国际商务英语问答

国际商务英语问答Lesson1Internationalbusiness国际商务1、Answerthefollowingquestions.简答（1）Whatdoesinternationalbusinessreferto?Pleasetellthedifferencebetweeninternationalbusinessanddomesticbusiness.答：Internationalbusinessreferstotransactionbetweenpartiesfromdifferentcountries.Sometimesbusinessacrossthebordersofdifferentcustomsareasofthesamecountryisalsoregardedasimportandexport,suchasbusinessbetweenHongKongandTaiwan.Internationalbusinesstakesplacebetweencountrieswhiledomesticbusinesstakesplaceinthesamecountry.(2)Pleaseexplainthedifferencesbetweenvisibletradeandinvisibletrade.Whichisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandaccountsforanincreasingproportionininternationaltrade?答：Visibletradereferstotheformofcommodity trade,i.e.expor-tingandimportinggoodsproducedormanufacturedinonecountryforconsumptionorresaleinanother.Invisibletradereferstothekindoftradeintheformoftransportation,communication,banking,insurance,consulting,informationetc.thelatterisbecomingmoreandmoreimportantandaccountsforanincreasingproportionininternationaltrade.(3)Canyoucitesomeexamplestoillustrateculturaldifferencesininternationalbusiness?答：Yes,Ican.Inbusinessactivities,AmericansaremoreinformalthanEuropeans.AmericansarepleasedtobecalledtheirfirstnamestoclosetherelationshipEuropeanswillthinkitimpolitetobecalledthefirstnames,especiallythefirsttimetheymeet.(4)Pleaseelaborateonthetwocategoriesofinternationalin-vestment.Whatistheirmajordifference?答：Internationalinvestmentcanbeclassifiedintotwocategories,thatis,foreigndirectinvestment(FDI)andportfolioinvestment.themajordifferencebetweenthemisthatFDIismadeforreturnsthroughcontrollingtheenterprisesorassetsinvestedinahostcountry.portfolioinvestmentreferstopurchasesofforeignfinancialassetsforapurposeotherthancontrolling.(5)Whatislicensing?Whydofirmssometimeschooseitasameansofenteringaforeignmarket?答：Inlicensing,afirmleasestherighttouseitsintellectualpropertytoafirminanothercountry.Firmschooselicensingbecausetheydonothavetomakecashpaymentstostartbusiness,andcansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyaltyBesides,theycansimplyreceiveincomeintheformofroyalty.Besides,theycanbenefitfromlocationaladvantagesofforeignoperationwith-outanyobligationsinownershipormanagement.(6)Whatisfranchising?Howisitdifferentfromlicensing?答：Franchisingcanberegardedasaspecialformoflicensing.underfranchising,afirm,calledthefranchisee,isallowedtooperatethefranchiserwhoprovidestheformerwithtrademarks,brandnames,logos,andoperatingtechniquesforroyalty.Incomparisonwiththerelationbetweenthelicenserandthelicensee,thefranchiserhasmorecontroloverandprovidesmoresupportforthefranchisee.(7)Whatisamanagementcontract?Underwhatconditionsisitmostapplicable?答：Underamanagementcontract,onecompanyoffersmanagerialorotherspecializedservicestoanotherwithinaparticularperiodforaflatpaymentorapercentageoftherelevantbusinessvolume.Whenagovernmentforbidsforeignownershipincertainindustries,itismostapplicable.(8)Whatisaninternationalturnkeyproject?InwhatwayisitsvariantBOTdifferentfromit?答：Foraninternationalturnkeyproject,afirmsignsacontractwithaforeign purchaserandundertakesallthedesigning,contractingandfacilityequippingbeforehandingitovertothelatteruponcompletion.ForBOT,Bstandsforbuild,OforoperateandTfortransfer.BOTisspopularvariantoftheturnkeyproject.ForaBOTprojectfirmoperateafacilityforaperiodoftimeafterbuildingitupbeforefinallytransferringittoaforeigncompany.MakingprofitfromoperatingtheprojectforaperiodisthemajordifferencebetweenBOTandthecommonturnkeyproject.Lesson2IncomeLevelandtheWorldMarket收入水平与世界市场1、Answerthefollowingquestions.简答(1)ExplaintheconceptsofGNPandGDPrespectivelyandpointouttheirmajordifference.Canweusetheminterchangeably?答:GNPandGDParetwoimportantconceptsusedtoindicateacountry’stotalincome.GNPreferstothemarketvalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbythepropertyandlaborownedbytheresidentsofaneconomy.GDPmeasuresthemarketvalueofallgoodsandservicesproducedwithinthegeographicareaofaneconomy.ThemajordifferencebetweenGNPandGDPisthattheformerfocusesonownershipofthefactorsofproductionwhilethelatterconcentratesontheplacewhereproductiontakesplace.Yes,wecanusetheminterchangeable.(2)Whataremeantbyhighincome,middleincome,andlowincomecountriesaccordingtotheworldBand?Citesomeexamplesforeachgroup.答:High-incomecountriesrefertothosewithannualpercapitain-comeof$9,386andabove,e.g.theUnitedStates.Middle-incomecountriesrefertothosewithannualpercapitaincomeofbelow$9,386butabove$765,e.g.Greece.Low-incomecountriesrefertothosewithannualpercapitaincomeofonly$765orbelow,e.g.mostAfricancountries.(3)Whyarehighincomecountriesimportanttotradeandin-vestment?Shouldweneglectlowincomecountriesininternationalbusiness?答:Becausehigh-incomecountriesoftenhavegoodinfrastructure,highpurchasingpower,advancedtechnology,efficientmanagement,andfavorableenvironmentfortradeandinvestment.Theyofferprimemarketsforexpensiveconsumergoodsandbothattractivesourcesanddestinationsofinvestment.Butlowerin-comecountriesshouldnotbeneglectedininternationalbusinessactivities,becausetheyconstitutemarketsforlower-pricedstaplegoods,providecheaplaborandareoftenrichinresources.Besides,marketissomethingtobedeveloped.(4)InwhatdifferentwaysareGDPandpercapitaincomesignificantinassessingthepotentialofaparticularmarket?答:TotalGDPindicatestheoverallsizeofaneconomy,whichisimportantinmarketassessmentfordurableequipmentorbulkgoodssuchasgrain,steel,orcement.PercapitaGDPrevealstheaverageincomelevelofconsumers,whichisimportantwhenmarketingconsumerdurables.(5)WasChinaalow–incomecountryafewyearsago?Howaboutnow?答:Chinawaslow-incomecountryafewyearsago,butnowamiddlecountry.(6)WhatdoesthetermTriadreferto?WhatismeantbyQuad?答:Triadreferstothethreerichestregionsoftheworld,theUnitedStates,theEuropeanUnionandJapanthatofferthemostimportantbusinessopportunities.QuadextendsthescopeofTriadtoincludeCanada.(7)HowmuchdoyouknowaboutOECD?Pleasemakeabriefaccount.答:OECDstandsfororganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.Anorganizationthatactsasameetinggroundfor30countrieswhichbelievestronglyinthefreemarketsystem.TheOECDprovidesaforumfordiscussingissuesandreachingagreements,someofwhicharelegallybinding.(8)WhatisthebestpolicyforChinatodevelopbusinessopportunities?答:ThebestpolicyforChinatodevelopbusinessopportunitiesisthatweshouldpayparticularattentiontothemarketsaroundus:theFourTigers,theASEANcountries,Russia,India,andabitfartherawayAustralia,atthesametime,donotneglectothermarkets.Itisnotagoodideatotieone’sbusinesstoonlyafewmarkets.Lesson3RegionalEconomicIntegration地区经济一体化1、Answerthefollowingquestions.简答(1)Whatisafreetradearea?Makeabriefaccountofthemostnotablefreetradeareaintheworld.答:Inthefreetradearea,membersremovebarrierstotheflowofgoodsandservicesamongthemselveswhileeachmemberstilladoptsitsownpolicyasregardstotradewithoutsiders.ThemostnotablefreetradeareaistheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement.(2)Inwhatwayisacustomsuniondifferentfromafreetradearea?答:TheCustomsUnionadoptsthesametradepolicyforallthememberstowardcountriesoutsidetheirorganizationinadditiontoabolishingtradebarriersamongthemselves.Itismoreintegrativethanfreetradearea.(3)Whatarethecharacteristicsofacommonmarket?Whichorganizationremainedacommonmarketforsomeyearsinthepast?答:Incommonmarket,freemovementofgoodsand servicesandadoptionofcommonexternaltradepolicy,factorsofproductionsuchaslabor,capitalandtechnologyarefreetomoveamongmemberssothattheycanbeutilizedinamoreefficientandproductiveway.Inthepast,theEuropeanCommunityremainedacommonmarketforsomeyears.(4)Howmuchdoyouknowaboutaneconomicunion?Canmembersofaneconomicunionkeepalloftheirnationalsovereignty?答:Theeconomicunionisthehighestformofeconomicintegrationofthedomesticpoliciesofitsmembersinrespectofeconomy,financeetc.inadditiontoabsenceoftradebarriers,practiceofcommonexternalpoliceandfreeproductionfactormobility.No,theycan’t.(5)MakeabriefaccountoftheoriginanddevelopmentoftheEU.答:TheEuropeanunion’shistorydatesbacktotheearlypost-waryears.1952theEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity1957theEuropeanEconomicCommunity1967theEuropeanCommunity1992thetruecommonmarketasenvisagedbytheSingleEuropeanAct1994theEuropeanUnion.(6)WhatisthemostpowerfulinstitutionoftheEU?WhatistheexecutivebodyoftheEU?Howdoesitoperate?答:themostpowerfulinstitutionoftheEUistheCouncilofMinisters.ItsexecutivebodyistheEuropeanCommission.Itiscomposedof20commissionersoverseeing23departmentsinchargeofdifferentaffairs.(7)ExplainbrieflythefivelayerorganizationalstructureofAsia-pacificEconomicCooperation.答:APEChasafive-layerorganizationalstructure.ThefirstistheInformalMeetingofEconomicleaders.ThesecondistheDual-MinisterialMeeting.ThethirdistheMeetingforMinistersResponsibleforTrade.ThefourthistheSeniorOfficialsMeeting.ThefifthlayerreferstothefoursubordinatecommitteesunderSOM.(8)WhatarethetenetandobjectivesofAPEC?Whatismeantbyitstwowheels?答:ThetenetandobjectivesofAPECareinter-dependence,mutualbenefits,adheringtoanopenmultilateraltradingsystemandreductionofregionaltradebarriers.ThetwowheelsofAPECreferstotradeandinvestmentliberationandfacilitation(TILE)andeconomicandtechnicalcooperation(ECOTECH)(9)WhatarethenatureandobjectivesofOPEC?答:ThenatureofOPECiscommoditycartel.ItsobjectiveistolimittheoverallcrudeoilsupplyoftheworldforthepurposeofmaintaininghigheroilpricesLesson4EconomicGlobalization经济全球化1、Answerthefollowingquestions.简答（1）Whatarethebasicfeatureandmajorroleofeconomicglobalization?答：Thebasicfeatureofeconomicglobalizationisthefreeflowofcommodity,capital,technology,serviceandinformationintheglobalcontextforoptimizedallocation.Themajorroleofeconomicglobalizationistogivenewimpetusandprovideopportunitiestoworldeconomicdevelopmentandmeanwhilemakingthevariouseconomiesmoreandmoreinterdependentandinteractive.(2)Mentionsomeoftheprosandconsofeconomicglobalization,Whatistherightattitudetowardsit?答：Economicglobalizationbringsaboutbothadvantagesanddisadvantagestocountriesintheworld.Forinstance,economicintegrationenablescountriesbenefitfromtheboomofothercountries,butalsomakesthemmorevulnerabletotheadverseeventsacrossthegloble.Butlikeitornot,ithasbecomeanobjectivetrendinworldeconomicdevelopment.Therightattitudeshouldbetofollowthetrendclosely,availingtheopportunitiesitofferstodevelopourselvesandavoidingitspossibleimpacts.(3)Whatistheformaldefinitionofamultinationalenterprise?Howcanyoutellwhetheramultinationalcorporationisaparentorjustanaffiliate?答：Atypicalmultinationalenterprise(MEN)shallbedefinedasabusinessorganizationwhichowns(whetherwhollyorpartly),controlsandmanagesassets,oftenincludingproductivere-sources,inmorethanonecountry,throughitsmembercompaniesincorporatedseparatelyineachofthesecountries.Ifamultinationalcorporationistheoriginalinvestingcorporation,itistheparent.Otherwise,ifitisestablishedastheresultofinvestmentsbytheMNE,whetherthroughtheparentorthroughan-otherofitsalreadyestablishedMNC,itisanaffiliateMNC.(4)DescribebrieflythecharacteristicsofMNEs.答：TheMNEshavethefollowingdistinctivecharacteristics:Firstly,MNEsaregenerallyenormousinsize.Secondly,widegeographicalspreadisalsocharacteristicofMENs ThethirdgeneralcharacteristicoflargeMENsistheirlongevityandrapidgrowth.(5)WhatisthecommonlyrecognizedobjectiveofMNEs?答：ThecommonlyofrecognizedobjectiveofMENsisprofit.(6)WhatissecuritysoimportanttoMENs?答：SecurityisimportanttoMNEsbecauseprofitisuselessifitcan-notbesecuredbytheMNEandtransferredwhereveritsode-sires.Itsassetsandinvestmentsmustbesecured.Afavorablebusinessenvironmentmustalsobesecured.Withoutsecurity,anMNEssurvivalcanneverbeassured.(7)DoyouthinkwidegeographicalspreadofMNEsplaysaveryimportantroleinthedevelopmentoftheirbusiness?Why?答：Yes.Becausesuchgeographicalspreadenablesthemtohaveawiderangeofoptionsintermsofdecisionsinareassuchassourcingandpricing.Theyarealsomoreabletotakeadvantageofchangesintheinternationaleconomicenvironment.Suchmulti-nationalityalsoenablesMNEstoengageinworldwideintegratedproductionandmarketing.(8)WhatistherelationshipbetweenMNEsandtheirhostcountries?答：Ontheonehand,hostgovernmentscananddowieldpoweroverMNCslocated withintheirterritories.MNCsareunderthelegaljurisdictionoftheirhostgovernmentswhichcanimposevariousrules,regulations,andlawsontheMNCstotheextentofnation-alizingalltheirassets.Ontheotherhand,inordertoensurethesecurityoftheirprofits,assets,organizationsand operations,MNEsmaygrowintogiganticsizestocontrolresources,andpro-ductionandmanufacturingprocessesinmanycountries,andeventointervene,intheaffairsofgovernmentinthehostcountries.(10)Aretheremanyworldcompaniesatpresent?Imaginetheirfutureroleincompleteglobalization.答：Atpresentveryfewcompanies,ifanycouldbecalledworldcompanies.Buttheywillbegreatmoversofeconomicglobalization.whensuchcompaniesbecomedominating,thepossibilityofconflictsamongsovereignstatesmaybegreatlyreduced.Possiblytheywillbeinstrumentaltotherealizationofcompleteglobalization.Lesson5(1)Howwouldyoudefineinternationaltrade?Internationaltradecanbedefinedastheexchangeofgoodsandservicesproducedinonecountrywiththoseproducedinanother.(2)Whydidinternationaltradefirstbegin?Becausethedistributionofnaturalresourcesisuneven.Somecountriesareabundantinresources,whileelsewherereservesarescarceorevennonexistent.Andacountrymayberichinsomeresourcesbutpoorinothers.(3)Whatisthenewincentivefortradethatarosewiththedevelopmentofmanufacturingandtechnology?Thenewincentivefortradethatarosewiththedevelopmentofmanufacturingandtechnologyisinternationalspecialization-onecountryproducingmoreofacommoditythanitusesitselfandsellingtheremainderinothercountries.(4)Accordingtothetheoryofabsoluteadvantage,tradeoccursonlywhenacountryhasanabsoluteadvantageoveranother.Isthatalwaystrue.Absoluteadvantageholdsthatacommoditywillbeproducedinthecountrywhereitcostsleastintermsofresources(capital,land,andlabor).Ininternationaltrade,itattemptstodeterminewhichgoodsacountryshouldproduceforitselfandexporttoothercountriesandwhichgoodsitshouldimportfromothercountries.(5)whointroducedthetheoryofcomparativeadvantage?Whichtheorymakesmoresense,absoluteadvantageorcomparativeadvantage?TheEnglisheconomistDavidRicardointroducedthetheoryofcomparativeadvantage.Thetheoryofcomparativeadvantagemakesmoresense.(6)Explainbrieflywhytradetoexploitcomparativeadvantagepromotesefficiencyamongcountries.Becausecomparativeadvantagecanmakeonecountrybetteroffwithoutmakinganotherworseoff.(7)Iscomparativeadvantagesomethingstatic?Isitpurelydecidedbytheendowmentsofnature?Giveexamplestoshowthedevelopmentofcomparativeadvantagebycertaincountries.No,itisn’t.itisn’t.Forexample,Switzerland’scomparativeadvantageinwatchmaking.AndtheUnitedStateshasdevelopedcomparativeadvantageinmanylinesthatusethemostup-to-datetechnology.Lesson6(1)Arethereotherbasesfortradewhentherearenodifferencesamongcountriesinproductionconditions?Mentionsomeofthebases.Yes,thereare.Forexample,patternsofdemand;economiesofscale;innovationorstyle.(2)Whatiseconomyofscale?Whatistherelationbetweeneconomyofscaleandtrade.Economyofscaleisthecostadvantagesoflarge-scaleproduction.Trademayoccuroutofeconomiesofscale.(3)Whatdoesthetheoryofinternationalspecializationseektoanswer?Thetheoryofinternationalspecializationseekstoanswerthequestionwhichcountrieswillproducewhatgoods,withwhattradepatternsamongthem.(4)Willcompletespecializationoccurinreality?Why?No,itwillnot.Forstrategicordomesticreasons,acountrymaycontinuetoproducegoodsforwhichitdoesnothaveanadvantage.Thebenefitsofspecializationmayalsobeaffectedbytransportcost.Protectionistmeasureswhichareoftentakenbygovernmentsarealsobarrierstotrade,andtypicalexamplesaretariffsandquotas.(5)Whatistariffbarriers?Whatisacustomsareaandwhatisacustomsunion?Tariffbarriersarethemostcommonformsoftraderestriction.Atariffisataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomsareawhichusuallycoincideswiththeareaofacountry.Acustomsareaextendingbeyondnationalboundariestoincludetwoormoreindependentnationsiscalledacustomsunion.(6)Whatismostfavorednationtreatment?Isitaveryspecialtreatment?Why?Themost-favored-nation(MFN)treatmentreferstoatarifftreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoallsignatoriesanytariffconcessionsgrantedtoanyparticipatingcountry.MFNtreatmentisnotreallyspecialbutisjustnormaltradingstatusbecauseitgivesacountrythelowesttariffsonlywithinthetariff’sschedule,butitisstillpossibletohavelowertariffs.(7)Whatisthemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers?Explainitinafewwords.Quotasorquantitativerestrictionsarethemostcommonformofnon-tariffbarriers.Aquotalimitstheimportsorexportsofacommodityduringagivenperiodoftime.(8)Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvisibletradeandinvisibletrade?Giveafewexamplesofinvisibletrade.Visibletradeinvolvestheimportandexportofgoods.Invisibletradeinvolvestheexchangeofservicesbetweencountries.Invisibletradeincludestransportationservice,insurance,tourism.Immigrantremittance,etc.(9)Explainbrieflythedifferentkindsoftariffs.Exportdutiesaretariffsleviedongoodsleavinganarea.ImportdutiesaretariffsleviedongoodsenteringanareaSpecificdutiesaredutiesleviedonthebasisofquantity,weight,size,etc.Ofthegoods.Advaloremdutiesaredutiesleviedonthebasisofthepriceofthegoods.Compounddutyisacombinationofthetwo-compoundduties(specificdutiesandadvaloremduties).Drawbackreferstodutiespaidonimportedgoodsthatarerefundedifthegoodsarere-exported.Most-favored-nation(MFN)referstoatarifftreatmentunderwhichacountryisrequiredtoextendtoallsignatoriesanytariffconcessionsgrantedtoanyparticipatingcountry.lesson7Incoterms 2000   1.whatsortof riskscanarisewhengoodsarebeingmovedfromoneplace to another?if riskesdooccur,whatconsequenceswouldtheybringabout?答：sendinggoodsfromoneplacetoanother,aspartofacommercialtransaction,canbeariskybusiness.Iftheyarelostordamaged,orifdeliverydoesnottakeplaceforsomeotherreason,theclimateofconfidencebetweenpartiesmaydegeneratetothepointwherealawsuitisbrought.2.whyisitnecessarytohaveincoterms?Andwhatisthepurposeofmakingamendmentsandadditionstoincoterms?答：thepurposeofincotermsistoprovideasetofinternationalrulesfortheinterpretationofthemostcommonlyusedtradetermsinforeigntrade.thus,theuncertaintiesofdifferentinterpretationsofsuchtermsindifferentcountriescanbeavoidedoratleastreducedtoaconsiderabledegree.amendmentsandadditionsaremadeinordertobringtherulesinlinewithcurrentinternationaltradepractices3.doyouknowanythingaboutcontainertransport?isitarevolutionaryinnovationintransportationtechniques?giveyourreasons.答：yes,itis.becauseitgreatlyacceleratesthemoderntransportandpromotesinternationaltrades4.canyouexplaintheword“negotiable’’inthephrase“negotiabletransportdocument”?答。“negotiable”meansthatthetransportdocumentscanbetransferredfromonepartytoanotherlegallyafterafixedprogresswhichmainlyisanendorsement.5.whatarethemaincharacteristicofincoterms1990?答；inthe1990versionofincoterms,thetradetermsarepresentedinaformatwhichallowssellerandbuyertofollowastep-by-stepprocesstodeterminetheirrespectiveobligationsofthepartieshavebeengroupedunder10headingswhereeachheadingontheseller’ssidemirrorsthepositionofthebuyerwithrespecttothesamesubjectmatter.6.whatarethefourdifferentcategoriesoftermsinincoterms2000?答；thetermshavebeengroupedinfourbasicallydifferentcategories;namelystartingwiththeonlytermwhichistheExWords;followedbythesecondgrouptheF-terms;FCA,FASandFOB;continuingwiththeC-terms;DAF,DES,DEQ,DDU,andDDP.7.Howdoyouunderstandthefisrtsentenceofparagrapy6?trytoputitintochineseandthenparaphraseitinenglish.答；inordertoadaptthetradetermstotheincreasinguseofelectronicdataexchange,incotermswererevisedin1990.8.whyshouldthecompilersofincoterms2000takethetroubletosetforthindetailthedivisionofduties,taxes,costsandchargesetc.of bothsellerandbuyers,assomeofthemareirrelevanttoeitherthesellerorthebuyer?答；thecompilerstookthetroubletodosoinordertomakeitcleanhowsuchcostsaredividedbetweentheparties.9.inwhatareasare substantivechangesmadewithincoterms2000?答substantivechangeshavebeenmadeinthefollowingareas;thecustomsclearanceandpaymentofdutyobligationsunderFASandDEQ;theloadingandunloadingobligationsunderFCA.10.explainbrieflythetermsFOB,CFR,andCIF?答，FOBisthepricetermofdeliveryonboardtheshipinthenamedportofshipment.Thesellerhastotransportthecontractedgoodstobeonboardtheshiprentedbythebuyer,inastateddateorinacertainperiod.thesellerwillberesponsiblefortherisksofthegoodsbeforetheyareloadedacrosstheshipline.Andhereafterthebuyerwillberesponsibleforit,andinsuret