John-Milton-Paradise-Lost-分析教程文件

Lecture9JohnMilton—ParadiseLostParadiseLosttakesitsplaceinwesternliteraturealongwithHomer’sIlliadandOdyssey,Virgil’sAneid《伊尼伊德》,andDante’sDivineComedyandinEnglishliteraturewithBeowulfandSpenser’sFairieQueene.1.JohnMilton'sTimes 1642-1649:EnglishCivilWar King/AnglicanClergyvs.Parliament(dominatedbyPuritans) ProtestantRevolution(DeathofKingCharlesI) 1649-1660:NoBritishKing 1649-1653:Commonwealth 1653-1658:ProtectorateofOliverCromwell 1660:Restoration(ofKingCharlesII)ParliamentwasmostlyPuritanatthetimeoftheCivilWar2.Milton’sReligion1).MiltonbelievedthateachindividualChristianshouldbehisownchurch,withoutanyestablishmenttoencumberhim.2).Inhislateryears,MiltoncametoviewallorganizedChristianchurches,whetherAnglican,CatholicorPresbyterian,asanobstacletotruefaith.3.Hisrevolutionarycareer1).Pamphleteeringinthecauseofreligiousandcivillibertyin1641-60.2).AppointedLatinSecretarytoCromwell’sCouncilofStatein1649.3).CensorandeditoroftheCommonwealthpaper,MercuriusPoliticuin1651.LatinDefenseofthePeopleofEngland.4).Totallyblindin1652andimprisonedforashorttimeaftertherestorationandthenretiredtoprivatelife.4.Milton’sliterarycareer 1625-1640:shortpoems:L’AllegroandIlPenseroso(1632),Comus(1634,宴会欢乐之神),andLycidas(1638) 1640-1660:pamphletsandtracts:Areopagitica(1644《论出版自由》);TheDefenseoftheEnglishPeople(1650);The2ndDefenseoftheEnglishPeople(1650). 1660-1674:ParadiseLost(1667),ParadiseRegained(1671),andSamsonAgonistes(1671).1).Milton’sWorksofHisEarlyDaysPoemswritteninCambridgeandatHorton:a.OntheMorningofChrist’sNativity《基督诞生晨颂》,firstimportantworkb.L’Allegro《快乐的人》Penseroso《幽思的人》c.Comus《科玛斯》amask假面剧,inblankversed.Lycidas《利西达斯》,expressingthepathos(哀颂)ofhisfriendEdwardKing’sprematuredeathtwinlyricalpoemsRhyme:abbacdeec2).Worksofhisadultyears:a.pamphletsonreligiousreformOfReformationinEngland《论英国改革》b.pamphletsonmarriageanddivorce:DoctrineandDisciplineofDivorce《离婚的戒律与学说》c.Areopagitica《论出版自由》aproseworkforthefreedomofthepressd.DefenceoftheEnglishPeople《为英国人民声辩》—Apamphletagainstthedivinerightoftheking.—Peoplemadetheking,sothekingshoulddoeverythingforthepeople.e.TheSecondDefenceoftheEnglishPeople《再为英国人民声辩》—AnanswertotheproductionsagainsttheCommonwealth.—Fightforthelibertyofthenationsintheworldandrecovertheirlostliberty.3).Milton’sworksofoldagea.ParadiseLostb.ParadiseRegainedc.SamsonAgonistes5.ParadiseLost(1667)1).OverviewofParadiseLost__Milton’smasterpiece.__Alongepicin12books.__takenfromtheOldTestament.__Majorcharacters:Satan,God,Archangel,Adam,Eve…__ItisaboutSatan’srebellionagainstGodandtheexpulsionofAdamandEvefromtheGardenofEden. Thecreation TherebellionofSatanandhisfellowangels TheirdefeatandexpulsionfromHeaven CreationoftheearthandofAdamandEve SataninhellplottingagainstGod Satan’stemptationofEve DepartureofAdamandEvefromEden2).TheStoryofParadiseLostParadiseLost–LeadingUptotheBeginning Atthebeginningofpoem,warinHeavenhasbeenoverfortwoweeks; Forninedays,SatanandthosewhofoughtGodalongsidehimhavebeenlyinginHell,stunnedattheoutcome; ThefirstcharactertomoveisSatan,whobeginsbyspeakingtoBeelzebub; Startstosortofrallyhistroops.AtthecenteroftheconflictbetweenhumanloveandspiritualdutyliesMilton’sfundamentalconcernwithfreedomandchoice;thefreedomtosubmittoGod'sprohibitiononeatingtheappleandthechoiceofdisobediencemadeforlove.Eve,seducedbySatan’srhetoricandherownconfusedambitionfallsintosinthroughinnocentcredulity.AdamfallsbyconsciouslychoosinghumanloveratherthanobeyingGod.Thisistheerrorwhereinhisgreatnesslies.InthefallofmanAdamdiscoveredhisfullhumanity.Butman'sfallisthesequeltoanotherandmorestupendoustragedy,thefalloftheangels.Byliftinghisargumenttothatplane,Miltonraisestheproblemofevilinamoreintractableform.MiltonheldthatGodcreatedallthingsoutofHimself,includingevil.TherewasevilinHeavenbeforeSatanrebelled:Pride,Lust,Wrath,andAvaricewerethere.3).Themes:arevoltagainstGod’sauthorityAttheexaltationoftheSontheseforceseruptedandwerecastforth.ButGodsufferedthemtoescapefromHellandinfecttheEarth.Andthenthetragedywasre-enacted,butwithadifference—“Manshallfindgrace”.Buthemustlayholdofitbyanactoffree-will.ThefreedomofthewillisthekeystoneofMilton'screed.HispoemattemptstoconvinceusthattheunquestionabletruthofBiblicalrevelationmeansthatanall-knowingGodwasjustinallowingAdamandEvetobetemptedand,oftheirfreewill,tochoosesinanditsinevitablepunishment.And,thereby,itopensthewayforthevoluntarysacrificeofChrist,whichshowedthemercyofGodinbringinggoodoutevil. OnlySixmajorcharacters Satan,theleaderofthefallenangels(nowknownasdevils) Beelzebub,Satan´sclosestfriend/ally God,theFather TheSon,alsoknownastheMessiah,Christ Adam,thefirstman,livinginParadise Eve,hiswife,supposedtobeunderhiscontrol4).ThecharactersSatan：arebelagainsttyrannyandSatanandhisfollowersresemblea_________________.MajorQuote:"BettertoreigninHellthenserveinHeav'n!"republicanParliamentSatan:ChineseView 1.Arebelagainsttyranny 2.Milton’smouthpiece,utteringhishatredoftyranny. 3.Revoltagainstthedictatorandestablisheddoctrines.WesternView Satan’squalitiesareperverted:evilandexaggerated. Satan'sdefianceofGodmanifests:hisegoisticpride,falseconceptionoffreedom,alienationfromallgood; Religiouslyandmorallycorruptandblind. Consciousnessofhisownevilanddamnation SatanandhisfellowsareenvelopedindramaticironybecausetheyfightandschemeinignoranceoftheunshakablepowerofGodandgoodness.Beelzebub Satan’sBestFriend HeistalkingtoSatanaboutareturntoHeavenformorefighting DisappearsafterBookI,sincetherestofthestoryconcernsSatan,God,andtheFirstPeopleGodTheFather：selfishdespot,cruel,unjust CalledtheFatherbecauseofHolyTrinity:TheFather,theSon,theHolySpirit RulerofHeavenandCreatorofEarth ItwasHewhocastSatanout FirstappearanceisinBookIII: “NowhadtheAlmightyFather,fromabove,FromthepureEmpyreanwherehesitsHighthronedaboveallheighth,bentdownhiseye…”–Lines56-58TheSon AlsoreferredtoasTheMessiah WhenGodtheFatherfirstspeaks,itisTheSonthatHeisaddressing TheFatherandSonseeAdameattheapple TheSonmovesdown,inBookX,tointerview,passjudgementon,andclotheAdamandEveAdam Thefirstman HeliveswithEveintheGardenofEden(Paradise,Earth) HeeatsfromtheTreeofKnowledgeonlyafterEvedoes Referredtoas“thepatriarchofman”,Line379,BookIXEve Thefirstwoman Satanuseshercuriosityagainsther Sheistrickedinto,andgivenabadnamefor,eatingfromtheTreeofKnowledgefirst Genesis3:18referstoheras“themotherofallliving”Adam&Eve ChineseView:embodyMilton’sbeliefinthepowersofman,cravingforknowledge. WesternView: Envelopedinaparallelkindofirony GardenofEdenisasymbolicrenderingofMilton'svisionofperfection;butitispresentedwithSatan,thusidyllicinnocenceandhappinessareseenonlyundertheshadowofevil. farfromattaininggodlikeknowledge,theysuccumbtoanimallust. Thoughthereispromisedredemptionforthefaithful,andthoughthepoemisadivinecomedywithahappyending,Milton'spanoramaofhumanhistorygiveslittlegroundforhopeonearth.5).UnderstandingoftheselectionLines50-58 Ninetimesthespacethatmeasuresdayandnight Tomortalmen,hewithhishorridcrew Layvanquish'd,rollinginthefierygulf, Confoundedthoughimmortal.Buthisdoom Reserv'dhimtomorewrath;fornowthethought Bothoflosthappinessandlastingpain Tormentshim;roundhethrowshisbalefuleyes, Thatwitness'dhugeafflictionanddismay Mix'dwithobdurateprideandsteadfasthate.Thiscarefullyavoidsthesimplerexpressionof“ninedaysandnights”becausethemutinyinheavenoccurredbeforetheCreationUtterlydefeatedandruined.Judgment;punishmentDestined;keptforSatan’shappylifeinheavennowlostforeverThepaininhellwhichSatanmustsuffernowforeverEvilandsuffering.NotethedepthofDescriptionhere,andthisfromablindman 依照人间的计算，大约九天九夜， 他和他那一伙可怕的徒众， 沉沦辗转在烈火的深渊中。 虽属不死之身，却象死者一样横陈； 但这个惩罚反激起他更大的忿怒， 既失去了幸福，又受无穷痛苦的煎熬。 他抬起忧郁的双眼，环顾周遭， 摆在眼前的是莫大的隐忧和烦恼， 顽固的傲气和难消的憎恨交织着。Lines59-64  Atonce,asfarasAngelsken,heviews  Thedismalsituationwasteandwild:  Adungeonhorribleonallsidesround  Asonegreatfurnaceflam'd;yetfromthoseflames  Nolight,butratherdarknessvisible  Serv'donlytodiscoversightsofwoe,Inonecomprehensiveviewrangeofvisionreveal 霎时间，他竭尽天使的目力，望断 际涯，但见悲风弥漫，浩渺无垠， 四面八方围着他的是个可怕的地牢， 象一个洪炉的烈火四射，但那火焰 却不发光，只是灰蒙蒙的一片， 可以辨认出那儿的苦难景况，杜勒﹝AlbrechtDurerand忧郁(MelencoliaI﹞1514年读《拉奥孔》 文字艺术不但能制造颜色的矛盾，还能调和黑暗和光明的真矛盾，创辟新奇的景象。例如《金楼子》第二篇《箴戒》“两日并出，黑光遍天”，冯明期《滹沱秋兴》“倒卷黑云遮古林，平沙落日光如漆”……莱辛称赞弥尔顿《乐园的丧失》里有“诗歌的画”，在《拉奥孔》草稿中列举该诗章句为例，都是描述继续进展的动作的，“物质的画”画不出来。不过，弥尔顿有些形容状态的词句，也同样无法画入“物质的画”，拉辛似乎忽视了。 例如地狱里的阴火“没有亮光，只是可以照见事物的黑暗”，又魔鬼向天堂开炮，射出一道“黑火”(blackfire)。本身黑暗的光明或本身光明的黑暗，造型艺术很难 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 达。中国诗里的“黑日”也曾出现在雨果的诗里：“一个可怕的黑太阳耀射出昏夜”……一位大画家确曾企图把黑太阳画出来；尽管度勒的名作《忧郁》里那枚黑太阳也博得雨果的叹赏，我们终觉得不如他自己的诗句惊心动魄。竟可以大胆说，我们要不是事先心中有数，还看不出度勒所画的是黑太阳呢。Antithesis: Arhetoricaldeviceinwhichirreconcilableoppositesorstronglycontrastingideasareplacedinsharpjuxtapositionandsustainedtension,asinthephrase“theypromisedfreedomandprovidedslavery.”  AbrahamLincoln’s“GettysburgAddress”: Theworldwilllittlenotenorlongrememberwhatwesayhere,butitcanneverforgetwhattheydidhere.Paradox: Anapparentlyself-contradictorystatement,theunderlyingmeaningofwhichisrevealedonlybycarefulscrutiny.Thepurposeofaparadoxistoarrestattentionandprovokefreshthought.Thestatement“lessismore”isanexample. InGeorgeOrwell’santi-UtopiansatireAnimalFarm(1945),thefirstcommandmentoftheanimals’communeisrevisedintoawittyparadox: “Allanimalsareequal,butsomeanimalsaremoreequalthanothers.”Oxymoron Whenaparadoxiscompressedintowords,asin“loudsilence”,“lonelycrowd”,or“livingdeath”,itiscalledanOxymoron.Lines65-74 Regionsofsorrow,dolefulshades,wherepeace Andrestcanneverdwell,hopenevercomes  Thatcomestoall,buttorturewithoutend  Stillurges,andafierydeluge,fed  Withever-burningsulphurunconsum'd. SuchplaceEternalJusticehadprepar'd Forthoserebellious;heretheirprisonordain'd Inutterdarkness,andtheirportionset, Asfarremov'dfromGodandlightofHeav'n Asfromthecentrethricetoth'utmostpole.HopethatcomestoallnevercomestothefallenAngels.pressesonforeverAndafierydeluge,fed…,stillurges.Here“eternaljusticehad”ordainedtheirprisonInutterdarkness,andsettheirportion(i.e.lot)TheCenter:theearth.InParadiseLostthestarryuniverseisunderstoodasagreathollowsphereenclosedinanopaqueshell.Aflightofstairsleadtoheavenfromthetopofthespherewhereanopeningismade,throughwhichpassagebetweenearth,heavenandhellcanbeeffected.Theutmostpole:referingtotheendoftheaxisrunningthroughthestarryuniverse,nottheEarth’spole.Thedistancedownwardfromearthtohellistwiceaslongasthatfromearthtoheaven.Inall,thedistancebetweenempyrealheavenandhellisthreetimesthatfromtheearthtothepoleofthestarryuniverse. 悲惨的境地和凄怆的暗影。 和平和安息绝不在那儿停留， 希望无所不到，惟独不到那里。 只有无穷无尽的苦难紧紧跟着 永燃的硫磺不断地添注，不灭的 火焰，洪水般向他们滚滚逼来。 这个地方，就是正义之神为那些 叛逆者准备的，在天外的冥荒中 为他们设置的牢狱，那个地方 离开天神和天界的亮光， 相当于天极到中心的三倍那么远。Lines75-83 Ohhowunliketheplacefromwhencetheyfell! Therethecompanionsofhisfall,o'erwhelm'd Withfloodsandwhirlwindsoftempestuousfire, Hesoondiscerns;andwelt'ringbyhisside Onenexthimselfinpowerandnextincrime, LongafterknowninPalestineandnam'd Beëlzebub.Towhomth'Arch-Enemy, AndthenceinHeav'ncall'dSatan,withboldwords Breakingthehorridsilence,thusbegan:Therehesoondiscernsthecompanionsofhisfall…andonenexttohimselfinpowerandcrime,welteringbyhisside,knowninPalestinelongafterandnamedBeelzebubChiefenemy,i.e.Satan.InHebrew,‘adversary”. 啊，这里和他所从坠落的地方 比起来是何等的不同呀！ 和他一起坠落的伙伴们 淹没在猛火的洪流和旋风之中， 他辨认得出，在他近旁挣扎的， 论权力和罪行都仅次于他的神魔， 后来在巴勒斯坦知道他的名字叫 别西卜。这个在天上叫做撒旦的 首要神敌，用豪言壮语打破可怕的 沉寂，开始向他的伙伴这样说道：Lines84-92 "Ifthoubeesthe--butohhowfall'n!howchang'd Fromhimwho,inthehappyrealmsoflight, Cloth'dwithtranscendentbrightnessdidstoutshine Myriadsthoughbright!--ifhewhommutualleague, Unitedthoughtsandcounsels,equalhope Andhazardinthegloriousenterprise, Join'dwithmeonce,nowmiseryhathjoin'd Inequalruin,intowhatpitthouseest Fromwhathighthfall'n.Satan’srebellionThesubjectsof“joined”are“mutualleague,unitedthoughtsandcounsels,equalhopeandhazard’.Nowmiseryhathjoined(theewithme)inequalruin.i.e.weareeqaullyfallenandruined “是你啊；这是何等的坠落！ 何等的变化呀！你原来住在 光明的乐土，全身披覆着 无比的光辉，胜过群星的灿烂； 你曾和我结成同盟，同心同气， 同一希望，在光荣的大事业中 和我在一起。现在，我们是从 何等高的高天上，沉沦到了 何等深的深渊呀！Lines92-99 Somuchthestrongerprov'd Hewithhisthunder--andtillthenwhoknew Theforceofthosedirearms?Yetnotforthose, Norwhatthepotentvictorinhisrage Canelseinflict,doIrepentorchange, Thoughchang'dinoutwardlustre,thatfix'dmind, Andhighdisdainfromsenseofinjur'dmerit, 99Thatwiththemightiestrais'dmetocontend, 他握有雷霆， 确是强大，谁知道这凶恶的 武器竟有那么大的威力呢？ 可是，那威力，那强与力的 胜利者的狂暴，都不能 叫我懊丧，或者叫我改变初衷， 虽然外表的光彩改变了， 但坚定的心志和安然的骄矜 决不转变；由于真价值的受损， 激动了我，决心和强权决一胜负，Lines100-105 Andtothefiercecontentionbroughtalong InnumerableforceofSpiritsarm'd, Thatdurstdislikehisreignand,mepreferring, Hisutmostpowerwithadversepoweroppos'd IndubiousbattleontheplainsofHeav'n, Andshookhisthrone. 率领无数天军投入剧烈的战斗， 他们都厌恶天神的统治而来拥护我， 拿出全部力量跟至高的权力对抗， 在天界疆场上做因此冒险的战斗， 动摇了他的宝座。LastLinesofParadiseLost Theylookingback,allth’Easternsidebeheld OfParadise,solatetheirhappieseat, Wav’doverbythatflamingBrand,theGate WithdreadfulFacesthrongdandfierieArmes; Somenaturaltearstheydropd,butwip’dthemsoon; Theworldwasallbeforethem,wheretochoose Thirplaceofrest,andProvidencethirguide: Theyhandinhandwithwandringstepsandslow, ThroughEdentookthirsolitarieway. Involvedstylewithfrequentinversionsandverycomplicatedsentencestructure Firstlines: Hurledheadlongflamingfromth’EtherealSkie Withhideousruinandcombustiondown Tobottomlessperdition,theretodwell InAdamantineChainsandpenalFire, Whodurstdefieth’OmnipotenttoArms. Heretheinvertedstructurevividlydepictshisbeinghurledtothehellheadoverheels.6).LiteraryStyleLongandinvolvedsentence Thecontinuousflowbuildsupacontinuousonwardpressure. Nevermonotonous,andthepatternofsoundissoweddedtothepatternofsensethateachisessentialtotheother.Latinatesyntaxanddiction Milton'smeansofachievingtheelevationrequiredbyaloftythemeisintermixedwithpuresimplicity. enlargeandenrichhisrangeofemphasisandhisuseofeconomy,contrast,suspension; toexpresshissublimityofthought,hewroteinastylethatisunsurpassedinitssonority,eloquence,majestyandgrandeur.ThisstyleiscalledtheMiltonicstyle. Grewsteadilyafter1667andwaswellestablishedbeforeJosephAddison'spapersonParadiseLostappearedinTheSpectator(1712); Hisinfluenceon18th-centuryversewasimmense.SamuelJohnson: Itsperusalisadutyratherthanapleasure.WereadMiltonforinstruction,retireharassedandoverburdened,andlookelsewhereforrecreation;wedesertoutmaster,andseekforcompanions.6.Milton’sReputation 19thcenturytwokindsofcriticalopinion: TherevolutionaryRomanticpoetslaunchedthe"Satanist"misinterpretationofParadiseLostandmadeitsauthorarebel; OthercriticsconsideredMilton'sbeliefsandideaslong-deadfundamentalismandattendedtothepoem'spurelyliteraryqualities. Thepoet'sinfluencewanedduringtheVictorianage,andinthe20thcenturythenewpoetryandcriticismlaunchedbyEzraPoundandT.S.Eliotwerestronglyanti-Miltonandpro-JohnDonne. T.S.Eliot: 弥尔顿“使英国语言受到了败坏” “弥尔顿任何一阶段的诗都没有突出地表现过视觉想象力。……弥尔顿从来就没有看到过任何东西……读《失乐园》时，我发觉我感到最愉快的地方恰好是那些最不需要用眼睛看的地方。” Butduringthe1940sand'50sashiftincriticalattitudestookplace,anddozensofbooksandhundredsofarticlesweregiventotheideasandbeliefs Bythesecondhalfofthe20thcenturyhisworkshadregainedtheirplaceinthecanonofWesternliterature.Macauley 弥尔顿的诗篇最显著的特征在于让读者产生的联想之极度邈远。它所制造的效果，不在于表达了什么，而在其暗示性；不在其直接表达的意思，而在与其相关联的其他含义。他通过导体，间接击中人的心灵。最没有想象力的人，也必然会理解《伊利亚特》。荷马让他没得选择，而且不要求他费任何力气，全由作者一手操办，意象场景描画得明明白白，想看不清楚都不成。相反，弥尔顿的读者，如果不用心主动与作者配合，将无法理解或欣赏他的诗作。他不会画出一幅‘完满’的图画，也不会为消极被动的听众演奏。他仅是简笔白描，空白处都留待读者去填充。…… 我们经常听人说起诗歌的神奇影响力，这话一般而言浮泛而无意义，但用到弥尔顿身上却再贴切不过。他的诗歌效力有如经咒，优点不在表层的意思，而在一种神秘的魔力。也许第一眼看上去，那些文词平平常常，与其他任何词句并无不同。但它们都是有魔力的咒语，一旦从口唇呼出，过去便回到现在，远方则来至目前。从没有过的美在瞬息间诞生，记忆的坟场中的所有逝者都将还魂重生。改动一下句子的结构，或替换一个同义词，马上，所有神奇的效果烟消云散。咒语不灵了；无论是谁，想要一试魔法，都会发现自己与阿拉伯故事里的卡辛一样失败，站在那里徒劳地喊叫：‘小麦开门’，‘大麦开门’。正确的魔咒只有一个：‘芝麻开门’。…杨周翰 弥尔顿的天才表现在善于描写宏伟寥廓，不善于描写细节，这和他目力不佳有关。 弥尔顿的描写不具体，形象不鲜明……正是弥尔顿的长处，也是他意趣所在7.Milton’shandfulofsonnets1)18Englishand5Italiansonnets．2)Theyarecompact（文体简洁，紧凑）andwellorganized.3)Thelanguageissimpleandunadorned（不加修饰的）,butpowerful.1.Satanisthemostwell-developedcharacterinParadiseLost.Isheasympatheticcharacter?Examineoneofhissoliloquiesandidentifythecharactertraitsandpoetictechniquesthatmakehimseemappealingorforgivable. 2.TracetheappearanceofautobiographicaldetailsinParadiseLost.Howarethesedetailsimportanttothestory?Whatistheidentityandroleofthenarrator?3.TraditionalChristianbeliefholdsthattheSonandtheFatheraretwopartsofthesameGod,butMiltonpresentstheSonasafundamentallyseparateentityfromGodtheFather.HowdoesthisdistinctionaffecttheplotofParadiseLost?8.StudyQuestions1.Miltonplacesgreatemphasisonman’sautonomousreasonandfreewill.DoAdamandEveshowevidenceofbeingruledbyreasonbeforethefall?2.ExaminethepassagesinwhichMiltondiscussesthenatureofwomenascomparedtomen.DoyouthinkitiscorrecttolabelMiltonamisogynist?3.ParadiseLostincludesmanycharacterswhocanbeeasilycomparedandcontrastedwitheachother.Forinstance,GodandSatanstandascompleteopposites;Satan,Sin,andDeathformanevilversionoftheHolyTrinity;AdamandEveseemtobefarfromequallymadeanddisposedforlifeinParadise;evenGodtheFatherandGodtheSonhavedifferences.Pickoneofthesepairsanddescribetheirdifferencesaswellastheirsimilarities.4.BasedonthetextofParadiseLost,howdoyouthinkMiltonwouldjustifyhisalterationsofandadditionstotheBible,giventhefactthathewasadevoutChristian?8.SuggestedEssayTopicsParliamentwasmostlyPuritanatthetimeoftheCivilWar