阅读技巧-How-to-find-he-topic-and-main-ideaPPT优秀课件

Topic,MainIdeaandSupportingDetailsByLiuRongWhatwillyoulearntoday?1.whattopic,mainideaandsupportingdetailsare2.Howtodistinguishtopic,mainideaandsupportingdetails3.howtofindouttopicsentenceandimpliedmainidea4.HowtoidentifythepatternsofdetailsWhatistopic?Topicissubjectofaparagraph,itmaybethetitleofanarticle,Itanswersthequestion:whoorwhatisthearticleorparagraphabout.Whatismainidea?Mainideaistheshortexplanationforthetopic,itistheauthor’sviewpointonthesubject.Whatissupportingdetails?SupportingdetailsarethosetodetailthemainideaTopicsareexpressedinwordsorphrases.Atitleofareadingpassagemaybeatopic.Anissuethatisdiscussedmaybeatopic.Mainideaisalsocalledcontrollingidea,thecore,orthecentralfocusofapieceofwriting.Notice!Onceyouhavedeterminedthetopicofapassage,youcanmoveastepfurthertogetthemainidea.Themainideaisthereasonorpurposefortheauthortowritethepassage.Itisnotthesubject;itistheauthor’sviewpointonthesubject.Ifyouaskyourself“Whatistheauthortellingmeaboutthissubject?”or“Whatdoestheauhtorwantmetorememberaboutthissubject?”Youareaskingaboutthemainidea.Somebooksreadinchildhoodaretrulyunforgettable.Someofthecharacters,theplaces,theadventuresexperiencedwithsomuchexcitementwhenoneisquiteyoung,stayinone’smindaslongasmemorylasts.SuchacharacterisLongJohnSilverinRobertLouisStevenson’sTreasureIsland.Whocouldeverforgethimashewalkedalongthedecksofhisshipasquicklyonhiscrutchasothermenwithtwogoodlegs?AsforAlice,whocouldeverforgetherasshetalkedwiththecaterpillarandarguedwiththeill-temperedqueen?Sheremainsforeverasachildinmemory.ChildhoodmemoryofTomSawyerandthejoyTomandhispalshadremainclearinspitethepassageoftime.Whowouldgiveuptheseperfectchildhoodmemories?(129words)ReadingPractice:Readthefollowingpassageandtrytofindoutthetopic,themainideaanditssupportingdetails.Thepopularideaofsnowisthatitconsistsoffrozenraindrops.Thisisnotthecase.Itistruethatsometimesraindropsfreezeintheirpassagefromthemothercloudtoearth.Suchfrozenraindropsarecalledsleetorhail.Butsnowissomethingelseagain.Itismadeupofwatervaporparticlesthathavebeentransformedintocrystalswithoutfirstpassingthroughtheliquidstate.Suchcrystalscanformonlywhenthedewpointisbelow0centigrade.(81words)TheTopicsentenceandMainIdeaThetopiciswhattheparagraphabout.Thesentence,whichstatesthemainideaoftheparagraph,iscalledthetopicsentence.Forexample:Everyonehopesthatheorshecanhaveahealthybody.Beingyourowndoctoristhemostimportantthingyoumustdoduringyourdailylife.Youshouldtakeyoursymptomsseriously.Don’tautomaticallydismissanythingas“hypochondria”,“oldage”or“mycrosstobear”.Thisisespeciallytrueifasymptombeginsinterferingwithyourabilitytowork,getaroundtoenjoylife.Foryears,MelindaDemerius,38,keptthinkinghersymptoms—headaches,shronicfatigue,hippain—weren’tseriousenoughtojustifyavisittothedoctor.Finally,shewenttothedoctorforherindividualsymptom,andshegotsingle–symptomdiagnoses.(105words,finishreadingwithinoneminute!)topicTopicsentenceHonestyismostnecessaryinexperimenting.Theverypurposeofexperimentationistodiscovertruths,whichwillansweraquestion.Toooften,studentsdisregardedthisfactandtendtodependonotherpeoplefortheirinformation.Scientistshavenotmadetheirwonderfuldiscoveriesbydependingentirelyonwhatothershavesaid.Newthingsarealwayslikelytohappen.Thescientisthopeshistheoryiscorrect,buthedoesnotmakeitturnoutashewishes.Heobservescarefully,recordswhathefindsaccurately,andinthiswaycontributestotheprocessofknowledge.Wherecanyoufindthetopicsentence?ThefirstsentenceAkidismuchmorelikelytochooseabicyclebyitscolorbywhatmodelafriendthantothinkoutmorerelevantconsiderationslikeprice,durabilityorperformance.Moreominously,saysYaleeducationalpsychologistRobertJ.Sternbergsomeproblems,includingdruguse,mayoccurbecauseyoungpeoplehavenotlearnedtomeasureactionsagainstconsequences.Actually,Americankidscan’tapplyreasonablethoughttoeverydaysituationsWherecanyoufindthetopicsentence?ThelastsentenceWherecanyoufindthetopicsentence?Twoboysandgirls,studentsofTonasketHighSchool,hadbeen“cruising”foracouplehours,talkingandlaughing.Atasharpcurve,thepickupsomehowwentofftheroad,rolleddownthesteep,rockymountainsideandtwistedaroundapinetree.Allfouroccupants—nonewearingaseatbelt—weretossedoutofthecab.Motor-vehicleinjuryisthegreatestthreattothelivesofadolescentsinAmerica.Duringthe1980s,over74000teenagerswerekilledinsuchaccidents,morethandiedfromalldiseasescombined.Onaverage,everytwoorthreeweekstheequivalentofaseniorclassatatypicalhighschooliswipedoutonourstreetsandhighways.InthemiddleoftheparagraphWherecanyoufindthetopicsentence?Becausetheirreactiontimeandattentionspanareaffected,sleepypeoplemaybemorepronetomakingmistakesonthejob.ReportingtoCongressin1989,theDepartmentofTransportationcitedsurveyssuggestingthatonetotenpercentoftrafficaccidentsmaybesleep-related,andthatperhapsasmanyas20percentofalldriveshavefallenasleepatwheelatleastonce.Recentstudiedhavealsofoundthatsleep-deprivedpeopleareimpairedbysmallerquantitiesofalcoholthanrestedpeopleare.ThefirstandlastsentencesTheTopicSentencesmaybe:ThefirstsentenceThelastsentenceInthemiddleoftheparagraphThefirstandlastsentencesReadingPractice:findoutthetopicsentenceParagraphoneLikesome67millionotherAmericans,Stephenwatkinsonhasdiscoveredthatwalkingisgoodforhishealth.InastudydonebytheinstituteforAerobics.Researchersfoundthatpoorfitnessisasdangerousassmokingorhighcholesterol.Asensiblewalkingprogramcanmakedramaticimprovementsinphysicalandemotionalwell-being.Andthegreatesthealthgainsareenjoyedbycompletelysedentarypeoplewhobecomemoderatelyactive—whowalkedatabriskpaceforhalfanhouraday.Walkingisgoodforone’shealth.Oneminutetofinish!Passagetwo:Walkingprogramhelpstostrengthenyourbody.Anditcantoneallthemajormusclegroups,includingyourbackandstomach,andyourlegsandbuttocks.Itcanhelpachieveashaplierbody.Italsoimprovescirculationandmakesyourmusclefibersmoreflexible.Thismayhelpyouavoidsomeofthecommoninjuriesthatafflictweekendathletes:pulledmuscles,ligamentstrainsandtendonitis.Passagethree:Ifpeoplestoptothinkabouttheplotsinchildren’sstoried,theymaybesurprised.HanselandGretel,forexample,wereabandonedbytheirfatherandstepmotherandlefttowanderinadarkforest.Cinderellawastreatedlikeaslavebyherstepmotherandstepsisters.LittleRedRidingHoodwaseatedbyawildanimal,andthethreeblindmicehadtheirtailscutoffbythefarmer’swife.Withouttopicsentence!Forthepassageswithouttopicsentences,howtofindouttheimpliedmainideas?Passagethree:Ifpeoplestoptothinkabouttheplotsinchildren’sstoried,theymaybesurprised.HanselandGretel,forexample,wereabandonedbytheirfatherandstepmotherandlefttowanderinadarkforest.Cinderellawastreatedlikeaslavebyherstepmotherandstepsisters.LittleRedRidingHoodwaseatedbyawildanimal,andthethreeblindmicehadtheirtailscutoffbythefarmer’swife.SupportingdetailsSeveralstepstofindoutimpliedideas:1.Findoutthetopic.Besureitisnottoonarroworbroad.2.Trytofigureoutwhattheauthorisgoingtosayaboutthetopic.3.recognizethesupportingdetailsoftheparagraphs4.DecidethemainideaaccordingtothesupportingdetailsExercises:findingoutorconcludingthemainideasofthefollowingpassages.Passage1onehundredyearsago,schoolteacherswereexpectedtoprovideavarietyofservicesinadditiontotheirteachingdutiesandtobehavethemselvesinanexemplary(servingadsanexample)manner.Theycaredforoillamps,tendedthefire,andsuppliestheirstudentswithsharppencils.Afteralongdayinheclassroom,theywereexpectedtospendsometimeeveryeveningreadingtheBible.Womenteacherscouldnotmarry,andbarbershopswereofflimitstomenteachers.Ofcourse,alcoholandtobaccowereforbidden.Teachersperformeddomestictasks.TheteachingprofessiondemandstotaldedicationTeachersneededtheguidanceofreligionTeacherssetgoodexamplesbynotusingtobaccoandalcohol.Passage2Untilthewarof1812,theunitedstateshadalwaysboughtitsmanufacturedgoods,especiallyitsfinecloth,fromEngland.DuringtheWar,howevertheUnitedStatescouldneithersellitsrawmaterialnorbuymanufacturedgoodinEuropeanmarkets.Therewasnothingtobutmanufactureitsowngoods.Bytheendofthewarof1812therewerenearly150,000menandwomenworkingincottonandwoolenmillsintheUnitedstated.Wehavenofiguresonthenumberofworkersemployedinthevariousstagesofironproduction,butweknowthattheironindustryhadgreatlyincreased.Besidestheclothandironworks,therewasagreatleatherindustry,includingshoefactories,saddleshopsandharness-makingshops,whileAmericanhatterswereabletosupplythemarketwithwoolhatsandfurcaps.A.AsaresultiftheWarof1812,Americansbegantoproducebettersloththantheyhadpreviouslyobtainedfromabroad.B.TheWarof1812causedlargenumbersofAmericanstomovefromthefarmsintothefactories.C.AftertheWarof1812theUnitedStateswasfarlessdependentonEuropeforitsmanufacturedgoods.D.TheWarof1812causedatemporarychangeinthepatterniftradebetweentheUnitedStatesandEurope.WithotherAsiancurrenciesinsharpdecline,itisbecomingevermoredifficultforChineseexports-animportantenginenotonlyofgrowth,butoftechnologytransfer-tocontinuecompetingoverseas.Exportsfelllastmonthforthefirsttimeintwoyears.Ifthistrendcontinues,Beijing’sleaderswillfeelincreasingpressuretodevalue.That,inturn,couldtriggeranewroundofcompetitivedevaluationswithdireglobalresults.Exportsareimportanttotechnologytransfer.ThesharpdeclineofotherAsiancurrenciesmadeChinadevalueitsowncurrency.IfChinaisforcedtodevalue,therecouldbeanewroundofterribleglobaldevaluations.WiththesharpdeclineofotherAsiancurrencies,Chineseexportsarebecomingmoredifficult.Passage3SupportingDetailsPoorgradesinschoolcanhavevariouscauses.Foronething,studentsmayhavemoneyproblems.Iftheyneedtoworklonghourstomakemoney,theywillhavelesstimetostudy.Anothercauseofpoorgradesmaybetherelationshipproblems.Astudentmaybenothappywithfamilyproblemsorthelackoffriends.Thatunhappinesscanalsoharmschoolwork.Afinalcauseofpoorgradesmaybestudyproblems.Somestudentshaveneverlearnedhowtotakegoodnotesinclass,orhowtostudyatextbook.Withoutsuchstudyskills,theirgradesarelikelytosuffer.ExplainthemainideaWhatisthemainideaofthepassage?PoorgradesinschoolcanhavevariouscausesWhatarethethreecauses?Moneyproblems.RelationshipproblemsandstudyproblemsThepatternsofsupportingdetailsSpacerelationshipTimesequenceExampleorillustrationComparisonandcontrastCauseandeffectAdditionorlistingSpacerelationshipDetailsmaybeorganizedaccordingtoaspacerelationship,theyusuallymoveinanorder,suchaslefttoright,uptodown,northtosouth,orviceversa.Wordslikeright,left,up,down,above,belowindicatepositionorlocation.TimesequenceDetailsarepresentedintheorderinwhichtheytookplaceintime.Thispatternisusedfrequentlyindescribingthstepsinaprocessorreportinghistoricalevents,signalwordsorphrasessuchasatfirst,afterthat,finally,once,earlier,now,eventuallymayhelpyouidentifythepattern.ExampleorillustrationThispatternusesspecificcasestomovefromthegeneraltotheparticular.Themostfrequentlyusedsignalwordsorphrasesincludeforexample,forinstance,suchas,inthiscase,toillustrate,thatis,inotherwords.ComparisonandcontrastDetailsareorganizedtoemphasizethesimilaritiesordifferencesbetweentwoprmoreitems.Comparisonpointsoutsimilarities;contrastpointsoutdifferences.Thefollowingsignalwordsorphrasesaremostlyfrequentlyusedinthepattern:incomparison,like,similarly,likewise,tocompare,incontrast,ontheotherhand,however,nevertheless.Thispatternisusedtoexplainwhyandhowsomethinghappened.Thepurposeistoshowhowtwoormoreeventsarerelated.Itstartswithacauseandgivesitseffects.Orviceversa,itmaygiveaneffectorresultandthentellwhatcausedit.Signalwordsorphrasesfrequentlyusedinthispatterninclude:because,fordueto,therefore,asaresult,consequently,thereason.CauseandeffectAdditionorlistingthispatternisoneofthesimplest.Supportingdetailsareorganizedintoalistofpoints,firstonepoint,thenanother．Thepurposeistopresentfacts.Thefollowingsignalwordsareusefulinfindingitemsinthelist:first,second,third,one,another,moreover,furthermore,finally.Exercises:identifythepatternsofdetailsofthefollowingpassagesPassage1Ilearnedthatmanyscientistsbelieveexercisecanactuallyreversesomeeffectsofaging.InoneTuftsUniversitystudy,tenfrailmenandwomenasoldas96regularlyworkedoutonweightmachines.Afteronlytwomonths,5haddoubledtheirwalkingspeedand2othersnolongerneededcanes.examplePassage2Inspiteofhisgreatemphasisonnonviolence.Kingoftenbecamethetargetofviolence.HewasstabbedinNewYorkCityandstonedinChicago.HishomeinMontgomery,Alabama,wasbombed.Finally,violencetookawayhislifeattheageof39.AhiddenriflemanshotandkilledhimonApril4,1968,inMenphis,Tennessee.examplePassage3RealprogresstoendraciallyseparateschoolsdidnotbeginuntiltheCivilRightsActof1964waspassed.Thislawsaidthegovernmentcouldwithdrawfederalaidtoschoolsthatwereraciallyseparated.By1970,reportsshowthatschoolsinthesouthweremoreraciallybalancedthanthoseinanyotherareaofthecountry.CauseandeffectHomeworkReadLincoln’sGettysburgAddressandtrytofindoutitsmainideaandsupportingdetailsReadthestoryonP55(lesson11)andtrytofindoutitsmainideaandsupportingdetailsThankyouforyourattention!