancientGreekphilosopherSocrates.2)Itisamethodofargument,byquestionsandanswers.Plato：1)HewasthegreatestphilosopherofancientGreece,pupilofSocrates.2)HisDialoguesareimportantnotonlyasphilosophicalwritingbutalsoasimaginativeliterature.OftheDialogueshewrote,27havesurvived,including：theApology,SymposiumandtheRepublic.3)Platobuiltupacomprehensivesystemofphilosophy.4)Hisphilosophyiscalledidealism.Diogenes(狄奥艮尼)(北京市2002年自考真 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 名词解释)：HewasoneoftheCynic'sleadersinancientGreece,whodecidedtolivelikeadog.2)Theword“cynic”means“dog”inGHerejectedallconventions,advocatedself-sufficiencyandextremesimplicityinlife.Stoics(斯多咯派)：1)ItwasoneoffourancientGreekschoolsofphilosophersinthe4thcenturyB.C.2)Tothem,themostimportantthinginlifewas“duty”.3)Itdevelopedintothetheorythatoneshouldendurehardshipandmisfortunewithcourage.4)ThechiefStoicwasZeno.DoricStyle(陶立克柱)：1)ItisoneofthreeancientGreekarchitecturestyles.2)Itisalsocalledthemasculinestyle.3)Itissturdy,powerful,severe-lookingandshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.4)TheDoricstyle.ismonotonousandunadorned.PaxRomana(罗马和平)(北京市2001年自考真题名词解释)：1)Intheyear27B.C.OctaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetileofAugustus.2)Twocenturieslater,theRomanempirereacheditsgreatestextentintheNorthandEast.3)Theemperorsmainlyreliedonastrongarmy-thefamousRomanLegionsandaninfluentialbureaucracytoexerttheirrules.4)ThustheRomanenjoyedalongperiodofpeacelasting200years.ThisremarkablephenomenoninthehistoryisknowasPaxRomana.Virgil(维吉尔)：1)HewasthegreatestofLatinpoets.2)Hewrotethegreatepic,theAeneid.3)Thepoemopenedouttothefuture,forAeneasstoodattheheadofarceofpeoplewhoweretofoundthefirsttheRomanrepublicandthentheRomanEmpire.DivisionTwoTheBibleandChristianity1.TheBible：1)TheBibleisacollectionofreligiouswritingscomprisingtwoparts：theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2)TheformerisaboutGodandthelawsofGod;thelatter,thedoctrineofJesusChrist.TheOldTestament:1)TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2)TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.3)Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.TheNewTestament:1)TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.2)TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教义)ofJesusChrist.3)Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.Pentateuch(摩西五经):1)IntheOldTestament,theoldestandmostimportantarethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.2)Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks:Genesis(创世记),Exodus(出埃及记),Leviticus(利未记),Numbers(民数记),Deuteronomy(申命记).5．Genesis：1)GenesisisthefirstoneofthefivebooksinPentateuchinOldTestament.2)IttellsaboutareligiousaccountoftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople,includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman,thecareerofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.Exodus:1)ExodusisthesecondoneofthefivebooksinPentateuchintheOldTestament.2)IttellsaboutareligioushistoryoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgyptLedbyMoses.3)DuringtheperiodtheybegantoreceiveGod'sLaw.Noah'sArk挪亚方舟)：1)FormanyhundredyearsafterAdamandEveweredrivenoutofEden,thefamilyofmanmultipliedandspreadovertheearth,buttheybecamemoreandmorecorrupt2)ThusGoddecidedtodestroyalllifeonearthinagreatflood.3)BecauseNoahalwayskepthisfaithinGod,GodspoketohimaboutHisintentionandtoldhimtobuildanarktoprotecthimandhiskinfromthewaters.4).NoahfollowedGod'sinstructions.5)For40daysitrained,thewholeearthwascoveredwithwater,thoseshelteredinthearkbeingtheonlysurvivals.TheProphets(先知)：1)FormorethanathousandyearsintheMiddleEasttherehadbeenaclassofpeopleknownas“Prophets”orthespokesm)enEoafrlGieordp.r2ophetslivedingroupsastempleofficials.Lateronthereappearedindependentprophet.3)TheProphetscanbegroupedintotheMajorProphetsandMinorProphets.(分为大小先知)TheBookofDaniel(《但以理 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 》)：1)TheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.2)ThebookappearedintheearlydaysofJews'revoltagainsttheSyrianKingAntiochusIV.3)Itisastorymixedwithvision,describinghowDanielandhisfriendsweretakenprisonertoBabylonafterthefallofJerusalemandhowtheyrefusedtocompromisetheirfaith.TheEdictofMilan(米兰赦令)：1)RomanemperorConstantinebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhiminwinningthebattleforthethrone,soheissuedtheEdictofMilanin313.2)Itgrantedreligiousfreedomtoall,madeChristianitylegal.ThefouraccountsintheNewTestament(四福音书)：1)ThefouraccountsarethefirstfourbooksintheNewTestament.2)TheywerebelievedtohavebeenwrittenbyMatthew,Mark,Luke,andJohn,fourofJesus'earlyfollowers.3)Theytellofthebirth,teaching,deathandResurrectionofJesus.KingJames'versionofBible钦定版本圣经)：1)AsthemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBible,itisalsocalledthe“Authorized”version.2)Itwasproducedby54biblicalscholarsatthecommandofKingJames,andwaspublishedin1611.3)Withitssimple,majesticAnglo-Saxontongue,itisknowasthegreatestbookintheEnglishlanguage.DivisionThreeTheMiddleAges1.theMiddleages(中世纪)(北京市2002年自考真题名词解释)：1)InEuropeanhistory,thethousand-yearperiodfromthe5thcenturyto15thcenturyfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.2)Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.3)DuringtheMedievaltimestherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch.4)Christianitytooktheleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsofyears.Itshapedpeople'slives.ThatiswhytheMiddleAgesisalsocalledthe“AgeofFa2．Feudalism(封建主义)：1)FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice.2)Theword“feudalism”wasderivedfromtheLatin“feudum”,agrantofland.Fiefs(圭寸地，采邑)：1)InFeudalism,therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellorsorsoldiersasarewardfortheirservice.2)Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.vassals(诸侯)：1)InFeudalism,therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellorsorsoldiersasarewardfortheirservice.2)Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.3)Theownersofthefiefswcallvassals.CodeofChivalry(骑士 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 )：1)IntheMiddleAgesofwesternEurope,asaknight,hewerepledgedtoprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.2)Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry,fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.dubbing(骑士头衔加冕仪式)：Afteraknightwassuccessfulinhistrailsandtournaments,therewasalwaysaspecialceremonytoawardhimwithatitle,knight.Thisspecialceremonyiscalleddubbing.TheManor(庄园)：1)Thecentreofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwasthemanor.2)Manorswerefoundedonthefiefsofthelords.3)Bythetwelfthcenturymanorhousesweremadeofstoneanddesignedasfortresses.Theycametobecalledcastles.TheCatholicChurch(天主教)：1)Inthemedieval“ageoffaith”alm,ostallEuropeansbelongedtotheCatholicChurch.2)Theword“catholicme”ant“universal3)”TheCatholicChurchwashighlycentralizedanddisciplinedinternationalorganizationandthePopewastheheadoftheChurch.HenotonlyruledRomeandpartsofItalyasaking,hewasalsotheheadofallChristianchurchesinwesternEurope.ThosewhoopposedthePopelosttheirmembershipandtheirpoliticalright.4)TheChurchevensetupachurchcourt-theInquisitiontostampoutso-calledheresy.5)LatinwastheacceptedofficiallanguageintheRomanCatholicChurch.6)ThisChurchhadgreatinfluenceonpeople'sdailylifeandthewesternthinking.Monasticism(修道院制度)：1)HeedingthespiritualmessageofChristianity,between300and500A.D.,manymenwithdrewfromworldlycontactstodesertsandlonelyplaces.2)Thismovementdevelopedintotheestablishmentofmonasteries(修道院)andconvents(女修道院)formonksandnuns.3)Someofthehermitsweregreatscholarsknownas“FatheroftheChurch”whoseworkisgenerallyconsideredorthodox..4)ThreerepresentativeswereSt.Jerome,AugustineofHippoandSt.Benedict.BenedictineRule(本尼迪克特教团)：1)ItwasfoundedbySt.Benedict,agreatmonkin529A.D.2)ThemonkswhofollowedBenedict'srulepromisedtogiveupalltheirpossessionbeforeenteringthemonastery.3)woresimpleclothesandateonlycertainsimplefoods.4)Theycouldnotmarryandhadtoobeywithoutquestiontheordersoftheabbot.5)Theyhadtoattendserviceseventimesduringthedayandonceatmidnight.6)Inaddition,theywereexpectedtoworkfivehoursadayinthefieldssurroundingthemonastery.holycommunion(圣餐):1)Itisoneofmostimportantsacraments.2)IthelpstoremindpeoplethatChristhasdiedtoredeemman.12．TheCrusades(十字军东征)(北京市2001年自考真题名词解释):1)In1071PalestinefelltothearmiesoftheTurkishMoslemswhoattackedtheChristianpilgrims,killingmanyofthemandsoldmanyothersasslaves.2)NewsofthiskinkrousedgreatindignationamongChristiansinwesternEurope.3)TheresultwasaseriesofholywarscalledtheCrusadeswhichwentonabout200years.4)AllthesoldiersgoingtoPalestineworearedcrossonthetunicsasasymbolofobediencetoGod.5)TherewerealtogethereightchiefCrusadesfrom1096to1291.6)AothoughtheCrusadesdidnotachievetheirgoaltoregaintheHolyland,theyhadanimportanteffectonthefutureofboththeEastandtheWest.TheybroughttheEastintoclosercontactwiththeWest.AndtheygreatlyinfluencedthehistoryofEurope.CarolingianRenaissance(加洛林复兴)：1)Inearlymedievalperiod,theEmperoroftheRomans,Charlemagne,encouragedlearningbysettingupmonasteryschools,givingsupporttoscholarsandsettingscribestoworkcopyingvariousancientbooks.Becausethescribesperformedtheirtaskswell,fewoftheancientworksthathadsurviveduntilthattimewereeverlost.3)TheresultofCharlemagne'efsfortsisusuallycalledthe“CarolingianRenaissance”4)T.hetermisderivedfromCharlemagne'snamLaetinin,Carolus.5)ThemostinterestingsideofthisratherminorrenaissanceisthespectacleofFrankishorGermanicstatereachingouttoassimilatetherichesoftheRomanClassicalandtheChristianizedHebraicculture.AlfredtheGreat(阿尔弗雷德大王)(北京市2003年自考真题名词解释):1)AstheruleroftheAnglo-SaxonkingdomofWessex,hecontributedgreatlytothemedievalEuropeanculture.2)HeworriedaboutthedisappearanceoflearningandmadeWessextheAnglo-Saxonculturalcentrebyintroducingteachersandscholars,foundingnewmonasteries,andpromotingtranslationsintothevernacularfromLatinworks.3)HealsoinspiredthecompilationoftheAngloSaxonChronicles.15．NationalEpic(民族史诗)：1)TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedform.inancientliterature.2)“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages—thatis,thelanguagesofvariousnationalstatesthatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.3)LiteraryworkswerenolongerallwritteninLatin.4)ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.16．Beowulf(《贝奥武甫》)：1)ItisanAnglo-Saxonepicin8thcentury.2)Itoriginatesfromthecollectiveeffortsoforalliterature.3)ThestoryissetinDenmarkorSwedenandtellshowthehero,Veowulf,defeatsthemonsterGrendelandGrendelher,as'easmontster,buteventuallyreceiveshisowndeathinfightingwithafiredragon.4)ItmarksthebeginningofEnglishliterature.SongofRoland(《罗兰之歌》)：1)Itisthemostwell-knownofagroupofFrenchepicsknownasLaChansondeGestes.2)IttellshowRoland,oneofCharlemagne'swarriors,fightsinSpainanddiesdefendingapassinthePyrenees.TheDivineComedy(《神曲》)：1)ItwaswrittenbythegreatestpoetofItaly,Dante.2)Itisoneofthelandmarksofworldliterature.3)ThepoemitselfisthegreatestChristianpoemwithaprofoundvisionofthemedievalChristianworld,andexpresseshumanisticideaswhichforeshadowedthespiritofRenaissance.4)ItwaswritteninItalianratherthaninLatin,whichinfluenceddecisivelytheevolutionofEuropeanliteratureawayfromitoriginsinLatinculturetoanewvariedexpression.TheCanterburyTales(《坎特伯雷 故事 滥竽充数故事班主任管理故事5分钟二年级语文看图讲故事传统美德小故事50字120个国学经典故事ppt 集》)：1)TheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenbyEnglishpoetChaucer.2)Thebookcontainstwenty-fourtalesboldbyagroupofpilgrimsontheirjourneytoCanterbury.3)MostofthetalesarewritteninversewhichreflectsChaucer'sinnovationbyintroducingFrenchandItalywritingintotheEnglishnativealliterativeverse(头韵).4)TheCanterburyTalesisthebestrepresentativeofthemiddleEnglish,pavingthewaytoModernEnglish.Gothic(哥特式建筑)(北京市2001自考真题名词解释)：1)TheGothicstyle.startedinFranceandquicklyspreadthroughallpartsofwesternEurope.2)Itflourishedandlastedfromthemid-12thtotheendof15thcenturyand,insomeareas,intothe16th.3)Morechurcheswerebuiltinthismannertaninanyotherstyle.inhistory.4)TheGothicwasanoutgrowthoftheRomanesque,butitreflectedamuchmoreorderedfeudalsocietywithfullconfidence.5)Gothiccathedralssoaredhigh,theirwindows,archesandtowersreachingheavenward,flingingtheirpassionagainstthesky.Theweredecoratedwithbeautifulstainedglasswindowsandsculptures.DivisionFourRenaissanceandReformation1．Renaissance(文艺复兴)：1)Asaperiodinwesterncivilization,generallyspeaking,Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcentury.2RenaissancestartedinFlorenceandVenicewiththefloweringofpaintings,sculptureandarchitecture.3)Theword“Renaissance”meansrevival,specificainllythisperiodofhistory,revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.4)Renaissance,inessence,wasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofconservatisminfeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,tolifttherestrictionsinallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.5.DuringtheperiodofRenaissance,oldsciencesrevivedandnewsciencesemerge,nationallanguagesandnationalculturesfreefromtheabsolutecontrolofthePapalauthorityinRometookshapeandartandliteratureflourishedasneverbefore.2．Humanism(人文主义)：1)HumanismistheessenceofRenaissance.2)HumanistsinRenaissancebelievedthathumanbeingshadrightstopursuewealthandpleasureandtheyadmiredthebeautyofhumanbody.3)Thisbeliefrancountertothemedievalasceticalideaofpovertyandstoics,,andshiftedman'sinterestfromChristianitytohumanity,fromreligiontophilosophy,froheaventoearth,fromthebeautyofGodtothebeautyofhumaninallitsjoys,sensesandfeelings.4)Theologically,thehumanistswerereligious.ButtheybegantolookattheproblemsofGodandProvidencewithaviewtounderstandingman'sworkandman'searthlyhappiness.5)ThephilosophyofhumanismisreflectedintheartandliteratureinItalyandtherestofEurope,topassdownasthebeginningofthehistoryofmodernman,who,insteadofbroodingaboutdeathandtheotherworld,livesandworksforthepresentandfutureprogressofmankind.LeonarddaVinci(北京市2004年自考真题名词解释):1)Hewasapainter,asculptor,anarchitect,amusician,anengineerandascientist,whowasborninFlorenceinItaly.2)HewasaRenaissancemaninthetruesenseoftheword.3)Hehadprofoundunderstandingofart,whichexertedgreatinfluenceamongthepaintersofhisowngeneration,andgenerationstofollow.4)HismajorworksareLastSuperandMonaLisa.Michelangelo(米开朗基罗):1)MichelangelowasanItaliansculptor,painter,architectandpoet.2)hewasatoweringfigureoftheRenaissance.3)Byart,heexpressedhisvisionofman,man'sbeautym,an'snoiblity,hisownanguishandhisownenergy,ameansbywhichhemadeinquiryintothereality.3)hismajorworksareDavid,MosesandSistineChapel.Raphael(拉斐尔):1)RaphaelwasoneofmajorpaintersduringtheRenaissance.2)Inhiswork,thereistheexquisiteharmonyandbalanceoftheHighRenaissance.3)RaphaelwasbestknowforhisMadonna(VirginMary).HepaintedhisMadonnasindifferentpostures.4)BecauseofhisMadonnaswithsweetexpressions,hecametobeknownastheelegantRaphael.HighRenaissanee(文艺复兴全盛时期)：1)TheRenaissaneeinItalyreacheditsheightinthe16thcenturywithitscentermovingtoMilan,thentoRome,andcreatedHighRenaissanee(1490-1530).2)meantimebythebeginningofthe16theentury,Venetianarthadeomeintobeinginfullglory.3)therepresentativesinthisperiodweredaVinei,Miehelangelo.RaphaelandTitian.Reformation(宗教改革)(北京市2001年自考真题名词解释)：1)TheReformationwasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementaswellasasocio-politicalmovement.2)ItwasledbyMartinLutherandweptoverthewholeEurope.3)ThismovementwasaimedatopposingtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandreplacingitwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible.3)TheReformistsbelievedindirectcommunicationbetweentheindividualandGod,engagedthemselvesintranslatingtheBibleintotheirmothertongues,urgedtheChurchtohaveinstitutionalreformsandwereinterestedinliberationnationaleconomyandpoliticsfromtheinterferenceoftheRomanCatholicChurchandcarryingoutwarsintheinterestsofpeasantsandrevolutionofthebourgeoisie.4)TheReformationdealtthefeudaltheocracyafatalblowandshatteredMedievalChurch'sstiflingcontroloverman,thuspavingthewayforcapitalism.MartinLuther(马丁?路德)：1)HewastheGermanleaderoftheProtestantReformation.2)HisdoctrinemarkedthefirstbreakintheunityoftheCatholicChurch.3)Hisdoctrineswere：menareredeemedbyfaithandnotbythepurchaseofindulgence;BiblewasthesupremeauthorityandmanwasonlyboundtothelawofthewordofGod,notthewordoftheclergy;allbelieverswerepriests,andalloccupationswereholy.sinfluenceJohnCalvin(约翰?加尔文)：1)HewasaFrenchtheologianwhoputhistheologicalthoughtsinhisInstituesoftheChristianReligion,whichwascalledasCalvinism.2)HerejectedthepapalauthoritiesanddevotedhimselftotheworkofreformationinGeneva,wherehesethimselfthetaskofconstructingagovernmentbasedonthesubordinationofthestatetothechurch,atypeofgovernmentwhichlatercametobeknowasthePresbyteriangovernment.3)Calvinwaswidespread,particularlyinEnglandandScotland,andtheNetherlands.Calvinism(加尔文主义)(北京市2003年自考真题名词解释)：1)CalvinismwasestablishedbyCalvinintheperiodofRenaissance.2)CalvinismheldthattheabsoluteauthorityoftheGod'swill,holdingthatonlythosespeciallyelectedbyGodaresaved,andthatanyform.ofsinfulnesswasalikelysighofdamnationwhereashardworkandthriftywayoflifecouldbeasignofsalvation.3)ThisbeliefservessowelltohelptherisingbourgeoisieonitspaththatmanyhistorianshavesuggestedthatCalvinismwasoneofthemaincoursesthecapitalistspirit.Counter-Reformation(反宗教改革)：1)Bylate1520theRomanCatholicChurchhadlostitscontroloverthechurchinGermanyandthemovementagainsttheRomanCatholicChurchhadsweptoverthewholeofEurope,shakingtheveryfoundationoftheRomanCatholicChurch.2)TheRomanCatholicChurchdidnotstayidle.TheygatheredtheirforcestoexaminetheChurchinstitutionsandintroducereformsandimprovements,tobringbackitslife.3)Intime,theromanCatholicChurchdidre-establishitselfasadynamicforceinEuropeanaffairs.4)ThisrecoveryofpowerisoftencalledbyhistorianstheCounter-Reformation.Jesuits/TheSocietyofJesus(耶酥会):1)IntheCounter-Reformation,aSpaniardIgnatiusandhisfollowerscalledthemselvestheJesuits,membersoftheSocietyofJesus.2)TheJesuitswentthroughstrictspiritualtrainingandorganizedtheirowncollegestotrainselectedyouthwhowouldbecentreoftheirinfluenceinthenextgeneration.3)TheJesuitsmadeittheirlifelongworktospreadtheorthodoxfaith.DonQuixote(《堂吉珂德》):1)DonQuixoteisthegreatestworkbySpanishnovelistCervanes..2)ThenoveldepictsthevariousadventuresofDonQuixoteandhisservantSanchoPanzaandoffersapictureofSpaininthe17thcenturywithvariouscharactersandlandscapes.3)itwasaparodysatirizingaverypopulartypeofliteratureatthetime,theromanceofchivalry.4)ThisbookisrecognizedasthefatherofthemodernEuropeannovel.WilliamShakespeare(莎士比亚):1)ShakespeareisthegreatestpoetanddramatistinEnglishliterature.2)HewasamanofthelateRenaissancewhogavethefullestexpressiontohumanistideals.3)Heproducedalotofworks,includingHamlet,Othello,KingLearandMacbeth,whichexertedgreatimpactontheworldliteratureandwasregardedasoneofthetworeservoirsofmodernEnglishlanguage.Columbus(哥伦布):1)HewasaItaliannavigator.2)UnderthepatronageofFerdinandandIsabellaofSpain,Hesailedwesttoreachtheorient.3)HeleftPalosin3August,1492withthreeshipsandreachedtheBahamason12October1492DivisionFiveTheSeventeenthCenturyKepler'sLaWS普勒定律)：1)ThefirstimportantastronomerafterCopernicustoadopttheheliocentrictheorywastheGermanscientistKepler.2)Keplerisbestknownforhisdiscoveryofthethreelawsofplanetarymotion,thethreelawsbeingcalledKeplerLaws.3)Theymay'bsestatedasfollowseachplanetmovesinanellipse,withsunatonefocus;eachplanetmovesmorerapidlywhennearthesunthanfartherfromit;thedistanceofeachplanetfromthesunbearsadefiniterelationtothetimeperiodofitsrev