《澳大利亚英文介绍》PPT课件

AustraliaTheCommonwealthofAustraliaThenameAustraliaderivedfromtheLatinaustralis,meaning"southern".Sincetheearly20thcentury,thecountryhasbeenreferredtoasAussieiscommoncolloquially,asanadjectiveandanounreferringtoanAustralian.Geography一.GEOGRAPHY1.Locationandsizeolocation:itstretchfrom10to44southoflatitudeand113eastto154eastoflongitude.ItissurroundedbytheTasman[tæzmən]Sea(塔斯曼海(在澳大利亚和新西兰之间))andthePacificOceantotheeast,bytheIndianOceantothewest,bytheCoralSea(珊瑚海),theArafuraSea(阿拉弗拉海)andTimorSea(帝汶海)tothenorth,andtheSouthernIndianOceanandtheGreatAustralianBight(澳大利亚海湾)tothesouth.thehighestpoint:MountKosciusko(科西阿斯克山峰)_(2,225metershigh)Area:-----7.7millionsquarekilometers-----Theworld'ssmallestcontinentandsixthlargestcountrybytotalarea,Australia–owingtoitssizeandisolationisoftendubbedthe'islandcontinentandvariablyconsideredtheworld'slargestisland.----Australiahas34,218kilometersofcoastline(excludingalloffshoreislands)2.Geographicregions---TheEasternhighlands---TheCentral-Easternlowlands---TheWesternPlateau---theoutbackusuallyrefertotheinteriorandthecenteroftheWesternPlateauanditsnorthernplains,---theRedCenteranareawithred-brownandtansoilsintheheartofthecountry.theGreatWesternPlateau:avastuplandmadeofancientrock;alandratherflatandabout300metersabovesealevel,theinterioroftheplateaumadeupoftheGreatSandyDesert,theGibsonDesert,theGreatVictoriaDesertandtheNullarborPlai-----theEasternHighlands:-----theGreatDivingRange***theAustralianAlps,thehighestplateauinAustralia;***MountKosciusko,thehighestpeakinAustralia,***ThelongestriverinAustralia:theMurray(2,520km),formthemajorpartoftheboundarybetweenthestatesofNewSouthWalesandVictoriabeforeitenterstheseainSouthAustralia.-----thecentralLowlands:LakyEyreregardedasAustralia'slargestlake.3.Climate---factorsthataffectAustralia'sclimate(1)ahotcontinent(2)adrycontinent(3)causesofthehotanddryclimate:----latitude:mostofAustralialiesbetween20to35south;----Australiahasfewmountains;----theairmassesthataffectAustraliaformostoftheyeararedry，sunnyandhighpressurecells.----distancefromtheoceanalsoaffectstheweather.----effectsofthehotanddryclimate：agreateffectonvegetation.---ItclaimsanextensiveExclusiveEconomicZoneof8,148,250squarekilometers(3,146,060sqmi).ThisexclusiveeconomiczonedoesnotincludetheAustralianAntarcticTerritory---Itisinfluencedbyoceancurrents,includingtheIndiaOceanDipoleandtheSouthernOscillation4.Majorcities---CanberraSydney,Melbourne,Brisbane,Perth,Adelaide,Darwin二.HISTORY1.Itisestimatedtohavebegunbetween42,000and48,000yearsago--ItisbeginwiththearrivaloftheAborigines--threeregionsNortherncoastThesoutheastTasmania2.DiscoveryandExploration--theDutchcharteredthewholeofthewesternandnortherncoastlines,namedHolland,during17thcentury3.EuropeanSettlementLate18thandearly19thcenturiesTheIndustrialRevolutiontransformedthecountryfromalargelyruralsocietytoatown-centered.-----Therapidpopulationgrowth------Therisingcrimerate------Thecolonies’establishThefirstrecordedEuropeansightingoftheAustralianmainlandandthefirstrecordedEuropeanlandfallontheAustraliancontinentwereattributedtotheDutchnavigatorWillemJanzoonwhosightedthecoastofCapeYorkPeninsulaonanunknowndateinearly1606.On26February1606,hemadelandfallatthePennefatherRiveronthewesternshoreofCapeYork,nearthemoderntownofWeip0061Duringthe17thcentury,theDutchchartedthewholeofthewesternandnortherncoastlinesof"NewHolland",butmadenoattemptatsettlement.In1770,JamesCooksailedalongandmappedtheeastcoastofAustralia,whichhenamedNewSouthWalesandclaimedforGreatBritainCook'sdiscoveriespreparedthewayforestablishmentofanewpenalcolony.TheBritishCrownColonyofNewSouthWaleswasformedon26January1788,whenCaptainArthurPhillipledtheFirstFleettoPortJackson.ThisdatebecameAustralia'snationalday,AustraliaDayVanDiemen’sLandnowknownasTasmania,wassettledin1803andbecameaseparatecolonyin1825.TheUnitedKingdomformallyclaimedthewesternpartofAustraliain1828ThecompositionofAustralia‘spopulation(a)Aboriginals（andTorresIslanderpeople(b)Immigrantsandtheirdescendents；(c)influenceofBritain:manyaspectssuchastheirlanguage,systemofgovernment,theAustralianflag,legalsystem,sports,familyandplacenamesandevenschoolsystem(includingschooluniforms)(d)populationdistribution:oneofthemosturbanizedcountriesintheworld(80%liveinsuburbsofcoastalcitiesandtowns,withmostoftheseinthenarrowcoastalstripbetweenBrisbaneandAdelaide(e)Themainreason:anenvironmentalreason;4.colonizationa.ItistraditionallybelievedthattheBritishcolonizationofAustraliaisthe18thcenturywasbecausetheBritishgovernmentwantedtotransportconvictsthere.b.Inthe1850sbecameaperiodofgreateconomicexpansioninAustraliaduetogoldrush.5.TheroadTowardFederationOnJanuary1,1901,thecommonwealthofAustriacameintobeing.AfederalgovernmentwasformedtogovernallAustria.6.Austriainthe20thCenturya.InWorldWar1,AustriafollowedBritish'sLeadanddeclaredwaronGermany.b.theAustria-NewZealandforcecalledtheAnzacsfoughtmanybattlesandby1916,AnzacDaywasbeingcelebrated,whichremainsAustria'smostimportantholiday.c.therewasoptimismandeconomicgrowthinthe1920s,butinn1929,Austriawasalsoinseriouseconomicandsocialdifficulties.d.AustriajoinedWorldWarTwoandfoughtagainstGermany.e.From1950to1966,therewasaboomineconomicgrowthunderMenzies’srule.GovernmentandSociety1.GovernmenTheCommonwealthofAustraliaisaconstitutionaldemocracybasedonafederaldivisionofpowers.TheformofgovernmentusedinAustraliaisaconstitutionalmonarchywithaparliamentarysystemofgovernmentthecommonwealthofAustriaisafederation,formedin1901.Austriafederationhasathree-tiersystemofgovernment:ThefederalparliamentandgovernmentSixStateparliamentsandgovernmentsAbout900localgovernmentsc.British'smonarchisalsoAustria‘sandrepresentedbytheGovernorGeneralandsixStategovernors.2.TheconstitutionAustriahasawrittenconstitution.Theconstitutioncanbechangedonlybyreferendum,thatisbyamajorityofStates.Theconstitutionisbasedontheprincipleoffederalismandtheprincipleofresponsiblegovernment.3.ParliamentItconsiststheQueenandtwoHouseofParliament:theHouseofRepresentatives{theLowerHouse}andtheSenate{theUpperHouse}.------EachnumberoftheHouseofRepresentativesrepresentsaspecialareaofAustralia.------TheSenateisinAustraliaanelectedhouse.4.TheLegislature------TheparliamentoftheCommonwealthisthefederallegislatureofAustralia.5.TheExecutivea.ItconsistsofthePrimeMinisterandothermembersoftheministry.b.Thecabinet,whichismadeupofthemostseniorandexperiencedministers,isthemajordecision-makingbodyinthegovernment.6.TheJudiciaryItincludestheHighCourtofAustralia{themostsuperior},theFederalCourtofAustralia{establishedin1977}andtheFamilyCourtofAustraliadealingwithmarriageproblems.]7.PoliticalParties#Threemajorpoliticalparties:a.theLaborPartyb.theLiberalPartyc.theNationalParty8.ElectionElectionsforbothchambersarenormallyheldeverythreeyears,simultaneously;senatorshaveoverlappingsix-yeartermsexceptforthosefromtheterritories,whoonlyhavethree-yeartermsThusonly40ofthe76placesintheSenateareputtoeachelectionunlessthecycleisinterruptedbyadoubledissolution.AlthoughthePrimeMinisterisappointedbytheGovernor-General,inpracticethepartywithmajoritysupportintheHouseofRepresentativesformsgovernmentanditsleaderbecomesEveryAustralianparliament(federal,state,andterritory)thenhadaLaborgovernment.Votingiscompulsoryforallenrolledcitizens18yearsandover,ineachstateandterritoryandatthefederallevel.EnrolmenttovoteiscompulsoryinalljurisdictionsexceptSouthAustralia.Australiahassixstates—NewSouth,WalesQueensland,SouthAustralia,Tasmania,Victoria,andWesternAustralia—andtwomajormainlandterritories—theNorthernTerritoryandtheAustralianCapitalTerritory(ACT).InmostrespectsthesetwoterritoriesfunctionasParliamentcanoverrideanylegislationoftheirparliaments.Bycontrast,federallegislationonlyoverridesstatelegislationincertainareasthataresetoutinSection51oftheAustralianConstitution;stateparliamentsretainallresiduallegislativepowers,includingpowersovereducation,police,thejudiciary,roads,publictransport,andlocalgovernmentasthesedonotfallundertheprovisionslistedinSection51.Eachstateandmajormainlandterritoryhasitsownlegislatureorparliament:UnicameralintheNorthernTerritory,theACT,andQueensland,andbicameralintheremainingstates.Thestatesaresovereign,thoughsubjecttocertainpowersoftheCommonwealthasdefinedbytheConstitution.ThelowerhouseisknownastheLegislativeAssembly(HouseofAssemblyinSouthAustraliaandTasmania)andtheupperhouseisknownastheLegislativeCouncil.TheheadofthegovernmentineachstateisthePremier,andineachterritorytheChiefMinister.TheQueenisrepresentedineachstatebyaGovernor;andintheNorthernTerritory,theAdministrator.IntheCommonwealth,theQueen'srepresentativeistheGovernor-General.People1.PopulationNearlythreequartersofAustraliansliveinmetropolitancitiesandcoastalareas.ThebeachisanintegralpartoftheAustralianidentity.Australia’spopulationisabout20millionAboriginalandTorresStraitIslandpeopletakeabout1.5%.Themajorityareimmigrantsfromover30countries2.MulticulturalsocietyAustraliaisoneofthemosturbanizedcountriesintheworld.Mostpeopleliveinthecooler,wettersouthandeast--------EnglishisthedominantlanguageinAustralia,themostcommonlanguageotherthanEnglishareItalian,GreekandArabic--------ThemajorreligioninAustraliaisChristianityandChristiansrepresent68%ofthepopulation3.ImmigrationintoAustralia--------Since1945,almost6millionpeoplehavecometoAustraliaasnewsettle--------By1950,almost200,000peoplehadarrivedinAustraliafromvariousEuropeancountriesRecently,about100,000immigratetoAustraliaeveryyearEconomy1.AustraliahasaprosperousWestern-stylecapitalisteconomyAustraliaisself-sufficientinfood,isalsoahighlyindustrializedcountry,anddependsonlargelyonforeigntrade.Australiaindustriesarehighlyconcentrated,with14largenationalmonopolies.Agricultureisoneoftheworld’sleadingproducersoffoodandnaturefibers.-----Itistheworld’slargestexporterofwool,thesecondlargestexporterofmeatandthethirdlargestexporterofwheat.-----Australiaisrichinnatureresources,whichisoneoftheworld’sbiggestproducersofmineralsandmetals.-----Itisamiddle-leveltradingnation.Themainfeatureoftradeisthatithasalwaysinvolvedtheexchangedofrawmaterialsforfinishedproducts.Education1.TheAustraliaeducationalsystemPreschoolPrimaryschoolSecondary\highschoolCareerandvocationaltraininginstitutionsUniversityandothertertiaryinstitutions2.MajorUniversities----UniversityofSydney----TheUniversityofMelbourne----TheUniversityofAdelaide-----SchoolattendanceiscompulsorythroughoutAustralia.Allchildrenreceive11yearsofcompulsoryeducationfromtheageof6to16(Year1to10),beforetheycanundertaketwomoreyears(Years11and12),contributingtoanadultliteracyratethatisassumedtobe99%.ApreparatoryyearpriortoYear1,althoughnotcompulsory,isalmostuniversallyundertaken.IntheProgrammerforInternationalStudentAssessment,Australiaregularlyscoresamongthetopfiveofthirtymajordevelopedcountries(membercountriesoftheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment).GovernmentgrantshavesupportedtheestablishmentofAustralia's38universities;allbutoneispublic.Thereisastate-basedsystemofvocationaltraining,knownasTAFEInstitutes,andmanytradesconductapprenticeshipsfortrainingnewtradespeople.Approximately58%ofAustraliansagedfrom25to64havevocationalortertiaryqualifications,andthetertiarygraduationrateof49%isthehighestamongOECDcountries.TheratioofinternationaltolocalstudentsintertiaryeducationinAustraliaisthehighestintheOECDcountries.Thankyou