什么是存款准备金率和备付金率

什么是存款准备金率和备付金率 什么是存款准备金率和备付金率, 存款准备金率是中央银行重要的货币政策工具。根据法律规定，商业银行需将其存款的一定百分比缴存中央银行。通过调整商业银行的存款准备金率，中央银行达到控制基础货币，从而调控货币供应量的目的。中国人民银行已经取消了对商业银行备付金比率的要求，将原来的存款准备金率和备付金率合二为一。目前，备付金是指商业银行存在中央银行的超过存款准备金率的那部分存款，一般称为超额准备金。 什么叫货币供应量, 货币供应量，是指一个经济体中，在某一个时点流通中的货币总量。由于许多金融工具具有货币的职能，因此，对于货币的定义也有狭义和广义之分。如果货币仅指流通中的现金，则称之为M0;狭义的货币M1，是指流通中的现金加银行的活期存款。这里的活期存款仅指企业的活期存款;而广义货币M2，则是指M1再加上居民储蓄存款和企业定期存款。货币供应量是中央银行重要的货币政策操作目标。 何谓“央行被动购汇”, 按照目前的结售汇制度安排，企业应当将外汇收入卖给外汇指定银行，而外汇指定银行则必须将超过一定金额的购入外汇在银行间外汇市场上卖出。如果企业需要购买外汇，则需要到外汇指定银行凭相应的证明文件购买，相应地，外汇指定银行在外汇不足时，在银行间外汇市场上买入。由于我国实行的是有管理的浮动汇率制，汇率需要保持在相对稳定的水平上。因此，一旦出现国际收支顺差，外汇供应量增大，而同时要保持汇率稳定，中央银行就不得不在银行间外汇市场上被动地买入外汇，卖出人民币，也就是吐出基础货币。 什么是贷款迁徙 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 或信用风险迁徙分析, 贷款迁徙分析或信用风险迁徙分析(loan migration analysis or credit risk migration analysis)，是近年来新出现的一种以概率分析为基础的信用风险分析方法。它是用贷款的历史损失数据来推算当前一家银行贷款组合中贷款损失所占的比重，从而确定贷款损失准备是否充足。一般来说，贷款迁徙分析有四个主要的步骤: 1、将贷款组合按照贷款的种类或风险类别分组。如可将贷款划分为正常、关注、次级、可疑，还可将贷款以划分为房地产贷款、担保贷款、信用贷款、汽车消费贷款等类别。这主要是因为不同类别的贷款具有不同的损失状况(different loss history)。 2、确定各类别贷款的损失率。如关注类贷款在第四个季度的损失是2%; 3、对影响贷款损失率变化的因素进行分析，并对现有损失率进行调整; 4、将调整后的损失率乘以当前季度各类别贷款额，得到各类别贷款的损失额。 and other bad habits. Implementation to grab at the front, the maximum possible for jobs initiative to achieve efficient service. To carry forward the meticulous, detailed style. In the Office is no small matter. Business services a small mistake, it is possible to order at its meetings disrupted the entire, feedback on the content and timing a bit negligent, it could work in a passive position, slightly poor reception, may affect the image of a place and unit. Therefore, the Office staff with a high degree of professionalism and responsibility, serious and responsible, meticulous, careful to do everything to ensure that globalSmoothly. To carry forward the hard work, honest style. Adhere to the "Ning public and poverty, is not private and rich" old adage, bearing in mind the purpose of serving, consciously resist the erosion of various corruption and self-discipline, integrity, do not take leadership on behalf of the Office for personal affairs, not banner of leading organs of self-serving, and always maintain and carry forward the fine style of hard work, thrift and career, be honest and upright. Comrades, Government Office work task is glorious, a great responsibility. Hope the city's system of Government Office around the overall situation, pay attention to implementation of work in the purpose, give full play to staff aides, integrated and coordinated implementation, supervision, service functions, close contact, strengthen coordination, collaboration, efforts for grass-roots leadership services, service, quality and level of services for the masses to push to a new level. 2003 annual summary meeting of the Office of the municipal government reports on innovation 进行贷款迁徙分析至少要有连续四个季度的贷款损失数据。贷款迁徙分析的前提是必须要有有效的有问题贷款识别体系、准确的贷款分类和贷款损失核销制度。否则，贷款迁徙分析的质量得不到保证。 什么是银监会所倡导的审慎银行资本监管思路, 提高商业银行资本充足率，促使商业银行计提充足的贷款损失准备金，是商业银行应对宏观经济波动的重要手段，也是贯彻中国银监会“管法人、管内控、管风险、提高透明度”监管理念的具体 措施 《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施 。审慎的银行资本监管思路是，首先要提高商业银行贷款五级分类的准确性，在此基础上商业银行计提充足的贷款损失准备金，从而更加真实地反映银行的经营成果，然后使商业银行的资本充足率达到规定 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 。即“提高贷款五级分类的准确性?提足拨备?做实利润?资本充足率达标”。 什么是关联交易, 商业银行关联交易是指商业银行与关联方之间发生的转移资源或义务的下列事项，包括授信、担保、资产转移、提供服务等。商业银行的关联方既包括自然人也包括法人或其他组织。关联自然人包括商业银行的内部人、主要自然人股东及他们的近亲属、商业银行关联法人的控股自然人股东、董事、关键管理人员，以及对商业银行有重大影响的其他自然人等。 关联法人或其他组织则包括商业银行的主要非自然人股东;与商业银行同受某一企业直接、间接控制的法人或其他组织;商业银行的内部人与主要自然人股东及其近亲属直接、间接控制或可施加重大影响的法人或其他组织;以及其他可直接、间接、共同控制商业银行或可对商业银行施加重大影响的法人或其他组织。 什么是通货膨胀和消费价格指数, 通货膨胀是指一个经济体在一段时间内总体价格的持续上涨。通货膨胀是一种货币现象，是流通中的货币超过了产品和服务所需货币量。它造成的直接后果是购买力的下降。通常，通货膨胀率是用消费价格指数(CPI)来衡量的。 什么是国际收支, 国际收支是指一定时期内一个经济体(通常指一国或者地区)与世界其他经济体之间的各项经济交易。其中的经济交易是在居民与非居民之间进行的。经济交易作为流量，反映经济价值的创造、转移、交换、转让或削减，包括经常项目交易、资本与金融项目交易和国际储备资产变动等。国际收支平衡表是按照复式薄记原理，以某一特定货币为计量单位，运用简明的表格形式总括地反映一个经济体(一般指一个国家或地区)在特定时期内与世界其他经济体间发生的全部经济交易。 何谓“软着陆”, “软着陆”是指一个经济体在降低经济增长速度，以免出现高通货膨胀率和高利率，同时又要防止经济陷入衰退的做法。中国经济必须要and other bad habits. Implementation to grab at the front, the maximum possible for jobs initiative to achieve efficient service. To carry forward the meticulous, detailed style. In the Office is no small matter. Business services a small mistake, it is possible to order at its meetings disrupted the entire, feedback on the content and timing a bit negligent, it could work in a passive position, slightly poor reception, may affect the image of a place and unit. Therefore, the Office staff with a high degree of professionalism and responsibility, serious and responsible, meticulous, careful to do everything to ensure that globalSmoothly. To carry forward the hard work, honest style. Adhere to the "Ning public and poverty, is not private and rich" old adage, bearing in mind the purpose of serving, consciously resist the erosion of various corruption and self-discipline, integrity, do not take leadership on behalf of the Office for personal affairs, not banner of leading organs of self-serving, and always maintain and carry forward the fine style of hard work, thrift and career, be honest and upright. Comrades, Government Office work task is glorious, a great responsibility. Hope the city's system of Government Office around the overall situation, pay attention to implementation of work in the purpose, give full play to staff aides, integrated and coordinated implementation, supervision, service functions, close contact, strengthen coordination, collaboration, efforts for grass-roots leadership services, service, quality and level of services for the masses to push to a new level. 2003 annual summary meeting of the Office of the municipal government reports on innovation 实现“软着陆”，以保证经济可持续增长。我国历次宏观调控的经验反复证明，经济大起大落对持续发展会造成巨大损害，恢复起来需要更长时间、付出更大代价。 去年以来，党中央、国务院见微知著，适时适度地针对部分行业过热和固定资产投资增长过快等主要问题实施宏观调控。其根本着眼点是把各方面加快发展的积极性保护好、引导好、发挥好，及时消除经济运行中不稳定、不健康因素，促进国民经济既快又好地平稳持续向前发展。 什么是骆驼评级制度? 美国监管的评级方法“骆驼”评级法其评价内容只共有五大类指标，即资本充足率(Capital Adequacy)、资产质量(Asset Quality)、经营管理水平(Management)、盈利水平(Earnings)和流动性(Liquidity)。其英文单词的第一个字母组合在一起就是“CAMEL”，正好与“骆驼”的英文单词相同，所以该评级方法简称为“骆驼”评级法。 后经发展，世界各国的金融监管都广泛使用，并经发展增加了“市场风险敏感度(Sensitivity to Market Risk)，现在发展成为“CAMELS” 这一制度正式名称是“联邦监督管理机构内部统一银行评级体系”，俗称为“骆驼评级体系”(CAMEL Rating System)。 银监会公布股份制银行评级办法 中国银监会公布了股份制商业银行风险评级办法，今后各股份制银行将会被监管部门分成五级，一级是良好，五级为差，对不同级别将采用不同的监管方式，而老百姓选择银行时也将多了一个参考 这份评价体系包括对银行的资本充足状况评价、资产安全状况评价、管理状况评价、盈利状况评价、流动性状况评价和市场风险敏感性状况评价以及在此基础上加权汇总后的总体评价。 据介绍，目前这一评价体系参照了国际通行的骆驼评级法。所谓骆驼评级制度起源于美国，在1921年,1932年间，美国先后倒闭银行10800家，1933年，银行更是频繁发生挤兑。面对严峻形势，为加强对商业银行的业务经营、信用状况等方面的监督管理，美联储选择五个要素对银行进行监管。五个要素是资本充足状况、资产质量、管理能力、盈利能力、资产的流动性，这五个英文单词的第一个字母组合成了一个词“CAMEL”——英文的意思是骆驼。 什么是保理业务? 所谓应收账款的保理，通俗地讲就是企业把赊销出去的货物的应收账款有条件地转给银行，银行为企业提供资金，并负责管理、催收应收款和坏账担保，企业可借此及时回收账款、加快资金流转。 按业务方式应收账款保理又分“有追索权”和“无追索权”两种，从字面上也好理解，有追索权即企业的下家(买方)到时候不还账时，银行有权向企业追索，企业有责任从银行回购账款;而无追索则是银行买断企业的应收账款，(除非特殊情况)，不管买方能否还款，风险全由银行承担。 and other bad habits. Implementation to grab at the front, the maximum possible for jobs initiative to achieve efficient service. To carry forward the meticulous, detailed style. In the Office is no small matter. Business services a small mistake, it is possible to order at its meetings disrupted the entire, feedback on the content and timing a bit negligent, it could work in a passive position, slightly poor reception, may affect the image of a place and unit. Therefore, the Office staff with a high degree of professionalism and responsibility, serious and responsible, meticulous, careful to do everything to ensure that globalSmoothly. To carry forward the hard work, honest style. Adhere to the "Ning public and poverty, is not private and rich" old adage, bearing in mind the purpose of serving, consciously resist the erosion of various corruption and self-discipline, integrity, do not take leadership on behalf of the Office for personal affairs, not banner of leading organs of self-serving, and always maintain and carry forward the fine style of hard work, thrift and career, be honest and upright. Comrades, Government Office work task is glorious, a great responsibility. Hope the city's system of Government Office around the overall situation, pay attention to implementation of work in the purpose, give full play to staff aides, integrated and coordinated implementation, supervision, service functions, close contact, strengthen coordination, collaboration, efforts for grass-roots leadership services, service, quality and level of services for the masses to push to a new level. 2003 annual summary meeting of the Office of the municipal government reports on innovation 什么是全面风险管理理念, 全面风险管理理念(Enterprise-wide Risk Management，简称ERM)侧重通过公司治理、内部控制等制度设计，降低住处不对称的程度，从而降低道德风险，并保证组合风险管理和交易风险管理的有效性。 国际先进银行的风险管理，从传统的交易风险管理阶段到组合风险管理阶段再到全面风险管理阶段。 什么是税收的收入效应和替代效应, 各种形式的税收通常产生两种经济效应:收入效应(Income Effect)和替代效应(Substitution Effect)。税收的收入效应是指税收引起人们收入的变动，即人们由于纳税而使可支配的实际收入随之减少。政府变动税收政策也会改变人们的现行收入水平，典型的情况是政府增税使人们收入相对下降，而减税使人们的收入相对提高。替代效应是指税收引起人们经济行为的调整，即人们为了减少纳税负担而改变在可供替代的经济行为之间的选择。 例如，政府对商品课税可能改变人们在可供替代的商品之间的选择，对企业课税可能改变人们在可供替代的投资之间的选择，如此等等。人们对经济行为的调整必然造成经济税基的变动，导致个人收入、企业收入，以及政府财政收入的变化。因此，政府的税收政策及其调整总是给经济社会同时带来上述两种效应。 当然，唯一的例外是对非经济税基课税，只会引起收入效应，而不会发生替代效应。因为这种课税与个人经济行为无关，它仅仅减少纳税人的可支配收入，不会引起纳税人经济行为的改变，不会影响人们的既定的经济选择。这种不会产生替代效应的税收通常称为中性税收(Neutral Tax)。 现实生活里，属于中性税收的只有一次性总额税(Lum-sum Tax)。该税是政府为特殊目而征课的一次性税收，通常情况下，这种税收不能逃避，也不对个人经济行为造成明显的扭曲。除了一次性总额税外，其他各类税收都是非中性的，都会影响人们的生产、消费、储蓄、投资的决策，即都会改变人们对使用经济资源的决策。 理论上认为，所有非中性税收都属于扭曲性税收(Distorting Taxes)，均导致人们在经济资源使用方面产生福利损失，或效率损失。这是因为，政府税收的加入必然改变原先经济社会处于均衡状态的(商品的)相对价格体系，只要商品之相对价格发生变动，人们就会对个人经济行为进行调整，即发生了税收的替代效应。 但是，由于此时经济社会相对价格的变动并不代表经济资源之相对稀缺程度的改变，人们的行为调整实际上就带有相当的盲目性，这不仅无助于经济社会恢复均衡状态，反而会使之进一步受到破坏，并对国民福利提高带来某种不利影响。 换言之，虽然税收使政府获得了一定规模的财政收入，但是如果其代表的国民福利不能充分补偿税收造成的国民福利的减少，就表明国民要承担额外的税收负担。这种额外的税收负担，又称超额税负担，则被认为是税收造成的国民福利的净损失。 and other bad habits. Implementation to grab at the front, the maximum possible for jobs initiative to achieve efficient service. To carry forward the meticulous, detailed style. In the Office is no small matter. Business services a small mistake, it is possible to order at its meetings disrupted the entire, feedback on the content and timing a bit negligent, it could work in a passive position, slightly poor reception, may affect the image of a place and unit. Therefore, the Office staff with a high degree of professionalism and responsibility, serious and responsible, meticulous, careful to do everything to ensure that globalSmoothly. To carry forward the hard work, honest style. Adhere to the "Ning public and poverty, is not private and rich" old adage, bearing in mind the purpose of serving, consciously resist the erosion of various corruption and self-discipline, integrity, do not take leadership on behalf of the Office for personal affairs, not banner of leading organs of self-serving, and always maintain and carry forward the fine style of hard work, thrift and career, be honest and upright. Comrades, Government Office work task is glorious, a great responsibility. Hope the city's system of Government Office around the overall situation, pay attention to implementation of work in the purpose, give full play to staff aides, integrated and coordinated implementation, supervision, service functions, close contact, strengthen coordination, collaboration, efforts for grass-roots leadership services, service, quality and level of services for the masses to push to a new level. 2003 annual summary meeting of the Office of the municipal government reports on innovation 证券发行的主要方式有哪几种, 证券发行的主要方式有全球公募、招标和簿记建档。 什么是路演, 路演(roadshow)是指拟上市发行股票(或债券)的公司在正式发行股票(或债券)之前向机构投资者推介股票(或债券)的活动。企业可以通过路演的情况调整股票(或债券)的定价，使之顺利的发行出去。 什么是EMV, EMV规范是由Europay、Mastercard、Visa三大信用卡国际组织联合制定的IC(智能)卡金融支付应用标准，其推出的目的是在IC卡支付系统中建立卡片和终端之间统一的互通互用的标准平台。这种以芯片卡配合密码输入的技术，代表着未来银行卡的主流发展方向。 什么是簿记建档, 簿记建档(BookBuilding)是一种证券化发行方式，国外很多国 家也在使用这种方式进行股票、债券等证券品种的发行。具体流程 是:首先由簿记管理人(一般为主承销商)进行预路演，根据预路演 获得的市场反馈信息，发行人和簿记管理人将根据市场情况与投资 者需求共同确定申购价格区间。 然后进入路演阶段，债券发行人与投资者以一对一的方式进行 更加深入的沟通，同时，簿记管理人开展簿记建档工作，由权威的 公证机关进行全程监督。主承销商一旦接收申购订单，该原始资料 立刻接受公证机关的核验，并对订单进行统一编号，确保订单的合 规性、完整性。主承销商在公证机构的监督下，将投资者在每一价 格上的累计申购总金额录入电子系统，形成价格需求曲线，并以此 为基础，与发行人共同确定最终的发行价格。 什么是收益率曲线, 收益率曲线是描述投资收益率与期限之间关系的曲线。 什么是CME, 贷币错配风险 and other bad habits. Implementation to grab at the front, the maximum possible for jobs initiative to achieve efficient service. To carry forward the meticulous, detailed style. In the Office is no small matter. Business services a small mistake, it is possible to order at its meetings disrupted the entire, feedback on the content and timing a bit negligent, it could work in a passive position, slightly poor reception, may affect the image of a place and unit. Therefore, the Office staff with a high degree of professionalism and responsibility, serious and responsible, meticulous, careful to do everything to ensure that globalSmoothly. To carry forward the hard work, honest style. Adhere to the "Ning public and poverty, is not private and rich" old adage, bearing in mind the purpose of serving, consciously resist the erosion of various corruption and self-discipline, integrity, do not take leadership on behalf of the Office for personal affairs, not banner of leading organs of self-serving, and always maintain and carry forward the fine style of hard work, thrift and career, be honest and upright. Comrades, Government Office work task is glorious, a great responsibility. Hope the city's system of Government Office around the overall situation, pay attention to implementation of work in the purpose, give full play to staff aides, integrated and coordinated implementation, supervision, service functions, close contact, strengthen coordination, collaboration, efforts for grass-roots leadership services, service, quality and level of services for the masses to push to a new level. 2003 annual summary meeting of the Office of the municipal government reports on innovation 什么是IPO, 股票首次发行 什么是FDI, 流动性风险指金融机构没有足够的流动性资金来及时支付流动性负债，乃至引发挤兑风潮的危险。其原因可以是金融机构的资产和负债的期限搭配不当，把大量短期资金来源进行长期资金运用，又没有足够的支付准备，造成资金周转不灵;也可以是因出现资产损失又无力弥补，失去了支付流动性负债的能力。流动性风险的危害性极大，严重时甚至会置金融机构于死地。 外汇风险一般是指在一定时期的国际经济交易中，因未料到汇率或利率的忽然变动，给外汇持有人带来的经济收益或损失。从广义上讲，外汇风险也包括国际经济、贸易、金融活动中产生的信用风险，但一般是指货币汇率变动带来的风险。 在浮动汇率制度下，汇率或利率变动十分频繁，从而必然会引起交易双方的收益和外汇持有人所持外汇的市场价值发生变动的风险，外汇风险可概括为四种类型:?交易风险;?评价风险;?经济风险;?储备风险。由于外汇风险涉及到交易双方经济利益，所以各国外贸企业、外汇银行等在其经营活动中，都把避免外汇风险视为管理外汇资财的一个重要方面。 防止外汇风险的主要方法有汇率的预测法，选择货币法，货币保值法，远期 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 法，利用国际信贷法，早付迟收或早收迟付法，对销贸易法，调整价格法，利率和货币调换法，保付代理业务法，投保货币风险保险等法。 国家风险 指由于借款国政治、经济不稳定、法制不健全、信用观念弱或失去国际支付能力等原因，使借款国不能偿付债务或拒绝偿负债 and other bad habits. Implementation to grab at the front, the maximum possible for jobs initiative to achieve efficient service. To carry forward the meticulous, detailed style. In the Office is no small matter. Business services a small mistake, it is possible to order at its meetings disrupted the entire, feedback on the content and timing a bit negligent, it could work in a passive position, slightly poor reception, may affect the image of a place and unit. Therefore, the Office staff with a high degree of professionalism and responsibility, serious and responsible, meticulous, careful to do everything to ensure that globalSmoothly. To carry forward the hard work, honest style. Adhere to the "Ning public and poverty, is not private and rich" old adage, bearing in mind the purpose of serving, consciously resist the erosion of various corruption and self-discipline, integrity, do not take leadership on behalf of the Office for personal affairs, not banner of leading organs of self-serving, and always maintain and carry forward the fine style of hard work, thrift and career, be honest and upright. Comrades, Government Office work task is glorious, a great responsibility. Hope the city's system of Government Office around the overall situation, pay attention to implementation of work in the purpose, give full play to staff aides, integrated and coordinated implementation, supervision, service functions, close contact, strengthen coordination, collaboration, efforts for grass-roots leadership services, service, quality and level of services for the masses to push to a new level. 2003 annual summary meeting of the Office of the municipal government reports on innovation 务，从而给从事国际业务的金融机构带来的风险。随着国际业务的扩大，国家风险问题日益突出，并且国家风险还有连锁效应，即一国债务危机会涉及到其他国家偿还外债的能力，甚至引发全球性金融危机。 三角债 是企业相互拖欠货款的俗称。企业在商品交易中，经过双方约定，可能会出现先发货、后付款或先收款、后发货的情况，企业经常保留一定的应收应付款项是正常的，这不是"三角债"。"三角债"是指超过正常限度，即超过结算实践或超过商业信用约定支付实践而不能偿还的债务。" 三角债"形成的原因:一个是固定资产投资规模过大、建设项目超概算、资金缺口大且到位不及时，项目不能按期运营，投入资金不能回流，或项目决策失误根本无法回流。这是造成企业货款拖欠的重要原因;二是企业资产负债率过高，所需流动资金主要依靠银行贷款支持，偿债能力下降，形成拖欠;三是在企业资产负债结构中不合理的情况下，企业流动资金的漏损和流失，加剧了流动资金的紧张状况和相互拖欠。 金融风险预警系统 是金融监管机构为了更好的对金融经营机构实施有效监控，既是对其可能发生的金融风险进行预警、预报所建立的早期预警系统。该系统通过设置的一系列监测比率和比率的"通常界限"，对金融经营机构的经营状况进行监测。早期预警系统可通过对金融经营机构的主要业务经营比率和比率的"通常界限"加以仔细分析，对接近比率"通常界限"的金融经营机构及时预警并进行必要的干预。这种早期预警系统属于事前监管。 金融创新 and other bad habits. Implementation to grab at the front, the maximum possible for jobs initiative to achieve efficient service. To carry forward the meticulous, detailed style. In the Office is no small matter. Business services a small mistake, it is possible to order at its meetings disrupted the entire, feedback on the content and timing a bit negligent, it could work in a passive position, slightly poor reception, may affect the image of a place and unit. Therefore, the Office staff with a high degree of professionalism and responsibility, serious and responsible, meticulous, careful to do everything to ensure that globalSmoothly. To carry forward the hard work, honest style. Adhere to the "Ning public and poverty, is not private and rich" old adage, bearing in mind the purpose of serving, consciously resist the erosion of various corruption and self-discipline, integrity, do not take leadership on behalf of the Office for personal affairs, not banner of leading organs of self-serving, and always maintain and carry forward the fine style of hard work, thrift and career, be honest and upright. Comrades, Government Office work task is glorious, a great responsibility. Hope the city's system of Government Office around the overall situation, pay attention to implementation of work in the purpose, give full play to staff aides, integrated and coordinated implementation, supervision, service functions, close contact, strengthen coordination, collaboration, efforts for grass-roots leadership services, service, quality and level of services for the masses to push to a new level. 2003 annual summary meeting of the Office of the municipal government reports on innovation 是指政府或金融当局和金融组织为适应不断变化的外部环境和在融资过程中的内部矛盾运动，防止或转移经营风险和降低成本，为更好的实现流动性、安全性和盈利性目标而逐步改变金融中介功能，创造或组合一个新的高效率的资金营运体系的创造性过程。主要类型有:风险转移创新;流动性增强创新;信用创造创新;股权创造创新。 金融衍生产品 是指从原生资产派生出来的金融工具。由于许多金融衍生产品交易在资产负债表上没有相应科目，因而也被称为"资产负债表外交易(简称表外交易)"。金融衍生产品的共同特征是保证金交易，即只要支付一定比例的保证金就可进行全额交易，不需实际上的本金转移，合约的了结一般也采用现金差价结算的方式进行，只有在满期日以实物交割方式履约的合约才需要买方交足货款。 因此，金融衍生产品交易具有杠杆效应。保证金越低，杠杆效应越大，风险也就越大。国际上金融衍生产品种类繁多，活跃的金融创新活动接连不断的推出新的衍生产品。金融衍生产品主要有以下分类方法:?根据产品形态，可以分为远期、期货、期权和掉期四大类;?根据原生资产大致可以分为四类，即股票、利率、汇率和商品。 金融监管 是指金融行政管理机关(中央银行或其他金融行政管理机关)，为了维护金融体系的稳定，防止金融混乱对社会经济的发展造成不良影响，而对商业银行和其他金融行政管理机关以及金融市场的设置、业务活动和经济情况进行检查监督、指导、管理和控制。简单地说，也就是金融行政管理机关通过其对商业银行以及其他金融机构的管理，对金融市场的管理，达到稳定金融和促进社会经济正常发展的目的。 and other bad habits. Implementation to grab at the front, the maximum possible for jobs initiative to achieve efficient service. To carry forward the meticulous, detailed style. In the Office is no small matter. Business services a small mistake, it is possible to order at its meetings disrupted the entire, feedback on the content and timing a bit negligent, it could work in a passive position, slightly poor reception, may affect the image of a place and unit. Therefore, the Office staff with a high degree of professionalism and responsibility, serious and responsible, meticulous, careful to do everything to ensure that globalSmoothly. To carry forward the hard work, honest style. Adhere to the "Ning public and poverty, is not private and rich" old adage, bearing in mind the purpose of serving, consciously resist the erosion of various corruption and self-discipline, integrity, do not take leadership on behalf of the Office for personal affairs, not banner of leading organs of self-serving, and always maintain and carry forward the fine style of hard work, thrift and career, be honest and upright. Comrades, Government Office work task is glorious, a great responsibility. Hope the city's system of Government Office around the overall situation, pay attention to implementation of work in the purpose, give full play to staff aides, integrated and coordinated implementation, supervision, service functions, close contact, strengthen coordination, collaboration, efforts for grass-roots leadership services, service, quality and level of services for the masses to push to a new level. 2003 annual summary meeting of the Office of the municipal government reports on innovation 洗钱 是指利用银行体系或其他金融设施，把从非法所得到的肮脏收益转换成合法金融资产的过程。洗钱一般可以分为三个步骤:第一步是存放，即设法把非法现金收益存放在银行里;第二步是掩盖，即通过多层次的、复杂的金融交易，试图把资金来源的非法性掩盖起来;第三步是合并，把"洗干净"的钱合并在一起，从而可以堂而皇之的加以使用。洗钱是目前国际银行界所遇到的最严重的问题之一。我国新的刑法把洗钱和内部交易等行为纳入了刑事犯罪的范畴。 巴塞尔协议 是指国际清算银行所属银行监督管理委员会(简称巴塞尔委员会)，根据美、英、法、德、日、比利时、加拿大、荷兰、瑞典、意大利、瑞士、卢森堡12个工业发达国家中央银行行长会议的建议，于1988年7月在瑞士巴塞尔通过的关于同意国际银行的资本衡量和资本标准的协议。 协议的主要宗旨是通过对银行规定资本与风险资产的最低比率来加强国际银行的稳定性。协议内容主要包括，对商业银行的资本比率、资本结构、各类资产的风险权数等都作了统一的规定。 骆驼评级制度 全称"银行统一评级制度"，是美国金融管理当局现今使用的对商业银行的全面状况进行检查、评级的一种经营 管理制度 档案管理制度下载食品安全管理制度下载三类维修管理制度下载财务管理制度免费下载安全设施管理制度下载 。由于它主要从五个方面对商业银行进行检查评价，即:资本充足性、资产质量、经营管理能力、盈利水平和流动性，这五个方面的英文字首字母拼在一起，恰好是英文"骆驼[CAMEL]"一词，因此通常称之为"骆驼评级制度"。 货币政策 and other bad habits. Implementation to grab at the front, the maximum possible for jobs initiative to achieve efficient service. To carry forward the meticulous, detailed style. In the Office is no small matter. Business services a small mistake, it is possible to order at its meetings disrupted the entire, feedback on the content and timing a bit negligent, it could work in a passive position, slightly poor reception, may affect the image of a place and unit. Therefore, the Office staff with a high degree of professionalism and responsibility, serious and responsible, meticulous, careful to do everything to ensure that globalSmoothly. To carry forward the hard work, honest style. Adhere to the "Ning public and poverty, is not private and rich" old adage, bearing in mind the purpose of serving, consciously resist the erosion of various corruption and self-discipline, integrity, do not take leadership on behalf of the Office for personal affairs, not banner of leading organs of self-serving, and always maintain and carry forward the fine style of hard work, thrift and career, be honest and upright. Comrades, Government Office work task is glorious, a great responsibility. Hope the city's system of Government Office around the overall situation, pay attention to implementation of work in the purpose, give full play to staff aides, integrated and coordinated implementation, supervision, service functions, close contact, strengthen coordination, collaboration, efforts for grass-roots leadership services, service, quality and level of services for the masses to push to a new level. 2003 annual summary meeting of the Office of the municipal government reports on innovation 通过中央银行调节货币供应量，影响利息率及经济中的信贷供应程度来间接影响总需求，以达到总需求与总供给趋于理想的均衡的一系列措施。货币政策分为扩张性的和紧缩性的两种。扩张性的货币政策是通过提高货币供应增长速度来刺激总需求，在这种政策下，取得信贷更为容易，利息率会降低。 因此，当总需求与经济的生产能力相比很低时，使用扩张性的货币政策最合适。紧缩性的货币政策是通过削减货币供应的增长率来降低总需求水平，在这种政策下，取得信贷较为困难，利息率也随之提高。因此，在通货膨胀较严重时，采用紧缩性的货币政策较合适。货币政策的工具主要有:调整法定准备率、调整贴现率和公开市场业务。 什么是出口打包贷款业务, 该项贷款是银行提供给出口商的一种短期资金融通,它属于抵押贷款,其抵押对象是尚在打包中而没有达到装运出口程度的货物。该项贷款货币币种为人民币或其他可自由兑换货币,金额不超过信用证金额等值人民币的80%, 期限一般不超过三个月,最长不超过信用证有效期满后30天,贷款利率按照中国人民银行利率政策中人民币流动资金贷款利率执行,贷款用途仅限于信用证上列明的出口商品在生产、收购、结算等方面的资金需要。 但信用证只是在单证相符的情况下才有效力，如果借款人不能按信用证要求办货，银行的权益仍是无法保证 and other bad habits. Implementation to grab at the front, the maximum possible for jobs initiative to achieve efficient service. To carry forward the meticulous, detailed style. In the Office is no small matter. Business services a small mistake, it is possible to order at its meetings disrupted the entire, feedback on the content and timing a bit negligent, it could work in a passive position, slightly poor reception, may affect the image of a place and unit. Therefore, the Office staff with a high degree of professionalism and responsibility, serious and responsible, meticulous, careful to do everything to ensure that globalSmoothly. To carry forward the hard work, honest style. Adhere to the "Ning public and poverty, is not private and rich" old adage, bearing in mind the purpose of serving, consciously resist the erosion of various corruption and self-discipline, integrity, do not take leadership on behalf of the Office for personal affairs, not banner of leading organs of self-serving, and always maintain and carry forward the fine style of hard work, thrift and career, be honest and upright. Comrades, Government Office work task is glorious, a great responsibility. Hope the city's system of Government Office around the overall situation, pay attention to implementation of work in the purpose, give full play to staff aides, integrated and coordinated implementation, supervision, service functions, close contact, strengthen coordination, collaboration, efforts for grass-roots leadership services, service, quality and level of services for the masses to push to a new level. 2003 annual summary meeting of the Office of the municipal government reports on innovation