语言学课后题及答案

第二部分 重点章节测 试题 中考模拟试题doc幼小衔接 数学试题 下载云南高中历年会考数学试题下载N4真题下载党史题库下载 Test One: Invitations to Linguistics I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________. A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. typewriter C. crash D. bang 3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is __________. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal B. Emotive C. Performative D. Recreational 5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability B. Duality C. Displacement D. Arbitrariness 6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? — A nice day, isn’t it? — Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal 7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances. A. Performance B. Competence C. Langue D. Parole 8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________. A. cultural transmission B. productivity C. displacement D. duality 9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language. A. Psycholinguistics B. Anthropological linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics 10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education. A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics C. Applied linguistics D. Comparative linguistics II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language. 12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary. 13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems. 14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages. 15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted. 16. Only human beings are able to communicate. 17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist. 18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language. 19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history. 20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms. III. Fill in the blanks. (10%) 21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication. 22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed __________. 23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________. 24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory. 25. Linguistics is the __________ study of language. 26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing. 28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study. 29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%) 31. Design feature 32. Displacement 33. Competence 34. Synchronic linguistics V. Answer the following questions. (20%) 35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004） 36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学，2004） VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%) 37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? （青岛海洋大学，1999） Test Two: Phonetics and Phonology I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences. A. intonation B. tone C. pronunciation D. voice 2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /). A. allophone B. phone C. phoneme D. morpheme 3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme. A. analogues B. tagmemes C. morphemes D. allophones 4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________. A. glottis B. vocal cavity C. pharynx D. uvula 5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs. A. wide B. closing C. narrow D. centering 6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________. A. minimal pairs B. allomorphs C. phones D. allophones 7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds? A. Acoustic phonetics B. Articulatory phonetics C. Auditory phonetics D. None of the above 8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation? A. [n] B. [m] C. [b] D. [p] 9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels? A. [i:] B. [u] C. [e] D. [i] 10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating? A. Voiceless B. Voiced C. Glottal stop D. Consonant II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence. 12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound. 13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. 14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop. 15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. 16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. 17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place. 18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short. 19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people. 20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset. III. Fill in the blanks. (20%) 21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________. 22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________. 23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips. 24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised. 25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________. 26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________. 27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. 28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors. 29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit. 30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%) 31. Sound assimilation 32. Suprasegmental feature 33. Complementary distribution 34. Distinctive features V. Answer the following questions. (20%) 35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003） 36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms of articulation?（南开大学，2004） VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%) 37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999） (1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop (2) low front vowel (3) lateral liquid (4) velar nasal (5) voiced interdental fricative Test Three: Morphology I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________. A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words 2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme. A. inflectional B. free C. bound D. derivational 3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization. A. three B. four C. five D. six 4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________. A. prefixes B. suffixes C. infixes D. stems 5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________. A. derivational affix B. inflectional affix C. infix D. back-formation 6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word. A. affixation B. back-formation C. insertion D. addition 7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________. A. acronymy B. clipping C. initialism D. blending 8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________. A. blending B. clipping C. back-formation D. acronymy 9. The stem of disagreements is __________. A. agreement B. agree C. disagree D. disagreement 10. All of them are meaningful except for __________. A. lexeme B. phoneme C. morpheme D. allomorph II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress. 12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme. 13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed. 14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base. 15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word. 16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word. 17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia. 18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes. 19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations. 20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. III. Fill in the blanks. (20%) 21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word. 22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________. 23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and __________. 24. All words may be said to contain a root __________. 25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class. 26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening. 27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa. 28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level. 29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called a __________. 30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%) 31. Blending 32. Allomorph 33. Closed-class word 34. Morphological rule V. Answer the following questions. (20%) 35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门大学，2003） 36. What are the main features of the English compounds? VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%) 37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉大学，2004） I II (1) acronym a. foe (2) free morpheme b. subconscious (3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO (4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed (5) prefix e. calculation Test Four: Syntax I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. The sentence structure is ________. A. only linear B. only hierarchical C. complex D. both linear and hierarchical 2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite 3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences. A. lexical B. morphological C. linguistic D. combinational 4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati­cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers. A. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. ungrammatical 5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator 6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties. A. recursive B. grammatical C. social D. functional 7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________. A. how words and phrases form sentences. B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. all of the above. 8. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________. A. the city B. Rome C. city D. the city Rome 9. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction. A. endocentric B. exocentric C. subordinate D. coordinate 10. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence. A. simple B. coordinate C. compound D. complex II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence. 12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend. 13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. 14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category. 15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for. 16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. 17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb. 18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge. 19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional. 20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure. III. Fill in the blanks. (20%) 21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. 22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate. 24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________. 25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. 26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________ clause. 27. Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added. 28. __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other. 29. __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages. 30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%) 31. Syntax 32. IC analysis 33. Hierarchical structure 34. Trace theory V. Answer the following questions. (20%) 35. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? （武汉大学，2004） 36. Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis. （北京第二外国语大学，2004） VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%) 37. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence: The student wrote a letter yesterday. Test Five: Semantics [Mainly taken from lxm1000w’s exercises. – icywarmtea] I. Choose the best answer. (20%) 1. The naming theory is advanced by ________. A. Plato B. Bloomfield C. Geoffrey Leech D. Firth 2. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______. A. the conceptualist view B. contexutalism C. the naming theory D. behaviorism 3. Which of the following is NOT true? A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form. C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized. D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in. 4. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes 5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis 6. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________. A. gradable antonyms B. relational antonyms C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above 7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. A. Reference B. Concept C. Semantics D. Sense 8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different me