数控车床夹具

数控车床夹具 前 言 通过机床工艺及夹具设计，汇总所学专业知识如一体(如《公差于配合》、《机械零件设计》、《金属切削机床》、《机械制造工艺》等)。让我们对所学的专业课得以巩固、复习及实用，在理论与实践上有机结合;使我们对各科的作用更加深刻的熟悉与理解，并为以后的实际工作奠定坚实的基础～ 在些次设计中我们主要是设计CA6140拨叉的车床夹具。在此次课程设计过程中，我小组成员齐心协力、共同努力完成了此项设计。在此期间查阅了大量的书籍，并且得到了有关老师的指点，尤其是教务处张永丹老师，我系刘学斌老师的大力帮助，在此表示感谢～ security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 目 录 security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 一( 零件的分析 (一)、零件的作用:题目给定的零件是CA6140拨叉(见附图1)它位于车床变速机构中，主要起换档，使主轴回转运动按照工作者的要求进行工作。拨叉是一种辅助零件，通过拨叉控制滑套与旋转齿轮的接合。滑套上面有凸块，滑套的凸块插入齿轮的凹位，把滑套与齿轮固连在一起，使齿轮带动滑套，滑套带动输出轴，将动力从输入轴传送至输出轴。摆动拨叉可以控制滑套与不同齿轮的结合与分离，达到换档的目的。分析这种动力联接方式可知，车换档时要减速，这样可以减少滑套与齿轮之间的冲击，延长零件的使用寿 +0.012命。宽度为18mm的槽尺寸精度要求很高，因为在拨叉拔动使滑移齿轮时如果槽的尺0 +0.012寸精度不高或间隙很大时，滑移齿轮得不到很高的位置精度。所以，宽度为18mm的0槽和滑移齿轮的配合精度要求很高 。 (二)、零件的工艺分析: CA6140拨叉共有两组加工表面，且二者之间和其各内部之间存在有一定的位置关系，现分述如下: 1. 以花键孔的中心线为基准的加工面 +0.23+0.280这一组面包括Ø25mm的六齿方花键孔、Ø22花键底孔两端的2X15到角和00 距中心线为27mm的平面。 +0.03+0.122. 以工件右端面为基准的8 mm的槽和18mm的槽 00 经上述分析可知， 对于两组加工表面，可先加工其中一组表面，然后借助于专用 夹具加工另一组表面。 security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 二、工艺规程设计 (一)确定毛坯的制造形成。 零件材料HT200、考虑到此零件的工作过程中并有变载荷和冲击性载荷，因此选用 锻件，以使金属纤维尽量不被切断，保证零件的工作可靠。零件需加工表面少，精度 要求不高，有强肋，且工作条件不差，既无交变载荷，又属于间歇工作，故选用金属 型铸件，以满足不加工表面的粗糙度要求及生产纲量要求。 零件形状简单，因此毛坯形状需与零件的形状尽量接近，又因内孔很小，不可铸出。 由于生产纲领为中批生产而且零件的尺寸并不很大，故可采取模锻成型。经查《金属机 械加工工艺人员手册》表5-5取等级为2级精度底面及侧面浇注确定待加工表面的加工 余量为3?0.8mm。 (二)基准的选择。 定位基准的选择是工艺规程设计中的重要工作之一，定位基准选择得正确与合理， 可以使加工质量得到保证，生产率得以提高，否则，加工工艺过程中会问题百出，更 有甚者，还会造成零件大批报废，使生产无法正常进行。 1. 粗基准的选择:因为要保证花键的中心线垂直于右端面，所以以Φ40的外圆表 面的粗基准。 2. 精度基准的选择:为保证定位基准和工序基准重合，以零件的A面为精基准。 (三)制定工艺路线。 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 一 工序: 1. 粗、精车端面，钻、扩花键底孔、倒两端15?倒角。 2. 粗、精铣削B面。 +0.033. 铣削8mm的槽。 0+0.0124. 铣削18mm的槽。 0 5. 拉花键。 6. 去毛刺。 7. 终检 方案二 工序: 1. 粗、精车端面，钻、扩花键底孔、倒两端15?倒角。以Ф40mm圆柱面为粗基 准。选用C3163-1转塔式六角车床及三爪卡盘夹具。 2. 拉花键。以A面为基准， 3. 铣削槽B面。以花键的中心线及A面为基准。选用X62W卧式铣床加专用夹具 +0.034. 铣削8mm的槽。以花键的中心线及A面为基准。选用X62W卧式铣床加专用0 夹具。 +0.0125. 铣削18mm的槽。以花键的中心线及A面为基准。选用X62W卧式铣床加专0 用夹具。 6. 去毛刺。 7. 终检 方案分析: 上述两方案中，工艺方案一把拉花键放在最后一道工序。但此方案中2.3.4工序很难对工件进行定位和加紧、方案二中，把花键放在第一道工序的后边，这样，方案二中的3.4.5security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 道工序很容易对工件进行定位与加紧即以花键中心线和A面作为3.4.5道工序的定位基准。此方案定位精度高，专用夹具结构简单、可靠，所以采用方案二比较合理。 以上工艺过程详见附表1“机械加工工艺过程综合卡片” (四)机械加工余量。 CA6140的拨叉材料为HT200。毛坯重量为1.0 kgσ =160MPa HBS 生产类型为由大、b 中批量生产，采用模锻锻模。 根据上述的原始资料加工工艺，分别确定各个加工表面的机械加工余量，工序尺寸以毛坯尺寸如下: 1. A面的加工余量 A面有3?0.8mm的加工余量，足够把铸铁的硬质表面层切除 2. 矩形花键底孔。 +0.28要求以矩形花键的外径定心，故采用拉削加工内孔尺寸为Φ22 ，见零件图，参0 照《金属机械加工工艺人员手册》 表3-59确定孔加工余量的分配。 钻孔Φ20mm 扩孔Φ21mm 拉花键 花键孔要求以外径定心:拉削时加工余量参照《金属机械加工工艺人员手册》取 2 Ζ=1mm 3. B面的加工余量。 、粗铣B面 2、精铣B面。 此工序分2个工步1 精加工余量为0.2mm 粗铣加工余量为2.8mm (五)确定切削用量及基本工时。 工序 ? :车削A面。 1(加工条件。 工件材料:灰口铸铁HT200。 σb=145 MPa。铸造。 加工要求:粗、半精车A面并保证28mm的工序尺寸，R=3.2µm a 机床C3163-1。转塔式六角卧式车床。 刀具:刀片材料。 r =12. ao=6-8 b= -10 o=0.5 Kr=90 n=15 2、计算切削用量。 (1)已知长度方向的加工余量为3?0.8mm 。实际端面的最大加工余量为3.8mm 。故分 二次加工(粗车和半精车)。长度加工公差IT ,,级 取-0.46 mm 。 (2)进给量、根据《切削简明手册》(第3版)表1.4 当刀杆尺寸为16mm?25mm,,,? ,mm时，以及工件直径为Φ60mm时(由于凸台B面的存在所以直径取Φ60mm) ƒ=0.6-0.8mm/,. 按C,,,,,, 车床说明书 取ƒ=0.6 mm/n。 由于存在间歇加工所以进给量乘以k=0.75—0.85 所以:实际进给量f=0.6? 0.8=0.48 mm/, 按C,,,,,, 车床说明书 ƒ,0.53,,,, (3)计算切削速度。按《切削简明手册》表1.27 ，切削速度的计算公式为(寿命选T=60min) 刀具材料YG6 m xv yvV=Cv/(T?ap?f) ?kv 其中:Cv=158 xv=0.15 yv=0.4 M=0.2修正系数Ko见《切削手册》表1.28 security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G kmv=1.15 k=0.8 k=0.8 k=1.04 k=0.81 kvkrvsvBV0.20.15 0.4?Vc =158/( 60?2?0.53) ?1.15?0.8?0.8?0.81?0.97 =46.9(m/min) (4)确定机床主轴转速 ns=1000vc/dw=229.8(r/min) , 按C,,,,,, 车床说明书 ,,200 r,min 所以实际切削速度V=40.8m/min (5)切削工时，按《工艺手册》表6.2-1 由于铸造毛坯表面粗糙不平以及存在硬皮，为了切除硬皮表层以及为下一道工步做好 准备 Tm=(L+L1+L2+L3)/nw x f=0.33(min) L=(65-0)/2=32.5 L1=3、L2=0、L3=0 3、精车 1) 已知粗加工余量为0.5mm。 2) 进给量f. 根据《切削用量简明手册》表1.6 ， f=0.15,0.25mm/r 按C,,, ,,, 车床说明书 ,,0.16 mm/r 计算切削速度 按《切削用量简明手册》表1.27，切削速度的计算公式为(寿命选 T=60min) m xv yvV=Cv/(T?ap?f) ?kv 0.20.15 0.4=158/( 60?2?0.16) ?1.15?0.8?0.8?0.81?0.97 =83.85(m/min) 3) 确定机床主轴转速. nw=1000vc/ dw =410.8(r/min)按C3163,, 车床说明书 取, nw=400(r/min) 实际切削速度V=57.1m/min 4) 切削工时，查《工艺手册》表6.2-1 Tm=(L+L1+L2+L3)/nwxf=22.5/400x0.16=0.35(min) 由于下一道工序是钻孔，所以留下Ø20mm的台阶，所以L=(65-20)/2=22.5 mm L1=3.L2=0. L3=0 4、钻孔、扩孔、倒角。 (1)、钻孔 钻头选择:见《切削用量简明手册》表2.2 钻头几何形状为(表2.1及表2.2):双锥修磨具刃，钻头参数: ,,Ф20,, β=30?，2Φ=118?，2Φ=70?，bε=3.5mm ,ao=12?, Ψ=55?,b=2mm，=4mm。 根据《切削用量简明手册》表2-9确定f=0.48 ,、按机床进给强度决定进给量:根据表2.9 ,当σb,210MPa ,0,20.5mm 可确定f=0.75。 按C3163-1 车床说明书 取 f=0.62mm/n. ,、 决定钻头磨钝标准及寿命 表2.21，当do=20mm、钻头最大磨损量取0.6 寿命 T=45min. ;、切削速度 由《切削用量简明手册》，表2.15得 ,=21m/min ,n=1000V/D=334.4 由机床技术资料得和334.4接近的有280n/m和400n/min 取security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 280n/min 取n=280m/min. 实际,=17 m/min ,、 基本工时，Tm=L/nf=(80+10)/280x0.62=0.32 (min) 入切量及超切量由表2.29. 查出Ψ+?=10mm 所以Tm=L/nf=(80+10)/280x0.62=0.32 (min) (2)、扩孔 刀具直径do=21mm;刀具几何参数同上。 由于两孔直径相差不大，为了节省停车和调换走刀量等辅助时间，n和f都不变， 所以Tm同上 Tm=0.32 倒角刀具15?锪钻由于两孔直径相差不大，以表面粗度要求不高手动进给。 (3)、倒角 刀具:专用刀具。此工步使用到专用刀具与手动进给。 检验机床功率 按《切削用量简明手册》表 1.2, 可以查出 当σ,160,245HBS , ,,?2.8,, ,?0.6,,,, ,;?41,,min ,;,3.4kw 按C,,,,,, 车床说明书 主电机功率,,11,, 可见,;比,小得多所以机床功率足够所用切削用量符合要求 钻削功率检验按《切削用量简明手册》表 2.21 当,,,21 ,, ,,0.64 ,, 查得转矩,,61.8 N.M 《切削用量简明手册》表由表2.32 得功率公式 ,C,McVc/30do=61.8x17/30x21=1.67km 按C,,,,,, 车床说明书 主电机功率,,11,, 可见,C比,小得多，所以机床功率足够，所用切削用量符合要 工序? 拉花键孔 单面齿升:根据有关手册，确定拉花键孔时花键拉刀的单面齿 为0.06mm, 拉削速度 v=0.06m/s(3.6m/min) 切削工时 t=Zlηk/1000vfZ bz 式中: Z 单面余量1.5mm(由Φ21mm拉削到Φ25mm); b L 拉削表面长度，80mm; η 考虑校准部分的长度系数，取1.2; k 考虑机床返回行程系数，取1.4 ; 削速度(m/min); v 拉 f 拉刀单面齿升; z Z 拉刀同时工作齿数，Z=l/p; P 拉刀齿距。 P=(1.25-1.5)sqrt80=1.35sqrt80=12mm ?拉刀同时工作齿数z=l/p=80/12?7 ?其本工时 Tm=1.5?80?1.2?1.4/1000?3.6?0.06?7=0.13(min) 工序? 粗铣，精铣B面。 加工要求:粗铣B面，精铣B面，Ra=3.2,,。 用标准镶齿圆柱铣刀粗铣 加工余量3mm 机床 :,62W security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 加工工件尺寸:宽度:40mm 长度:28mm 1. 粗铣 1) 选择刀具 根据《切削用量简明手册》表3.1 铣削宽度ae?5mm时。直径为do=50mm 故齿数 ,,,，由于采用标准镶齿圆柱铣刀 铣刀几何参数(表3.2)rn=10?ao=16? 2) 切削用量 留精铣的加工余量为0.2，所以本道工步切削宽度ac,2.8?0.8,,，由于加工表 面精度要求Ra=3.2 um.根据表3.5得每转进给量,,0.5,,mm/r就能满足要求， 但考虑到,62W功率为7.5kw，机床为中等系统刚度和,62W铣床说明书 所以每转 进给量,,0.6mm/r 3) 选择刀具磨钝标准及刀具寿命。根据《切削用量简明手册》表3.7、铣刀刀齿后刀面 的最大磨损量为0.6镶齿铣刀do=50mm， 刀具寿命 T=120min(表3.8) 4) 决定切削速度Vc、可根据《切削用量简明手册》表3.9确定 Z=8, aP=40-70mm, ac=2.8?0.8,,, fz=f/z=0.0750.1mm/z Vc=(Cvdoqv)/(TmxapxXvxfzxyvxaexuvxZpv) Cv=20,qv=0.7,Xv=0.3,yv=0.2,uv=0.5,pv=0.3,m=0.25,Km=1.12, Ksv=0.8,KTv=0.82,Kv=KmxKsvxKTv=1.12x0.8x0.82=0.79 Vc=(Cvxdoxqv)/(TmxapxXvxfzxyvxaexuvxZpv)=23.7(m/min) n=1000V/d=(1000x23.7)/(3.14x50)=151r/min 根据X62W型铣床说明书选, n=160r/min Vc=3.14nd/1000=(160x3.14x50)/1000=25.1m/min Vf=nf=160x0.6=96mm/min 选Vf=80mm/min 实际fz=Vf/(nxz)=0.0625mm/z 5) 机床功率:根据《切削用量简明手册》表3.20 当 Vc=71m/min ae=2.8mm ap=41mm fz=0.08 Kmpc=1.4kw 切削功率的修正系数: 故Pct,0.8, 根据X62W型铣床说明书，机床主轴允许的功率为 Pcm=7.5?0.75=5.63kw 故Pcc,Pcm 因此所决定的切削用量可以采用。 ae=2.8mm Vf=80m/minn=160r/min Vc=25.1m/min fz=0.0625mmm/z 6) 基本工时根据 《切削用量简明手册》表3.5 Tm=(L+L1+?)/Vf=(28+14)/80=0.525(min) L1+?=14mm 2. 精铣 1)选择刀具 刀具与上道工步是同一把刀。 2)切削用量 精铣的加工余量为0.2，所以本道工步切削宽度 ae,0.2mm，,,0.6 3)决定切削速度Vc、可根据《切削用量简明手册》表3.9确定 ac=0.2mm, Vc=(Cvdoqv)/(TmxapxXvxfzxyvxaexuvxZpv)=33.1m/min ,n=1000V/d=(1000x33.1)/(3.14x50)=211r/min根据X62W型铣床说明书选 n=210r/min Vf=nf=210x0.6=126mm/min、VF=125mm/min fz=Vf/(nxz)=0.074mm/Z 4)基本工时基本工时根据 《切削用量简明手册》表3.5 Tm=(L+L1+?)/Vf=(28+14)/125=0.336(min) L1+?=14mm security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G +0.03工序? 铣削8mm槽。 0+0.03 加工工件尺寸:8mm , 长度L=40mm 0 加工要求:高速钢错齿三面刃铣刀(精密级K8)加工余量8 用乳化液冷却 机床:X62W 1) 选择刀具:由加工尺寸公差0-0.3 。所以铣刀精度为精密级K8 铣刀参数:L=8mm D=63 d=22 d1=34 ro=15? ao=12?an=6?Z=16 2) 选择切削量 由于槽的深度为8mm, 故一次走完，ae=8mm ap=8mm 由《切削用量简明手册》表3.3 确定f=0.15-0.3mm/r 现取f=0.3mm/r fz=0.3/16=0.018mm/z 3) 选择铣刀磨钝标准及刀具寿命:根据《切削用量简明手册》表3.7,得最大磨损量为 0.5 由表3.8确定刀具寿命:T=100min其中 4) 决定切削速度Vc和每齿进给量V、由《切削用量简明手册》3.27的公式 f Vc=(Cvxdoxqv)/(TmxapxXvxfzxyvxaexuvxZpv)?Kv Cv=25,qv=0.2,Xv=0.1,yv=0.2,uv=0.5,pv=0.1,m=0.25,Km=1.12,Ksv=0.8,KTv=0.82 , Kv=KmxKsvxKTv=1.12x0.8x0.82=0.79 Vc=(Cvxdoxqv)/(TmxapxXvxfzxyvxaexuvxZpv)?Kv =82.86m/min n=1000?Vc/do=1000?82.86/3.14?63=418.87r/min , 根据X62W型铣床说明书选nc=375r/min 实际速度Vc=donc/1000=74.2m/min , 选Vfc=ncf=375X0.3=112.5mm/min 根据X62W型铣床说明书选选Vf=110mm/min fzc=110/375?16=0.018mm/z 5) 机床功率:根据《切削用量简明手册》表3.28 公式 WWFFxfyFVFaF圆周力 fc=(CFafaZ/dn)KFC KTV=0.90 KMFC=0.94 pzeo)KFC 由表28 得 CF=30，XF=1.0，yF=0.65，UF=0.83，WF=0，qF=0.83，KFC=1.28 xfyFVFqFWWFF Fc=(CFafaZ/dn)KFC=30 X 8 X 0.018 X 8/ 63 X 375 =505.6 N pzeo)KFC=30 X 8 X 0.018 X 8/ 63 X 375 =505.6 N3 M=FCdo/2?10=15.9N•M Pc=FcVc/1000=1.18km 根据X62W型铣床说明书，功率足够。 6) 基本工时基本工时根据 《切削用量简明手册》表3.5 Tm=(L+L1+?)/Vf=(40+14)/110=0.49(min) L1+?=14mm +0.12工序? 铣宽为18mm槽 0+0.12加工要求:用乳化液冷却，加工工件尺寸，宽18mm，长L=40mm，加工余量23mm 0 由于此工步的设计尺寸精度要求很高，用铣削加工很难达到尺寸精度的要求，所以 为了留给下一道公序磨削的加工余量，所以分两步走，ae=23，ap=10mm， 1) 选择刀具 铣刀参数:L=10 D=100mm d=30mm ro=15? ao=12?an=6?Z=24 2) 选择铣削用量 由于槽的宽度为18mm, 故二次走完，ae=23mm ap=10mm 由《切削用量简明手册》表3.3 确定f=0.5mm/r 现取f=0.8mm/r fz=0.5/24=0.02mm/z 3)选择铣刀磨钝标准及刀具寿命:根据《切削用量简明手册》表3.7,得最大磨损量为 0.5 由表3.8确定刀具寿命:T=100min其中 security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 4)确定切削速度Vc和每齿进给量:决定切削速度Vc和每齿进给量V、由《切削用量简f 明手册》3.27的公式 Vc=(Cvxdoxqv)/(TmxapxXvxfzxyvxaexuvxZpv)?Kv Cv=25,qv=0.2,Xv=0.1,yv=0.2,uv=0.5,pv=0.1,m=0.25,Km=1.12, Ksv=0.8,KTv=0.82, Kv=KmxKsvxKTv=1.12x0.8x0.82=0.79 Vc=(Cvxdoxqv)/(TmxapxXvxfzxyvxaexuvxZpv)?Kv =98.6m/min n=1000?Vc/do=1000?98.6/3.14?100=314r/min , 根据X62W型铣床说明书选nc=300r/min 实际速度Vc=donc/1000=94.2m/min , 选Vfc=ncf=300X0.5=150mm/min 根据X62W型铣床说明书选选Vf=150mm/min fzc=150/300?24=0.020mm/z 5)基本工时基本工时根据 《切削用量简明手册》表3.5 Tm=(L+L1+?)•i/Vf=(40+20)X2/150=0.8(min) L1+?=20mm i=2(走两次) 工序? 磨18mm槽， 保证尺寸18mm 1) 选择砂轮。 见《切削手册》第三章中磨料选择各表，结果为 GZ46KV6P350?40?127其含义为:磨轮磨料为棕刚玉，为了防止粒度过小而磨轮堵塞，#所以选用为粒度为46，硬度为软2级。 平型砂轮，其尺寸为16?6?40(D?d?H)。 2) 切削用量的选择。砂轮转速n=3000r/min(见机床说明书)， 砂 v=2.5m/s 砂 进给量f=50mm/min 双单行程 f=0.015mm r 3) 切削工时。当加工1个表面时 Tm=(L+y+?)••i K/50=3.1min 最后，将以上各个工序切削用、工时定额的计算结果，连同其它加工数据，一起填入机械加工工艺卡片中，见附后表。 security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 生产类工序 械 加 工 工 序 卡 片 中批生产 1 型 号 15?零件名拨 叉 零件 QA称 号 零件重1.0kg 同时加工零1 量 件数 材 料 毛 坯 Q3.215?牌 号 硬 度 型 式 重 量 3.2HB170~HT200 铸 件 240 设 备 夹具和辅助工具 名 称 型 号 通用 转塔式C3163-夹具 6.3六角车1 床 工 工 刀 量 走走切进给主切削 基本 刀 刀 削 量轴速度工时序 步 具 具 长次深(mm/转(m/mimin 工步说明 度 数 度n) 速 n) (m (mm(r m) ) /mi n) 1 1 粗车端面A 90度车刀 游标卡30 1 2.8 0(53 200 40.8 0.33 2 精车端面A 90度车刀 尺 30 1 0.5 0.16 400 57.1 0.35 3 钻花键底孔 Ф20中心钻 80 1 20 0.62 280 17 0.32 4 扩花键底孔 Ф21扩孔钻 80 1 1 0.62 280 17 0.32 5 倒角45度偏刀 15 2 2 2x15? security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 生产类工 械 加 工 工 序 卡 片 中批生产 2 型 序号 零件名零件QQ拨 叉 称 号 QQ 零件重1.0kg 同时加工零1 量 件数 材 料 毛 坯 牌 号 硬 度 型 式 重 量 HB170~HT200 铸 件 Q240 设 备 夹具辅助工具 名 称 型 号 专用 拉床 夹具 工 工 刀 量 走刀 走切进给主切削 基本 长度 刀 削 量轴速度工时序 步 具 具 (mm次深(mm/转(m/smin 工步说明 ) 数 度r) 速 ) (mm ) 0.13 2 1 拉六齿方型花键 高速游标100 1 1 0.06 0.06 钢拉卡尺 刀 security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 生产类工械 加 工 工 序 卡 片 中批生产 3 型 序号 零件名零件拨 叉 3.2称 号 B 零件重1.0kg 同时加工零1 量 件数 QQ 材 料 毛 坯 牌 号 硬 度 型 式 重 量 HT200 HB170~铸 件 240 设 备 夹具和辅助工具 名 称 型 号 专用 夹具 铣床 X62W 工 工 刀 量 走刀 走切削 进主切削 基本 长度 刀 深度 给轴速度工时序 步 具 具 (mm次(mm) 量转(m/mmin 工步说明 ) 数 (mm速 in) /r) (r /mi n) 3 1 粗铣B面 高速钢游52 1 3 0.6 160 23.7 0.52 2 精铣B面 面铣刀 标52 1 0.2 0.5210 33.1 5 卡12 0.33 尺 6 security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 生产类工序 械 加 工 工 序 卡 片 中批生产 4 型 号 零件名拨叉 零件号 3.2称 1.61.6零件重1.0kg 同时加工零1 QQ量 件数 材 料 毛 坯 牌 号 硬 度 型 式 重 量 HT200 HB170~铸 件 240 设 备 夹具和辅助工具 名 称 型 号 专用 夹具 铣床 X62W 工 工 刀 量 走刀 走切进给主轴切削 基 长度 刀 削 量转速 速度本序 步 具 具 (mm次深(mm/(r/(m/m工工步说明 ) 数 度z) min) in) 时 (mmmi ) n 4 1 高速钢直齿量60 1 8 0.01375 74.2 0.0。03铣8mm0精密级三面块 8 49 的槽 刃铣刀 security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 工 械 加 工 工 序 卡 片 生产类型 中批生产 5 序号 零件零件名称 拨叉 号 QQ零件重量 1.0同时加工零件数 1 kg 材 料 毛 坯 牌 号 硬 型 式 重 量 3.2度 HT200 HB17铸 件 0~2426.05 0 设 备 夹 具 辅助工 具 型 名 称 专用 号 夹具 铣床 X62W 工 工 刀 量 走走切削 进给主轴切削 基本 刀 刀深度量转速 速度工时序 步 具 具 长 (mm) (mm/z(r/(m/mmin 工步说明 度 次) min) in) (数 mm ) 5 1 高速钢直量60 1 22(9 0.020 300 94.2 0.537 0。12铣18mm02 齿精密级块 60 1 23(9 0.020 300 94.2 0.537 铣 三面刃铣 刀 security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 生产类工 机 械 加 工 工 序 卡 片 中批生产 6 型 序号 零件名零件拨叉 称 号 零件重1.0kg 同时加工零1 QQ 量 件数 材 料 毛 坯 牌 号 硬 度 型 式 重 量 3.2HT200 HB170~铸 件 3.2240 3.2设 备 夹 具 辅助工 具 名 称 型 号 专用 夹具 磨床 工 工 刀 量 走刀 走切进给主轴切基 长度 刀 削 量转速 削 本序 步 具 具 (mm次深(m/m(r/速工工步说明 ) 数 度in) min) 度时 (mm(m/min ) s) 6 1 磨宽为GZ46KV6P35量120 1 0.5 50 3000 2.5 3.1 0?40?127 块 0。1218mm0 的槽 security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 夹具设计 (一)问题的提出 为了提高劳动生产率，保证加工质量，降低劳动强度，需要设计专用夹具决定设计第+0。034道工序——铣宽为8mm槽的铣床夹具。本夹具将用与X63卧式铣床。刀具为高速钢0 直齿三面刃铣刀，来对工件进行加工。 +0。03+0。022 本夹具主要用来铣宽为8mm的槽，由于采用宽为8mm的精密级高速钢直齿三00 面刃铣刀，一次铣削，所以主要应该考虑如何提高劳动生产率，降低劳动强度( (二)夹具设计 1(定位基准的选择 +0。03由零件图可知，宽为8mm的槽，其设计基准为花键孔中心线和工件的右加工表面(A)0 为定位基准。因此选用工件以加工右端面(A)和花键心轴的中心线为主定位基准。 2(切削力及夹紧力的计算 刀具:高速钢直齿三面刃铣刀，Ø63mm, Z=14 0.830.65-O.83Fz=C?t?Sz?D?B?Z?k(见《切削手册》3-56表) PP 解得 Fz =200 (N) 0.55 其中C=52， t=8mm, Sz=0.08mm/s, B=8mm, D=63mm, Z=14, k=(HB/198)PP k k在计算切削力时，必须考虑安全系数。安全系数K= k k2341 水平切削分力FH=1.1 Fz =220 (N) 垂直切削分力Fv=0.3 Fz=60 (N) 其中: k为基本安全系数1.5 1 k为加工性质系数1.1 1 k为刀具钝化系数1.1 1 k为断续切削系数1.1 1,F=KFH =1.5 X 1.1 X 1.1 X 1.1 X 200=400 (N) 实际加紧力为WK= KFH/U1U2=400/0.5=800 (N) 其中U1和U2为夹具定位面及加紧面上的磨擦系数，U1=U2=0.025 螺母选用M16X1.5细牙三角螺纹，产生的加紧力为 3322W=2M/D2tg(a+6’55)+0.66(D- d/ D- d) 解得: W=1O405 (N) 0,其中: M=19000 N.M D2=14.8mm a=229 D=23mm d=16mm 此时螺母的加紧力W已大于所需的800(N)的加紧力，故本夹具可安全工作。 3.定位误差分析 由于槽的轴向尺寸的设计基准与定位基准重合，故轴向尺寸无基准不重合度误差。径向尺寸无极限偏差、形状和位置公差，故径向尺寸无基准不重合度误差。即不必考虑定位误差，只需保证夹具的花键心轴的制造精度和安装精度。 4(夹具设计及操作说明 如前所述,在设计夹具时,应该注意提高劳动率.为此,在螺母夹紧时采用开口垫圈,以便装卸,夹具体底面上的一对定位键可使整个夹具在机床工作台上有正确的安装位置,以利于铣削加工。结果，本夹具总体的感觉还比较紧凑。 夹具上装有对刀块装置，可使夹具在一批零件的加工之前很好的对刀(与塞尺配合使用);同时，夹具体底面上的一对定位键可使整个夹具在机床工作台上有一正确的安装位security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 置，以有利于铣削加工。 铣床夹具的装配图及夹具体零件图分别见附图3附图4。 56789104 H8h71832 11 1 243-48HRC定位键1145钢45-50HRC110花键轴45钢3M20GB54-809螺母QT235钢1HT2008工件对刀块1T7A50-60HRC7635钢螺钉M3X10 GB2161215QT235钢止动垫圈43-48HRC41定位键45钢3145钢支撑板内六叫螺栓M10X30GB70-80235钢245钢1底座1备 注名 称序号件数材 料1:1比例831005铣 床 夹 具件数1共1张第1张设计重量附图3指导天津 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 师范学院 机制0202审核 security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 1:1比例附图4夹 具 体 零 件 图831005件数1共1张第1张设计重量 指导天津工程师范学院机制0202审核 参考文献 书 名 出 处 作 者 《机床夹具图册》 机械工业出版社 孙巳德 《机械制造工艺学课程设计指哈尔滨工业大学 赵家齐 导书》 《切削用量简明手册》 机械工业出版社 艾兴 肖诗纲 《机械制造工艺设计简明手册》 哈尔滨工业大学 李益民 《机械制造工艺学》 清华大学 王先逵 security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G 小 结 通过本次毕业设计，我学到了很多知识，特别是对机械设备有了更深的了解，还有就是熟悉了机床的选型及其操作。这次毕业设计虽然只有短短三个多月时间，但却把三年的所学几乎都用到了。它使我将三年所学融合到了一起，从而学到了更多,能形成一个整体的设计概念，这对我以后进入公司工作是很有好处的。 本次设计让我将所学到的知识用到了实际领域，让我感受到实际和理论之间还是有很大的差别，对我这个即将走出校园踏入社会的人来说会有很大的帮助。我相信通过本次设计让我更加有信心迎接任何挑战。 本次设计虽然遇到了很多困难，特别感觉到自己知识的缺乏，比如机械设备的安装及调试维修方面，以前学到的都很肤浅，为毕业设计带来了很多麻烦，经过自己学习、老师的指导和同学的帮助，还有查阅了书籍和资料，才使我得以顺利的完成此次设计，在这里我对老师和同学表示衷心的感谢，特别是我的指导老师林天极老师，在关键时刻总是给了我最好的建议，是他的不断引导和鼓励，使我学到了很多知识，非常感谢～通过此次设计，我会更加努力学习科学文化知识并学以致用，好让自己更有信心去面对工作和挑战。 随着本次毕业设计的完成，我的大学生涯也即将结束，在这三年里我学到了很多，除了专业相关的知识外，更重要的还是做人的道理，尤其是在这次毕业设计中，我更是学到了许多实用的东西。只有不断的学习，才能让自己懂的更多，这对自己以后的工作是不可缺少的。也是人生中所不能缺少的，只有不断的学习才能让自己变的更强，在以后走的路上站的更稳。 另外，我要感谢的是我的母校——杭州职业技术学院，在这里我学到了许多知识，它让我感到知识的海洋是无边无际的，能在浩瀚的知识海洋中畅游我感到无比的兴奋。它也激励了我，让我知道只有不断的努力学习，才不枉费来这世界走一遭。在这离别之际，我真诚地期盼我们的母校能够更上一层楼，希望它将来会是众高校里很有名的学院，我相信在好的领导班子的带动下不久的将来一定会取得成功。 security staff to check the mechanical operation of the. (2) medium and small machine operators must have a valid certificate. (3) in accordance with the regulations set up machinery's booth. (4) mechanical equipment must be grounded or neutral, random switches is sensitive and reliable. (5) urged operators to do regular inspection, maintenance and repair work. 2, control points: (1) mechanical protective devices must be complete and valid device must, in spite of running is strictly prohibited. (2) handheld mobile and fixed machinery, secondary leakage protection must be implemented. (3) medium and small machine to be fixed, fixed, fixed positions. Construction scaffolding (platforms) according to the structural, electrical, plumbing, fire protection, construction scaffolding include (1) basement, overhead, (2) tube, well within (3) days of surface drains. 7.3.5.1 basement, overhead, pipes, wells. Such as large electrical, pipeline installation may entrust civil general contractor providing scaffolding, used upon the acceptance of the project. Small or mobile scaffolding used by security staff after acceptance of the project. 1, the implementation of points: (1) security technology to give the low-down before construction. (2) in accordance with JGJ130-2001 or JGJ128-2000G