大学英语语法讲解

null大学英语语法讲解大学英语语法讲解情态动词的完成时(表示对过去的说法)情态动词的完成时(表示对过去的说法)must +have +过去分词 （用于肯定句）一定已经……. The light is still on. They must have forgotten to turn it off when they left the room. 注:mustn’t have done ×nullcan’t (couldn’t) +have +过去分词 （用于否定或疑问句）不可能…….. He cannot have been to that town for I saw him just now. null should/ought to +have+过去分词 本应该做(却没有做)……. As his best friend, you should/ought to have helped him. (but in fact, you didn’t.)nullshouldn’t /ought not to +have +过去分词 本不应该做(却做了)……. You shouldn’t have parked your car here, for it’s a public place. nullneedn’t +have +过去分词 本不必做…… You needn’t have waited for me. I told you yesterday I would overwork.with with with + done With the homework finished, the boy went out. with + doing With the old man leading the way, we finally find the house.nullwith + prep With the light on, all the students went out of the classroom.虚拟语气的用法虚拟语气的用法概念：表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测、或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句虚拟语气用于条件状语从句(1) 与过去事实相反 If…had +done, …would (should, could, might) +have +done If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t have failed in the exam. null与现在事实相反 If + did (be→were)，…would (should, could, might) + do If he had time, he would attend the meeting. If I were you, I should study English.null与将来事实相反 If + did (be—were) / were to / should+ do,…would (should, could, might) + do If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.null虚拟语气用于宾语从句 在表示建议、要求、命令类的动词后面的宾语从句中用(should) + do。 如: advise, suggest, propose, request, require, insist, demand, order, command, desire We suggested that we (should) have a meeting. We insisted that the meeting (should) be cancelled. null注意：suggest 作“暗示，表明”解时，insist 作“坚决认为”解时不用虚拟语气，而用一般的时态。 Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. Her sun-tanned face suggested that she was in excellent health.null虚拟语气用于主语从句 It is necessary (important, natural, strange, essential, etc.) that sb (should) +动词原形 This is a very difficult operation. It is essential that you be prepared for emergency.nullIt is be suggested (desired, ordered, proposed, advised, etc.) that sb (should) + do null虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句 作advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request，wish等名词的表语从句、同位语从句。其谓语动词用 (should ) +动词原形 We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.nullit is (high) time sb + did It is (high) time we left.null虚拟语气用于if only引导的感叹句中(要是…就好了) If only I had taken his advice.nullaccount for: 解释某事物的原因 Please account for your rude behavior. bring up:抚养 She was brought up by her aunt. get through:(设法)完成;(使)通过 There is a lot of work to get through. She got all her pupils through the test. nulltry to do:设法做某事 We try to finish the work on time. endeavor (fml.) to do:设法做某事 We endeavor to finish the work on time. succeed (in) doing 成功做某事 We succeed in finishing the work on time. nullas a result:结果 As a result, two people were killed in the accident. by the way:顺便 By the way, please give it to Mary. on the contrary:与此相反 It doesn’t seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think it’s rather beautiful.nullpick out:挑出 He picked out the ripe peach. make out:辨认 Can you make out what that sign says? give off:发出(蒸汽,光等) The food gave off a bad smell.nullseparate:分开 separate…from compare:比较 compare…to/with… contrast: contrast (to/with) …对比，相比 nullcome up with:提出 He came up a new idea for increasing sales. catch up with:赶上 After a term, she caught up with the other students in her class. keep up with:跟上 We should keep up with the pace of the modern society.定语从句 定语从句 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词when, where, why等。他们在定语从句中担任句子成分。nullwho（代替人）: I know the man who/that is standing under the tree over there. whom: The doctor (whom) you are looking for is in the room. Who stands near the river is our school. nullwhose（可代替人和物） Do you know the man whose name is Wang Yu? I live in a room whose windows face south. which（代替物） The building which stands near the river is our school. nullthat(可代替人和物) The letter (that ) I received was from my father. 注意:在下面几种情况下必须用“that” 1. 先行词是不定代词：all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything All that (what) we have to do is to practise every day. null2.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。 The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten. 3.先行词被all, any every, few, little, no, some等修饰。 I have read all the books (that ) you gave me. nullwhen I will never forget the day when I met Mr. Liu. where This is the place where we lived for 5 years. why I know the reason why he came late. null限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。null非限制性定语从句一般用逗号把主句和从句分开。通常关系代词不能省略，不用that。 I have two sisters, who are both students. 关系代词which ，as可指代前面整句话的内容。 As we all know, he studies very hard. [P184第49题]倒装句倒装句英语的正常语序是主语在前，谓语在后。但有时为了强调或为了语法结构的需要，可以将谓语的全部或部分提到主语之前。这种语法现象叫做倒装。全倒装：把全部谓语放在主语之前。全倒装：把全部谓语放在主语之前。以 out, in, up, down, away, here, there,等副词开头的句子里。 Here comes the bus.部分倒装： 把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前部分倒装： 把助动词或情态动词放在主语之前否定副词提前的句型中，否定副词有hardly, not , nowhere, seldom, not only, scarcely, never, little, at no time, in no circumstance. I shall never do this again. Never shall I do this again. 如：[P184第52、53题]、[P206 第48题]、[P230 第47题] nullrelieve:解除或减轻(痛苦、忧虑等) relate: relate…to/with…把…和…联系起来 retain:保持；保留 nullignore:忽视；忽略 neglect:忽视；忽略 refuse:拒绝 nullas for (sb./ sth.):至于 As for you, you should be ashamed of yourself. besides:除了 Besides me, they all went to the Summer Palace. except:除了 Except me, they all went to the Summer Palace.nullsufficient:充足的，充分的 effective:有效的 efficient:有能力的，有效率的 respective:各自的，分别的nullprogress:进步，进展 proceed:继续前进，继续下去 promote:推销 propose:建议， 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 分词做状语 分词做状语 分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间，原因，行为方式，伴随状况等。 1. 现在分词有一般式和完成式，一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的行为，完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。 null 主 动 被 动 一般式 doing being + done 完成式 having +done having +been +done nullBeing a student, I must study hard.(原因) Having been examined by the doctor, the patient went home.null注意：当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语。 Time permitting, I will finish another lesson. [P195 第46、47题]、[P219 第53题]、[P231 第52题]null过去分词只有一般式，表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作，本身有被动含义。 The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. He lay half dead, with all his fibs broken. [P172 第49题] nullrepresent:代表；描绘，塑造；陈述 present:将某物赠予或交给某人 supply:供应 supply sb. with sth. Supply sth. to sb.nullexplode:爆炸 expand:扩大 expose:暴露 expose…to…将…暴露于… explore:开发nullspread:展开 display:展示，陈列 locate:位于，坐落于 be located innullinstance:事例 character:性格；人物 item:条款，项目 detail:细节nulllook out:小心；向外看 look after:照顾 look into:调查 look on:旁观nulloccasion:时刻，场合 situation:状况，处境 in a …situation condition:条件 under/in…condition environment:环境nullI could do nothing but accept it. I could say nothing but to accept it.nullexcept that:除了 She remembered nothing about her except that her hair is black. except for:除了 It is a good article except for some spelling mistakes. but for:要不是 But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday. nullIt is …. before… It is ….since… It is five years since we left school.nullcontain:包含，包括 The story contains 3 parts. secure:保护，使某物安全 The law can secure the civil rights the old people. reserve:保留 These seats are reserved for the special guests. maintain:保持nullsufficiently:充足地 approximately:大概地 considerably:很，相当地 properly:正确地nullcome across:碰巧遇到 come up:长出地面 The grass are just beginning to come up. come to:到达；等于某数 The bill comes to $30. When we came to the room, no one were in it.nullcome over:从一地来到另一地 Why don’t you come over to England for a holiday? nullimpression:印象 His speech made a strong impression on us. reaction:反应 comment:评论 Do you have any comment on this matter?nullother:另外的 Some people are singing, and other people are dancing. nullbenefit:使(某人)受好处 The policy will benefit all the people. affect:影响 Smoking will affect you health. guide:指导，引导 He guided me to my seat. effect:使发生，引起 effect a change… nullin relation to:与…有关 This matter is in relation to many people. in contrast to:与…对比 Her white hair is in sharp contrast to her dark skin. in excess of:过度… He was in excess of alcohol. in favor of:支持…nullat heart:内心里;基本上 I’m a country girl at heart. in person:亲身，亲自 You must come here in person. on purpose:故意的 He did that on purpose. by nature:天生的null祈使句, ＋and…. If …… ,…. If we had had five minutes earlier, we could have caught the last train. nullcan’t help but do禁不住做某事 can’t help doing禁不住做某事 We can’t help laughing.nullThere is no point (in) doing sth. 做…没有什么意义/作用nullturn over:(使…)翻身或翻转 She turned over and slept. turn up:(声音)调大;出现 turn on:打开; Please turn on the TV.nullturn down:(声音)调低;拒绝 It’s too noisy; please turn down the radio. My advice is turned down. nullcontribute to:捐助；贡献 promote:提升，提高；推销 refer: refer to:提起，说到 Don’t refer to the man again. matter:关系重大；要紧 It doesn’t matter.nullcultivate:耕作；陶冶 Reading is the best way to cultivate one’s mind. raise:举起；提升；抚养 Please raise your hand. adopt:收养 acquire:获得 He studied hard and acquired a good knowledge of English.nullapply: apply to…for…向…申请… He applied to the government for a passport. demand:要求 The workers are demanding a better pay.nullanticipate:期望，预料 suppose:以为，料想 What do you suppose he wants? nullsensible:明智的，通情达理的 sensitive:易受伤害的；敏感的 severe:严格的，严厉的；非常恶劣的 solemn:严肃的，庄重的nullobviously:显而易见地 surprisingly:令人吃惊地 particularly:特别地，尤其地 normally:正常地nullaffair:事情，事件 accident:事故 incident:小事 emergency:紧急事件，紧急情况nullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnull