graphpad prism 5 教程

AtourofPrism页码，1/25AtourofPrismFollowingatouristheeasiestwaytolearnPrism.ViewamovieWatchandlistentoatenminuteintroductorymoviefromPrism'sWelcomedialog.Orviewitontheweb.Readastep-by-steptourThewrittentourincludesmoredetailsthanthemovie,withlotsofscreenshots.PrintthetoursoyoucantryeverystepusingPrism.StartthetourHowtoprint1.ClickPrintatthetopofthishelpviewer.2.Choose"Printselectedheadingwithallsubtopics".file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，2/25Copyright(c)2007GraphPadSoftwareInc.Allrightsreserved.TouroverviewToprintthistour:Gotothemaintourpage,andthenclickPrintonthehelpviewertoolbar.WhatisGraphPadPrism?GraphPadPrismisapowerfulcombinationofbiostatistics,curvefitting(nonlinearregression)andscientificgraphinginonecomprehensiveprogram.Thistourwillhighlightkeyfeaturesoftheprogramandprovidethebasictrainingyou'llneedtogetstarted.Useitasinspiration,notarigidmethod.We'veworkedhardtomakePrismeasyandintuitivetouse.ExplorePrismyourself--trythings,makeafewmistakes.Ifyougetstuck,searchthishelpfilefortipsandanswers,aboutthePrismprogramitself,oraboutstatisticalprinciplesyoumightnotunderstand.We'resureyou'llbeuptospeedinnotime.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，3/25Ifyou'dliketositbackandwatchIfyouprefer,youcanwatchananimatedpresentationofthistour.LaunchPrismandfromtheWelcomedialog,select"LearntousePrism."Learnbydoing--TakeaquicktourtolearnthebasicsInthenextfewpages,you'llgetaquicktourofGraphPadPrismversion5.Ifyou'renewtoPrism,it'sagoodwaytogetoriented.Ifyou'veusedanearlierversionofPrism,itisagreatintroductiontosomeofthenewfeatures.Learnhowtobeginanewproject.Copyright(c)2007GraphPadSoftwareInc.Allrightsreserved.1.StartanewprojectBeginbychoosingagraphtypeThefirstthingyouneedtodotobeginanewgraphistochooseabasictypeofgraphyou'dliketomake,andtotellPrismhowyouwanterrorbarsonyourgraphtobecalculated.Fromyourchoices,Prismwillcreateacustomdatatablespecificallyformattedforyourdata.GraphanddatatabletypesPrismoffersfivebasictypesofgraph(anddatatable)--XYgraphs,Columngraphs,Groupedgraphs,Contingencytables,andSurvivalplots.EachtypeofgraphhasitsowntabontheWelcomedialog.Inthemainwindow,you'llseesmallpicturesofthevarioustypesofgraphsforeachcategory.Inthescreenshotbelow,forexample,you'llseethechoicespossibleforanXYgraph--youmightwanttoplotonlypoints,pointswithaconnectingline,orverticalbarsinsteadofpoints.Pickthetabforthebasictypeofgraphandthenclickonthepicturethatmostcloselyresembleshowyouwantyourfinishedgraphtolook.Belowthegraphpictures,choosewhetheryouhavealreadycalculatedyourerrorvalues,orwhetherfile:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，4/25youwantPrismtocalculateerrorbarsfromyourdata.Startingoff,itismoreimportanttopickthecorrectcategoryofdatatablethanitistochooseaspecificthumbnail.Becauseallthegraphsineachcategoryusedatatablesformattedinthesameway,it'seasytochangewhichthumbnailyou'dlikeyourgraphtolooklike.It'slesseasytochangefromonebasictypeofdatatableandgraphtoanother--sayfromanXYgraphtoagroupedcolumnchart.Tryityourself1.LaunchPrismandfromtheWelcomedialog,clickonthetabtomakeanXYgraph2.Forthistour,choosetousePrism'ssampledataandselectfor"Exponential-Onephasedecay."**We'llusesampledatatohelpyouexplorePrisminthistour.Whenyoustartyourowndatatables,you'llwanttochooseagraphthumbnailandhowyouwantsubcolumnsforyourerrorbarstobeformatted.NextStepInthenextstep,we'lllearnhowtoenterdatainaPrismdatatable.Learnhowtoenterorimportdata.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，5/25Copyright(c)2007GraphPadSoftwareInc.Allrightsreserved.2.EnterorimportdataPrism'sformatteddatatablesFromyourchoicesontheWelcomedialog,Prismwillcreateadatatablethatisformattedspecificallyforyourdata.Inthepreviousstep,youtoldPrismtomakeadatatableforanXYgraphwithtriplicatedatavalues.Prism,therefore,hascreatedadatatablewithonecolumnforXvaluesanddatacolumnsthatareeachdividedintothreesubcolumnsforyourtriplicates.Tryityourself1.ByselectingthesampledatainStep1,yourdatatableshouldlookliketheonebelow(withsubcolumnsfortriplicatedata).Notethatit'sOKtohavesomeemptycells.Prismknowshowtohandlemissingdatapoints.Youcanalwaysclickonthe"Tableformat"buttonintheupperleftcornertochangethetypeoftableornumberofsubcolumns.2.Notealso,thatthesampledatahasafloatingnoteattachedthatexplainshowthisspecificdatasetisorganizedandwhatyou'llneedtoanalyzeit.Youcanminimizethenotebyclickingontheupper-rightcorner.(FloatingnotesareanewfeatureinPrism5.YoucanaddyourownnotestoanyPrismsheet.)YoucanalsoenterorImportdataInthefuture,youprobablywon'twanttostartwithsampledata.Youcaneitherenteryourfile:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，6/25datadirectlyintothePrismdatatable,importitfromanExcelortextfile,orcopyandpastefromanExcelspreadsheet.Toimportdata,clickonthe"Import"buttononthePrismtoolbarandbrowsetothefileyou'dliketoimport.Aspartoftheimportorcopyandpasteprocess,youcanfilterdata,transposecolumnstorows,orspecifywhichrowsandcolumnstoimportandwhichtoskip.IfyouareusingPrismforWindows,youalsocanchoosewhethertoimportdatavaluesonly,ortoembedorlinktotheoriginaldatasource.NextstepOnceyou'veenteredyourdatainthedatatable,Prismwillautomaticallycreateyourgraph.LearnaboutPrism'sautomaticgraphingCopyright(c)2007GraphPadSoftwareInc.Allrightsreserved.3.AutomaticgraphingInstantgraphsOnceyouenteryourdata,Prismautomaticallycreatesyourgraphusingthedefaultfonts,linethicknesses,errorbarformats,andcolorschemeassetinPrism'sPreferencessection.Tryityourself1.ClickonthegraphnameinthePrismNavigatortreeontheleftsideofthePrismwindowtogotoyournewgraph.Notethatboththedatatableandtherelatedgraphhavethesamename("Exponentialdecay"ifyouusedthesampledatainStep1)andarebothshowninboldwheneitherisselected.Whenyouchangethenameofadatatable,thegraph'sname,andthenameofanyotherrelatedsheetswillalsochangetomatch.Note:Inthiscase,ourerrorbarsarestandarderrorbarsbecausethatisthedefaultsettinginourpreferencesdialog.Toplotstandarddeviationorindividualreplicatesinstead,double-clickonasymboltobringuptheFormatGraphdialog.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，7/252.UsetheZoomtoolsinthelowerrightcornertosizeyourgraphtomakeiteasiertoworkon.NotethattheZoombuttonschangetheviewonyourscreen.Itdoesn'tchangetheactualsizeofyourgraphwhenyouprintorexportit.YoucanusetheResizebuttontoactuallymakeyourgraphlargerorsmaller.NextstepLearnaboutanalyzingdatawithPrismCopyright(c)2007GraphPadSoftwareInc.Allrightsreserved.4.AnalyzeyourdataMakinganalysischoicesPrismletsyouperformavarietyofstatisticaltestsandanalyses,aswellascurve-fitting,transformingandnormalizingyourdata.Tryityourself1.Whileviewingeitherthedatatableorgraph,clickonthe"Analyze"buttononthePrismtoolbar.2.Selectthetypeofanalysisyouwouldliketoperform.Forthistourwe'llaskPrismtofitacurvetoourdata.InthefirstAnalyzeDatadialog,choose"Nonlinearregression(curvefit)"fromthelistofXYanalysesasshownbelow,andpressOK.Bydefault,Prismwillapplytheanalysistoallthedatasetsonyourdatatableasshownintherightpaneofthewindow(Inthiscase,ControlandTreated).Ifyoulike,youcanuncheckanydatasetsyoudon'twanttoanalyze.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，8/253.Afteryouchooseananalysis,PrismshowsaParametersdialogwhereyouchoosethedetailsofthatanalysis.TheParametersdialogfornonlinearregressionincludesmanyoptions,butyoudon'thavetolearntheserightaway.Theonlychoiceyouneedtomakeinordertogetstartedwithcurvefittingistochooseanequation.Forthistour,selectaone-phaseexponentialdecaymodelandacceptthedefaultsettingbypressingOK.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，9/25Ifyou'reunsureaboutaparticularequation,clickontheLearnmoreaboutlinktoreadaboutanequationbeforeyouselectit.4.PrismwillplaceyourresultsinanewAnalysisResultstable.Clickonthe"TableofResults"sheetinthePrismNavigatortoviewtheresultsofthecurvefit.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，10/255.ClickAnalysischecklist,theonlybuttonintheInterpretsectionofthetoolbar,toreadaboutthetestyouusedandtolearnaboutinterpretingyourresults.6.Finally,clickonyourgraph'snameintheNavigatortreetoseethenewcurvesplottedonyourgraph.Remember,Prismlinksrelateddatatables,graphs,andanalyses.Ifyourdatachanges,yourgraphsandanalyseswillupdateautomatically.Nextstepfile:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，11/25LearnhowtocustomizeyourgraphCopyright(c)2007GraphPadSoftwareInc.Allrightsreserved.5.CustomizeyourgraphFormatyourgraphanywayyoulike.Prismmakesiteasytocustomizeanypartofyourgraph.Double-clickonanydatapointtochangesymbolsize,shapeorcolor.Right-clicktochangeonlythatsymbol.UsetheformattingtoolsonthePrismtoolbartochangethebackgroundcolororapplyacolorscheme.Addarrows,circles,boxesandtext,includingGreeklettersandformulas.Youcanevencopyblocksoftextfromananalysisresultssheetandpasteitontoyourgraph.BecausePrismlinksrelatedsheets,ifyourdatachanges,thepointsonyourgraph,andthepastedanalysisresultsinformationwillbothupdate.Tryityourself1.Double-clickonanysymbolinthetopdatasetandchangethecolorofthesymbolstoblue.Youcanchangethesymbolshapeifyoulike.2.Changethecoloroftheotherdatasetsymbolstored.3.Double-clickoneachcurveandchangetheircolorstomatch.4.Clickonthegraphtitle("Exponentialdecay")andeditit.5.UsetheInsertGreekbuttonintheWritetoolbartoaddaGreekletterandthesubscriptbuttoninthetexttoolbartoformatthetitle.6.Double-clickontheYaxisofyourgraphtoopentheFormatAxisdialog.Unchecktheboxto"Automaticallydeterminetherangeandinterval,"andchangetheaxismaximumlimitto12,000andthemajortickintervalto2000.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，12/257.ClicktheColorbuttonintheChangetoolbartochangethegraphbackgroundtolightblue.8.Then,copyasectionofyouranalysisresultstableandpasteitontoyourgraph.Remember,ifyourdatachangesthispastedtablewillupdateaswell.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，13/25NextStepLearnhowtoprintorexportyourgraphCopyright(c)2007GraphPadSoftwareInc.Allrightsreserved.6.PrintorexportUsetheExportbuttonExportgraphsorlayoutsaswmf,emf,pdf,eps,tif,jpg,png,bmp,orpcxformatsforpublicationortoimportintootherprograms.UsetheSendbuttonsSendgraphsorlayoutsbyemailortoanFTPserver.SendthemtoWordorPowerPointwithasingleclick.UsethePrintbuttonsPrintoneormoregraph,orlayout,oranyofthesheetsinyourPrismprojectfile.ThetopbuttonbringsupthePrintdialog;thebottombuttonprintsonlythecurrentsheet.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，14/25TryityourselfClickonthesendtoPowerPointbuttontocreateanewPowerPointslide.NotethatPrismchangedthebackgroundofthePowerPointslidetomatchthebackgroundcolorinPrism.NextstepLearnhowtocloneagraphCopyright(c)2007GraphPadSoftwareInc.Allrightsreserved.7.RepeatingworkbycloningCloningTheWelcomedialogalsoletsyoucloneanygraphthatyou'vealreadymade.Youcancloneagraphfromanopenproject,arecently-usedproject,oragraphthatyou'vesavedasanexample.Cloningcopiesallthefeaturesofagraph,butletsyoureplacethedataandotherpartsthatyou'dliketochange.Tryityourself1.Toaddanewdatatable,graph,andanalysistoyourexistingproject,clicktheNewbuttonintheSheetsectionofthetoolbarandchoose"Newdatatableandgraph."file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，15/252.ClickonthetabforCloningagraphfromanopenedproject.Youalsocanclonefromrecently-usedprojects,orsavedexamplefiles.3.SelectyoursamplegraphandclicktheClonebuttoninthelowerrightcorner.4.Youwillthengettochoosewhichpartsofthegraphtoincludeonyournewclonedgraph.ThedefaultistodeletetheYvalues,butkeepXvaluesandcolumntitles.Atthisstep,youcouldalsochangeyoursubcolumnformatifyouhavemoreorfewerreplicatesthanyouhadontheoriginalgraph.Youcanalsorenameyournewgraph.Forthistour,call"Cloneofexponentialdecaygraph."5.Let'smakeanotherchange.ClickontheSubcolumnFormattabandchoosetohaveonlyoneYvalueforeachX.PrismwillthencreateanewdatatablewiththesameXcolumn,butwithonlyasinglecolumnforControlandforTreated.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，16/256.Enterthenewvaluesasbelow.7.ThenclickonthenameofyournewgraphinthePrismNavigator.Prismhasrecreatedanewgraphandcurvefromthenewdata.Allthegraph'sformatting--colors,fonts,etc.--matchestheoriginal.Eventheembeddedtableofresultshavebeenrecreated.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，17/25NextstepLearnhowtomakeoneormoregraphsmatchanotheroneCopyright(c)2007GraphPadSoftwareInc.Allrightsreserved.8.ChangeagraphtomatchanotherYoucanusethePrismMagic(MakeGraphsConsistent)tooltomakeoneormoregraphslooklikeanotherone.TryityourselfFirstlet'smakesomechangestothefirstgraphyouwereworkingon.1.SelectyouroriginalgraphintheNavigatortree(Exponentialdecay),andusetheColorSchemebuttoninthePrismtoolbartochangethecolorschemeofthisgraph.Forthistour,choosethecolorschemecalled"Stainedglass."2.Thendouble-clickontheYaxistoopentheFormatAxisdialogandchangetheMaximumrangeto10,000.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，18/25PrismMagicNow,let'sseehowMagiccanmakeothergraphsmatchthisone.1.Selectyoursecondgraph(Cloneofexponentialdecay)intheNavigatortree.Thisisthegraphwe'regoingtochange.2.ClickontheMagicbutton(Themagicwand)onthePrismtoolbarThiswillopentheMagicdialog.Clickonthethumbnailofthegraphyouhavejustmodifiedtoselectitastheexamplegraphtomatch.3.ClicktheNextbuttonandchoosewhichaspectsoftheexamplegraphyouwouldliketoapplytoyourcurrentgraph.Previewhowthechangewilllookinthelower-rightpane.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，19/254.ClickOKtoapplythechanges.NextstepLearnhowtocombinegraphsandotherobjectsinalayoutCopyright(c)2007GraphPadSoftwareInc.Allrightsreserved.9.CombinegraphsinalayoutCollectseveralgraphsinaLayout.UseaPrismLayouttoassemblemultiplegraphsonasinglepage.TryityourselfAfteryou'vemadeafewgraphs,youcancombinetheminalayout.1.ClicktheNewbuttononthePrismtoolbarandchooseNewLayout.2.Thenselectthenumberandarrangementofgraphsyouwant.Forthistour,chooseapagewithtwographs,oneabovetheother.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，20/253.DraganddropgraphsfromtheGraphssectionofthePrismNavigatorontothelayout.Orbrowsetofindgraphsinotherfiles.4.UsetheDrawandWritetoolbarstoaddtextandarrowsorpicturestoyourlayout.UsetheArrangetoolbartosizeandalignmultiplegraphs.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，21/25NextstepLearnaboutPrism'sautomaticlinkingCopyright(c)2007GraphPadSoftwareInc.Allrightsreserved.10.AutomaticlinkingandupdatingAutomaticlinkingandupdatingPrismkeepstrackofeverythingyouhavedoneandremembersalllogicallinksbetweendatatables,infosheets,resultstables,graphs,andlayouts.Ifyoueditdata,Prismautomaticallyrecomputeslinkedanalysesandredrawslinkedgraphs.Whendatachanges,allanalysisresultsarerecomputed.Youoryourcolleaguescanalwaysseeexactlywhatyouhavedonetogetyouranalysisresults.IfyoueditInfoconstants,Prismautomaticallyrecomputeslinkedanalyses,andrecreatesgraphsandlayoutswherethoseinfoconstantsareused.Ifyoueditagraph,Prismautomaticallyredrawslinkedpagelayouts.TryityourselfGototheresultssheetforExponentialdecay.Clickontheupper-leftcornertobringbacktheparametersdialog.Youcancheckthechoicesyoumadeorchangethem.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，22/25NextstepAddnotesandlearnaboutotherusefultoolsCopyright(c)2007GraphPadSoftwareInc.Allrightsreserved.11.AddingnotesandotherhelpfultoolsPrismgivesyouseveralusefultoolstohelporganizeyourworkandcollaboratewithothers.PrismGalleryClickonthemainheadingforanycategoryintheNavigatortodisplaytheGalleryofallthesheetsinthatsection.Selectsheetsforexporting,printing,sendingtoPowerPoint,formattingwithMagic,etc.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，23/25InfosheetsUsePrism'sInfosheetstokeeptrackofthedetailsofaproject.Infosheetscanbelinkstoaspecificdatatableortheycanapplytoanentireproject.ThemainsectionofanInfosheetisforstructuredinformation,withtheleftcolumnforconstantnamesandtherightcolumnforvalues.Valuesenteredasconstantscanbe"hooked"andusedasconstraintsinnonlinearregressionorwhentransforming,andevenasaxislimitsortospecifycustomticklocations.PingPongUsePrism'sPingPongbutton(bottomtoolbar)totogglebackandforthbetweenthelasttwosheetsyou'veworkedon.It'smuchfasterthanusingtheNavigator.FloatingnotesUsetheFloatingNotetooltoaddnotestoanysheet.Youcanhavedifferentcolorednotesandyoucaneveninserthyperlinks.Floatingnoteswon'tshowwhenyouprintorexportsheets.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，24/25AudionotesUsetheAudioNotetooltorecordvoicemessages.Whenyouarefinishedrecording,youcanclickonthespeakersymbolonthesheettoreplaythemessage.(Thespeakersymbolwon'tshowonprintedorexportedsheets.)HighlightingUsetheHighlighttooltomarksheetsintheNavigatorthatyouwanttogobackto,orthatyouwantyourcolleaguestolookat.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24AtourofPrism页码，25/25******Copyright(c)2007GraphPadSoftwareInc.Allrightsreserved.file:///C:/Users/soar/AppData/Local/Temp/~hhDB8E.htm2013-08-24