Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用教程(1)

Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用教程(1) 第3章 Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用 3.1 软件运行环境及特点 Golden Software Surfer 8.0 (以下简称Surfer)是一款画三维图(等值线，image map，3d surface)的软件，是美国Golden Software公司的系列绘图软件之一。该软件简单易学，可以在几分钟内学会主要内容，且其自带的英文帮助文件(help菜单)是相当完美且容易阅读的，对如何使用Surfer，解释的很详细，只要学过英语的人都可以很快上手。 Surfer的主要功能是绘制等值线图(contour map)，是具有插值功能的绘图软件，因此，即使你的数据是不等间距的，依然可以用它作图。此外它还可以绘制张贴图、分类张贴图、矢量图、影像图、线框图、3d surface map，等形式的图形，其功能是比较强大的。 Surfer的安装比较简单(目前，只有Windows操作系统下的版本，最为常用的是8.0版本)，只要按其提示缺省安装即可。其安装软件的大小不到30M，一般的计算机硬件基本能够顺利使用该软件。安装好Surfer以后，其环境界面如图3,1所示。 命令 菜单 绘图 命令 目标管 理窗口 工作区 状态栏 图3-1 Surfer8.0软件界面 their own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promote the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking win-win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the value of state-owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of high-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development. 第3章 Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用 3.2 软件界面及命令菜单 Surfer软件的界面非常友好，继承了Windows操作系统软件的特点。从图3,1中可以看到，其最上方为命令菜单，在命令菜单的下方是命令菜单中的快捷工具栏(共两行)，左侧的空白区域为目标管理窗口，用来更加方便的管理绘制的各个图形要素，右侧的空白区域为工作区，用来绘制图形，最右侧的一个竖条工具栏是绘图命令的快捷方式。下面详细介绍各个命令菜单的主要内容。 3.2.1文件菜单(F) “文件菜单”如图3,2所示，主要是对文件进行操作，如文件的建立、加载、打印设置等。 图3-2 文件菜单 新建 — 用来新建一个工作窗口，点击后即出现图 3,1界面。 打开 — 打开一个已经存在的Surfer可以识别的文件。 关闭 — 关闭当前窗口。 保存 — 保存当前窗口内容。 另存为 — 将当前窗口内容另存为其它文件名。 输入 — 输入Surfer识别的图形格式。 输出 — 将窗口内容输出到图形等格式文件。 页面设置 — 设置当前页面的尺寸等属性。 打印 — 打印当前窗口内容。 参数选择 — 设置Surfer的默认属性，包括缺省单位，线型，字体等。 退出 — 退出Surfer。 ?group mission to promote leapfrog development. ial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industryinancthe development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, f s, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social supportre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitivenesnspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activitiequality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structu-lity management management personnel, and strive to build a highqua-ghoperation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of hipt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and awin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict iof cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adowned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training -tatee of ss, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the valu-resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winoaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional her braracteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To furtntation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and chplememanpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the im ss, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentratede the brand. To establish brand awarenetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot23? 3.2.2编辑菜单(E) “编辑菜单”如图3,3所示，该菜单包含看了常用的编辑命令，如剪切、拷贝、粘贴、选择性粘贴、删除、修改目标属性以及撤销上一次操作等。 图3-3 编辑菜单 图3-4 视图菜单 凡是在菜单命令后跟有三个小黑点，说明选取该命令后会打开一个对话框; 提 示 凡是在菜单命令的右边有三角形符号的，表明选取该菜单会打开一子菜单。 3.2.3视图菜单(V) “视图菜单”如图3-4所示，主要对Surfer的编辑屏幕进行设置，如改变视图文档的大小、缩小或放大图像的显示比例，以及控制标尺、参考网格、状态栏和对象管理器的显示或隐藏。 3.2.4绘制菜单(D) “绘制菜单”如图3-5所示，主要是对图像进行手工操作，如手工填写文字文本，以及手工绘制多边形、多段直线、缺省符号、矩形、圆角矩形、椭圆等图形。 3.2.5排列菜单(A) “排列菜单”如图3-6所示，主要是调整排列图像的前后关系，排列叠置图的上下覆盖关系，以及对齐图像和组合图像，并对图像进行组合、拆分、旋转、变换等。 petition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, 24nd funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.ects aolicy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projous research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the p. Sering ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policyment team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgradiquality professional managet com-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-vigorously the introduction of highet, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to markemanagement of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the mark owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the-evelopment, ensure that the value of stateregulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the d , examination and approval procedures, strictwin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation-s, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winourcentegration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city rescompetition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the i d theand coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business roa ompetitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influencethe c e the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhancetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot 第3章 Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用 图3-5 绘制菜单 图3-6 排列菜单 3.2.6网格菜单(G) “网格菜单”如图3,7所示，是Surfer软件最核心的菜单之一。主要功能有:输入数据文件，并对其进行网格化;变化图命令，采用函数生成网格文件;对网格文件进行数学操作，对网格文件进行微分、地形建模、积分;对网格数据进行滤波，对网格数据进行样条光滑;对网格数据进行白化，将网格化数据转换成其它格式;从网格化数据中取部分区域数据，合并两个以上的同网格范围的网格化文件;计算网格化数据的体积，从网格化数据中取一剖面;计算两个网格化数据的残差，对网格化数据进行编辑。 3-7 网格菜单 图3-8 地图菜单 3.2.7地图菜单(M) “地图菜单”如图3,8所示，也是Surfer软件较为重要的菜单之一。主要功能有:绘制等值线，输入底图;绘制散点图(包括分类散点图)、绘制图像图、阴影地貌图、一维或两维向量、带线框架图、3D表明图;绘制地图比例尺，对图形进行数字化、调 ?group mission to promote leapfrog development. ial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industryinancowned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, f s, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social supportre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitivenesquality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structu-lity management management personnel, and strive to build a highqua--ghoperation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of hipt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and aof cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adtatee of ss, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the valunspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activitiewin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict i-resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winoaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional her braracteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To furtntation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and chplememanpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the im ss, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentratede the brand. To establish brand awarenetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot25? 整;以及水平对齐图形、按坐标重叠图形，将重叠图形拆分等等。 3.2.8窗口菜单(W) “窗口菜单”如图3,9所示，主要功能是对窗口进行操作。包括对当前窗口的内容重新在新窗口生成、重叠窗口(水平重叠窗口，垂直重叠)，以及排列窗口底部的图标等等。 图3-9 窗口菜单 图3-10 帮助菜单 3.2.9帮助菜单(H) “窗口菜单”如图3,10所示，用户可以通过它访问Surfer在线帮助和在线教程，还可以访问Surfer软件的官方网站，以及查看Surfer软件的版本，检查软件更新情况等信息。 如果菜单的某项呈暗灰色，则说明该菜单命令此时不可用。 提 示 3.3 Surfer软件的数据格式 3.3.1数据格式 Surfer常用的数据文件一般是ASCII码(文本)格式的数据。对于地质作图来说， Y列和Z列，其中X列和Y列分Surfer数据文件常包含四列，分别为井名列、X列、 别表示x和y坐标，Z列是在坐标(x，y)处的值(例如，高程)。井名列可以放在XYZ三列的前面，也可以放在后面(如图3,11)。 因为在地质上，常常需要绘制同一坐标下的多种等值线图，比如地层厚度等值线图、孔隙度等值线图、渗透率等值线图等等，所以在同一个数据文件中，对于Z列这样的等值数据可以有多列，分别依次排列，而不需要建立多个文件。 Surfer软件常用的ASCII码(文本)数据文件后缀名一般为“*.dat”、“*.txt”，Surfer可以直接对其读取。此外，Surfer还可以方便的读取由Microsoft Office Excel 26nd funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.ects aolicy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projous research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the p. Sering ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policyment team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgradiquality professional manageevelopment, ensure that the value of state-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-vigorously the introduction of highpetition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, t comet, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to markemanagement of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the mark regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the downed assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the- , examination and approval procedures, strictwin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation-s, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winourcentegration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city rescompetition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the i d theand coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business roa ompetitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influencethe c e the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhancetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot 第3章 Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用 建立的“*.xls”工作簿文件。需要特别注意的是，因为Surfer软件不能良好的支持中文，当一个Excel工作簿文件里包含多个工作表，且每个工作表里都有数据时，不能用中文给Excel工作表命名，否则Surfer在读取数据的时候会出错。 3.3.2 建立数据文件 Surfer数据文件的建立方式有几种。一般，可以在Surfer自带的工作表编辑器中手工输入(如图3,11)，然后点击“文件菜单(F)”的“保存”选项，保存为后缀名为“*.dat”、“*.txt”的数据文件。另外其它软件生成的文本文件，例如Excel表格数据，通过保存成文本格式，也可以转换成Surfer所需要的数据文件。通常，任何转换成“*.dat”、“*.txt”结尾的文本数据文件，都可以被Surfer直接读取。Surfer支持字符，所以字符也可以用在数据文件中，除了第一行的字符可以看作是文件头外，其它的字符一般被认为是Surfer的缺省值，此值在做等值线等图形时将不会显示。 单击弹出窗口 井名列 3 图3-11 Surfer工作表编辑器 3.3 井位坐标图的绘制 地质图件常常需要标有井名、井位坐标，在Surfer软件绘制井位作标图中可以通过“建立张贴图”或“建立分类张贴图”来实现。 -?ghgroup mission to promote leapfrog development. ial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industryinancthe development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, f s, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social supportre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitivenesoperation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of hiquality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structu-lity management management personnel, and strive to build a highquapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and aof cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adowned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training -tatee of ss, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the valunspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activitiewin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict i-resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winoaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional her braracteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To furtntation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and chplememanpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the im ss, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentratede the brand. To establish brand awarenetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot27? 3.3.1建立张贴图 打开“地图菜单(M)”，点击“张贴图(P)，选择“新建张贴图(N)”，在“打开”对话框中选择数据文件test.txt(如图3,12)，点“确定”，则一幅“张贴图”初步建立完成(如图3,13)。但此时“张贴图”上还没有显示井位坐标，需要对“张贴图”进一步设置。 调出设置“张贴图属性对话框”有三种方法:鼠标左键双击左边目标管理窗口里面的“”;或在所画张贴图的图中心位置双击鼠标;或在张贴图的图中心位置点击鼠标右键，选中“属性”，就会出现设置张贴图属性的各种选项，可以进行修改和设置(如图3,13)。各属性选项介绍如下: 1、“常规General”选项卡 (1)“数据文件名(D)” 表示出当前打开的数据文件所在的位置，可以点击“打开文件图标”，更改打开的数据文件。(如图3,13) (2)“工作表列” 设置x坐标，y坐标具体位于数据文件的哪一列。下面的“符号S”和“角度G”选项一般不用，可以设置为无。 (3)“缺省符号” 设置井位坐标的符号。通常我们选择实心圈，颜色选择红色。“缺省角度(N)”和“频率(F)选择，一般使用默认值(见图3-13所示的“符号属性图”)。 (4)“符号尺寸” 设置井位符号的大小，通常不选“按比例(P)”选项，而是选择“固定尺寸(I)，根据实际情况，一般设置为0.10cm。 2、“标注Labels”选项卡 (1)标注用工作表列 指出数据文件中标注(井名或其他内容)所在的列。“角度”和“平面”选项可以用默认值。(如图3,14) 28nd funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.ects aolicy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projous research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the p. Sering ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policyment team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgradiquality professional manageregulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the d-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-vigorously the introduction of highpetition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, t comet, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to markemanagement of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the mark owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the-evelopment, ensure that the value of state, examination and approval procedures, strictwin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation-s, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winourcentegration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city rescompetition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the i d theand coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business roa ompetitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influencethe c e the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhancetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot 第3章 Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用 单击弹出窗口 选择数据文件 图3-12 Surfer工作表编辑器 初步建立的 “张贴图” 对图双击 弹出窗口 双击弹出窗口 单击弹出窗口 图3-13 张贴图属性对话框 ?group mission to promote leapfrog development. ial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industryinancthe development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, f s, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social supportre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitiveneswin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict iquality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structu-lity management management personnel, and strive to build a highqua-ghoperation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of hipt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and a-of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adowned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training -tatee of ss, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the valunspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activitieresources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winoaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional her braracteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To furtntation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and chplememanpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the im ss, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentratede the brand. To establish brand awarenetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot29? (2)符号相对位置 设定粘贴的标注相对于粘贴点的位置。下拉式列表框可设定标志的位置――居中、左齐、右齐、上齐、下齐，也可以根据实际需要，选择用户定义选项，指定X或Y的偏移量。 3)字体和格式 ( 设定标注所用的“字体”和“格式”，一般采用默认值即可。 图3-14 标注选项卡 3、“查看view”选项卡 用来调整等值线图的整体方向，除了在“3D Surface”情况下，一般不用。 4、“比例scale”选项卡 用来设置xyz轴的比例，可以调整其长度选项。一般情况不需调整，除非X和Y相差很大，为了方便看图可以调整其到合适的长度。 5、“限制limits”选项卡 可以用来裁剪等值线图(通过设置xy的最小最大值)，从而得到感兴趣的目标区的图形。 6、“背景background”选项卡 可用来设置背景填色，一般不用。 最后，设置好所有的选项后，点击“文件菜单(F)”的“保存”选项，选择默认的“*.srf”格式进行保存，则井位坐标图正式绘制完毕。 petition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, 30nd funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.ects aolicy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projous research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the p. Sering ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policyment team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgradiquality professional managet com-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-vigorously the introduction of highet, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to markemanagement of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the mark owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the-evelopment, ensure that the value of stateregulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the d , examination and approval procedures, strictwin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation-s, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winourcentegration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city rescompetition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the i d theand coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business roa ompetitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influencethe c e the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhancetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot 第3章 Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用 3.3.2建立分类张贴图 “分类张贴图”的建立方法和“张贴图”的建立方法类似，只是多了一个“分类选项”(如图3-15)。以Z列数据(即等值数据)为分类依据，根据研究的目的需要，制定一定分类 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 来对井进行分类。不同的类别，可以设置成不同的标志符号。 双击设置标志符号和尺寸 大小值 双击设置大小值 图3-15 分类选项卡 3.4 等值线图的绘制 3.4.1数据文件的网格化 Surfer最主要的功能是绘制等值线图，但并不是我们具有了数据文件就可以直接绘制等值线，Surfer要求绘制等值线的数据有特殊的格式要求，即首先要将数据文件转换成Surfer认识的“网格文件”格式，才能绘制等值线。假设你有三列数据:第一列是X坐标，第二列是Y坐标，第三列是(x，y)上的值Z，存在文件test.txt中。 提等值线的绘制可以在前面绘制好的井位坐标图上继续进行，即先打开前面绘示 制好的井位坐标图“*.srf”文件，然后开始以下的操作。 在绘制等值线前，首先要将数据文件test.txt转换为网格文件，步骤如下: (1)打开“网格菜单(G)”，点击“数据(D)...”，在“打开”对话框中选择数据文件test.txt(如图3,16)。 ?group mission to promote leapfrog development. ial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industryinancthe development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, f s, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social supportre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitivenesresources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winquality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structu-lity management management personnel, and strive to build a highqua-ghoperation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of hipt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and aoaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adowned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training -tatee of ss, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the valunspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activitiewin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict i-her braracteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To furtntation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and chplememanpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the im ss, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentratede the brand. To establish brand awarenetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot31? 单击弹出窗口 选择数据文件 图3-16 网格菜单的“数据”选项 (2)在打开“网格化数据”对话框中(如图3,17)，对“数据列”进行操作，选择要进行“网格化”的网格数据(X和Y坐标)以及格点上的值(Z列)，这里我们不用选择，因只有3列数据且它们的排列顺利已经是XYZ了，如果是多列数据，则可以在下拉菜单中选择所需要的列数据。 图3-17 “网格化数据”对话框 32nd funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.ects aolicy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projous research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the p. Sering ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policyment team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgradiquality professional manageregulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the d-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-vigorously the introduction of highpetition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, t comet, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to markemanagement of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the mark owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the-evelopment, ensure that the value of state, examination and approval procedures, strictwin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation-s, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winourcentegration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city rescompetition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the i d theand coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business roa ompetitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influencethe c e the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhancetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot 第3章 Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用 (3)选择好坐标XY和Z值后，在“网格化方法(M)”中选择一种插值方法。如果你需要比原始数据的网格X和Y更密的Z数据，或是你的网格是非均匀的，则在“网格化”的过程中，Surfer会自动进行插值计算，生成更密网格的数据;如果你只是想绘制原始数据的图，不想插值，则最好选择“加权反距离法(inverse distance to a power)”或“克里格法(Kriging)”。因为这两种方法在插值点与取样点重合时，插值点的值就是样本点的值，而其它方法不能保证如此。 (4)在“输出网格文件(Output GridFile)”中输入输出文件名test.grd，然后在“网格线索几何学(Grid Line Geometry)”中设置网格点数。这里需要注意的是，当X和Y的数值相差很大时，这里显示的最大最小值可能有错误(即与原始数据不同)，这是Surfer软件本身的问题，遇到这种情况，必须手动改正这种错误，即输入正确的最大最小值。由于我们的数据没有此类问题，因此不必手动改正最大最小值。但必须手动改正X和Y的“间距(spacing)”或“行数”，这二者是相关的，改动一个，另一个自动改正。如果你的原始数据是等间距的，这里的X和Y的“间距(spacing)”或“行数”最好与原数据一致，这样可以减少插值带来的误差。我们的数据是不均匀的，所以必须插值，这里可以不进行任何改动。最后，点击“确定”，画等值图所需要的网格文件test.grd就生成了。 另外，打开“网格菜单(G)”，选择“函数(F)...”命令也可以创建一个新的网格文件，此网格文件的Z值是一个原有网格文件的Z值的转换或是原有两个网格文件Z值的组合。输出的新网格文件的Z值与应用的数学函数有关。设此函数为C = f (A，B)，这里C为输出值，而A和B为输入值。此函数会把对应的相同的(x，y)坐标上的 Z 值进行相应的数学计算，然后把计算结果写入新的网格文件。例如，函数C = log10(A)会把原来A文件中的Z值做以10为底的“对数计算”，然后把新的Z值写入新的网格文件。如果一个网格数据是空白的(blanked value)，那么，新的Z值也是空白的。 3.4.2绘制和设置等值线 3.4.2.1绘制等值线 打开“地图菜单(M)”，点击“等值线图(C)，选择“新建等值线图(N)”，在“打开网格”对话框中选择刚才输出的网格文件test.grd(如图3,18)，点“确定”，则一幅等值线图就完成了(如图3,19)。 ?agroup mission to promote leapfrog development. ial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industryinancthe development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, f s, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social supportre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitivenesquality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structuof cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to ad-lity management management personnel, and strive to build a highqua-ghoperation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of hipt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training -tatee of ss, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the valunspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activitiewin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict i-resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winoaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional her braracteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To furtntation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and chplememanpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the im ss, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentratede the brand. To establish brand awarenetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot33? 单击弹出窗口 选择数据文件 图3-18 地图菜单(M)的“新建等值线图”选项框 图3-19 由test数据完成的等值线图 3.4.2.2等值线图的修改和设置 调出设置“等值线图属性对话框”有三种方法:鼠标左键双击左边目标管理窗口里面的“”;或在所画等值线图的图中心位置双击鼠标;或在等值线图的34nd funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.ects aolicy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projous research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the p. Sering ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policyment team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgradiquality professional manage, examination and approval procedures, strict-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-vigorously the introduction of highpetition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, t comet, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to markemanagement of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the mark win principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultationowned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the-evelopment, ensure that the value of stateregulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the d -s, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winourcentegration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city rescompetition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the i d theand coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business roa ompetitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influencethe c e the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhancetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot 第3章 Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用 图中心位置点击鼠标右键，选中“属性”，就会出现设置等值线属性的各种选项，可以进行修改和设置(如图3,20)。各属性选项介绍如下: 1、“常规General”选项卡 (1)“输入网格文件(G)input grid file” 为打开的等值线图的网格文件重新命名。你也可以点击“打开文件图标”，打开其他不同的文件(几乎没人这样做)，另外点击一下打开文件图标旁的“”图标，则可以看到当前网格文件的基本统计信息，如最大最小值等(如图3,20)。 对图双击 弹出窗口 双击弹出窗口 单击 图3-20 等值线图的属性对话框 (2)“填充等值线filled countours” 选中“填充等值线(F)fill countour(在前面的方框中点一下鼠标)，就可以画着色的等值线图了，如果再选中下面的“颜色比例(C)color scale”的话，则可以在等值线图旁边给出色彩棒。 (3)“平滑等值线(S)smothing” 选中的话可以对等值线进行平滑，在“程度(M)amount”中有“低、中、高”三种选择。这一项可以不选，除非画出的等值线图中的等值线非常的不平滑。这项只起到美化图形的结果，没有更大的意义。 -?ghgroup mission to promote leapfrog development. ial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industryinancthe development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, f s, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social supportre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitivenesoperation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of hiquality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structu-lity management management personnel, and strive to build a highquapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and aof cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adowned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training -tatee of ss, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the valunspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activitiewin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict i-resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winoaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional her braracteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To furtntation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and chplememanpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the im ss, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentratede the brand. To establish brand awarenetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot35? (4)“白化区域blanked regions” 这项可以对空白区域进行着色，只有在你的等值线中有空白区域时才有意义，一般不用。 (5)“断层线条属性(U)fault line” 可以设置等值线的粗细颜色等。 2、“等级Levels”选项卡 “等级Levels”选项卡下有5个选项:“等级level”、“线条line”、“填充fill”、“标注labels”和“影线hach”。 (1)“等级level” 点击“等级level”可以设置等值线的最大最小值和等值线间的等值距，这可以对所有的等值线发生作用，通过调节此项可以使等值线分布均匀，易于看清楚，作图更美观。如不想人为改动，可用缺省值。双击“等级level”下面的数字，可以单独更改等值线的值，但要注意等值线从小到大的规律。 (2)“线条line” 点击“线条line”可以设置等值线的线型。“线条line”的“属性properities”选项卡下有几项可以设置一下(如图3,21)。 单击弹出窗口 图3-21 “线条line”的属性对话框 选中“统一(U)uniform”，则线型是统一的，选中“分级(G)gradation”，则线的颜色是渐变的。选择好“属性properities”后，就可以更改下面的“式样(style)”和“颜色(color)”以及“线条宽(line)”。点一下“颜色(color)”旁边的颜色区，可以修改线条颜色。修改“受影响等级affected levels”可以有选择的对等值线的线型颜色进行设置，主要是手动修改“，，那里边的三个数字(如图3,21)，这里不再详细介绍了。 此外，还可以通过直接双击“线条line”下面的线，来改变某一根等值线的具体属36nd funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.ects aolicy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projous research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the p. Sering ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policyment team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgradiquality professional manageevelopment, ensure that the value of state-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-vigorously the introduction of highpetition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, t comet, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to markemanagement of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the mark regulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the downed assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the- , examination and approval procedures, strictwin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation-s, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winourcentegration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city rescompetition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the i d theand coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business roa ompetitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influencethe c e the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhancetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot 第3章 Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用 性(如图3,22)。 单击弹出窗口 图3-22 “单一线条”的属性对话框 图3-23b 图3-23a 图3-23d 图3-23c 图3-23 “填充fill”的属性对话框 (3)“填充fill” 此选项只有对填充了颜色的等值线图中才有效，对没有填充颜色的等值线图无作用。单击“填充fill”设置着色(如图3,23a)，出现“填充选项卡”(如图3,23b)，需要设置的只是“前景色(F)，其他的“填充图案(P)”以及“背景色(B)”均不用设置。 点击“前景色(F)就会出现“颜色谱color spectrum”选项框(如图3,23c)， ?group mission to promote leapfrog development. ial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industryinancthe development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, f s, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social supportre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitivenesher brquality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structu-lity management management personnel, and strive to build a highqua-ghoperation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of hipt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and aaracteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To furtof cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adowned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training -tatee of ss, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the valunspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activitiewin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict i-resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winntation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and choaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional plememanpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the im ss, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentratede the brand. To establish brand awarenetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot37? 点一下“盾形”图标(在颜色条的左右两端上方)，就可以分别点选下面的颜色了，当然，也可以按住键盘“Ctrl”键的同时点击鼠标左键，在颜色条的上方，添加“盾形”图标，手动添加制定的颜色。或是点击“载入(L)load” (如图3,23c)，调用surfer8安装目录“Samples“里默认的调色板文件(*.clr)(如图3,23d)。图3,24是选择了调色板文件“Rainbow2.CLR”得出的图形。 图3-24 选择调色板文件“Rainbow2.CLR”做出的图形 同样，可以通过双击“填充fill”下面的具体颜色条来对特定的等值线区域进行着色(如图3,25)。 (4)“标注labels” 设置等值线标注数字，比较简单。双击下面的“是yes”或“否no”可以设置是否显示某一等级的标注。 (5)“影线hach” 用来画等值线的上下方向(即上山或下山方向)，一般不用。 此外“等级Levels”选项卡右侧还有4个选项:“添加add”、“删除delete”、“载入load”、“保存save”。 38nd funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.ects aolicy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projous research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the p. Sering ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policyment team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgradiquality professional managewin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-vigorously the introduction of highpetition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, t comet, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to markemanagement of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the mark -owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the-evelopment, ensure that the value of stateregulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the d , examination and approval procedures, stricts, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winourcentegration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city rescompetition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the i d theand coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business roa ompetitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influencethe c e the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhancetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot 第3章 Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用 单击 弹出 窗口 图3-25 “单一填充”的属性对话框 当选中某一“等级level”后，点“增加add”按钮可以在两个“等级level”之间插入一新的“等级level”;“删除delete”按钮则可以删除选中的“等级level”;“载入load”按钮，可以载入以前设置好的“等级Levels”;“保存save”按钮可以保存当前的“等级levels”。 3、“查看view”选项卡 D Surface”情况下，一般不用。 用来调整等值线图的整体方向，除了在“3 4、“比例scale”选项卡 用来设置xyz轴的比例，可以调整其长度选项。一般情况不需调整，除非X和Y相差很大，为了方便看图可以调整其到合适的长度。 5、“限制limits”选项卡 可以用来裁剪等值线图(通过设置xy的最小最大值)，从而得到感兴趣的目标区的图形。 6、“背景background”选项卡 可用来设置背景填色，一般不用。 3.4.2.3轴线的修改和设置 调出“坐标轴属性对话框”有两种方法:一是鼠标左键双击左边目标管理窗口里面的“”，“”，“”，“”;二是双击等值图的横轴、纵轴、左轴或右轴所在的位置，就可以打开坐标轴属性对话框“map bottom(or left or top or right)axis properties”(如图3,26)。“坐标轴属性对话框”共有四个选项卡，下面以“底轴bottom”为例，其它类似: ?group mission to promote leapfrog development. ial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industryinancthe development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, f s, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social supportre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitivenes-quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structu-lity management management personnel, and strive to build a highqua-ghoperation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of hipt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and aresources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winof cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adowned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training -tatee of ss, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the valunspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activitiewin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict ioaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional her braracteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To furtntation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and chplememanpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the im ss, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentratede the brand. To establish brand awarenetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot39? 1、“常规gernal” 选项卡 “标题(T)Title”，在空白处可以输入轴的说明或图的说明文字，用“沿坐标轴偏移offset along”和“从坐标轴偏移offset from”可以设置说明文字的位置，“字体font”可以选择字体，“角度angle”可以选择文字的旋转角度。“labels”，设置轴的刻度值。“坐标平面axis plane”设置轴平面，一般不改动。“坐标轴属性axis”设置轴线属性。 2、“刻度ticks”选项卡 设置轴线上刻度的长度，方向，主刻度和辅助刻度。 双击弹出窗口 双击图的轴 部弹出窗口 图3-26 底部坐标轴属性对话框 3、“比例scaling”选项卡 设置刻度值(label)的起始值(firstmajor)，间隔(major)和最后值(last major)。其它值一般不修改。 4、“网格线grid lines”选项卡 用来设置等高线图的坐标网格，用鼠标点击“显示show”即可。 最后，设置好所有的选项后，点击“文件菜单(F)”的“保存”选项，选择默认-40vigorously the introduction of highnd funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.ects aolicy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projous research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the p. Sering ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policyment team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgradiquality professional managepetition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, -quality management management personnel, and strive to build a hight comet, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to markemanagement of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the mark owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the-evelopment, ensure that the value of stateregulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the d , examination and approval procedures, strictwin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation-s, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winourcentegration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city rescompetition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the i d theand coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business roa ompetitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influencethe c e the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhancetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot 第3章 Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用 的“*.srf”格式进行保存，则等值线图正式绘制完毕。 可以先绘制井位作标图，然后在继续绘制等值线图，也可以先绘制等值线图，提 示 然后再继续绘制井位坐标图。 3.5 图件的覆盖与拆解 如果在同一文件里绘制完成井位坐标图和等值线图后，看不到井位坐标，则说明井位作标图被等值线图挡住了，需要在左边的“目标管理窗口”把井位坐标图调整到等值线图的前面。(如图3,26) 图3-26 调整井位坐标图的叠置顺序 另外在同一文件里绘制完成井位坐标图和等值线图后，经常会发现两幅图的坐标不能准确对齐，如果用手动调节的话，肯定不精确，这时就可以采用“覆盖地图”方法。首先在键盘上按“Ctrl，A”或点击鼠标，将两幅图都选中，执行“地图(M)下的“覆盖地图”选项，就可以将两副图形精确对齐了。(如图3,27)同样的办法，选中好图件后，执行“地图(M)下的“拆解覆盖(B)”选项，可以把两幅图拆开。 3.6 “白化blank”作图及bln文件 在用Surfer软件绘图时，由于某些地区的原始数据不准确或者不太重要，常常需 ?group mission to promote leapfrog development. of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industryinancthe development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, f s, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social supportre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitivenesquality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structu-lity management management personnel, and strive to build a highowned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training qua-ghoperation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of hipt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and a-tatee of ss, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the valunspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activitiewin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict i-resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winoaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional her braracteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To furtntation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and chplememanpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the im ss, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentratede the brand. To establish brand awarenetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot41? 要把这些区域空白掉，这个过程一般称为“白化”。“白化”是对原来建立的网格文件进行操作，从中剔除一个或多个由封闭多边形定义的区域，被剔除的区域形成空白。“白化”作图需要建立的数据文件的后缀一般为“*.bln”。 图3-27 “覆盖地图”选项 3.6.1 bln文件的数据格式 “白化”的区域由“白化文件”定义，一个“白化文件”可以定义一个或几个空白区域。Surfer的“白化文件”(*.bln)为包含面、线信息的ASCII码文件。 文件格式如下: length，flag “Pname 1” x1，y1 x2，y2 … xn，yn length，flag “Pname 2” x1，y1 x2，y2 42management of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the marknd funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.ects aolicy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projous research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the p. Sering ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policyment team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgradiquality professional manage- quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-vigorously the introduction of highpetition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, t comet, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to markeowned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the-evelopment, ensure that the value of stateregulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the d , examination and approval procedures, strictwin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation-s, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winourcentegration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city rescompetition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the i d theand coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business roa ompetitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influencethe c e the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhancetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot 第3章 Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用 ... xn，yn “*.bln”可以为多段文件，每段表示一个实体(线、面)。每段文件由A，B两列数据组成，第1行为标志行，标志行A列――length值一般大于3，为线或多边形数据。标志行B列,,flag值为1时，表示多边形内部的区域被“白化”;标志行B列,,flag值为0时，表示多边形外部的区域被“白化”。由第2行开始依次为各顶点的X，Y坐标。每段第2行与最后一行的X，Y坐标相等时，为封闭多边形。(如图3,28) 3.6.2 bln文件的建立 “白化文件”(*.bln)文件可以在Surfer自带的工作表编辑器或其它文本编辑软 中手工输入(如图3,28)，然后保存为后缀名为“*.bln”件(Microsoft Office Excel) 的数据文件。 “1”表示多边 形内部区域被 “白化” 表示数 据个数 首尾数据一致，“白 化”区域是封闭的 图3-28 “白化文件”(*.bln)格式 ?group mission to promote leapfrog development. ial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industryinancthe development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, f s, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social supportre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitivenesresources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winquality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structu-lity management management personnel, and strive to build a highqua-ghoperation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of hipt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and aoaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adowned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training -tatee of ss, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the valunspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activitiewin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict i-her braracteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To furtntation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and chplememanpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the im ss, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentratede the brand. To establish brand awarenetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot43? 图3-29 “数字化”图件 鼠标点击选择“白 化”区域 生成数字化文件 图3-30 生成“白化文件” 另外，也可以在图上直接进行“数字化”来生成“白化文件”(*.bln)文件，步 -44vigorously the introduction of highnd funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.ects aolicy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projous research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the p. Sering ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policyment team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgradiquality professional managepetition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, -quality management management personnel, and strive to build a hight comet, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to markemanagement of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the mark owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the-evelopment, ensure that the value of stateregulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the d , examination and approval procedures, strictwin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation-s, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winourcentegration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city rescompetition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the i d theand coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business roa ompetitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influencethe c e the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhancetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot 第3章 Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用 骤如下: 首先选中图件(“Ctrl，A”或鼠标点击)，然后执行“地图菜单(M)”下的“数字化(D)”选项(如图3,29)，接着用鼠标左键在图中点出“白化区域”，(如图3,30)这是就直接生成了“数字化文件”――digit.bln。最后，通过编辑digit.bln文件(确定标志行B列数据是“1”还是“0”;把第2行与最后一行的X，Y坐标改为相同)，即可得到“白化文件”。 3.6.3 “白化blank”作图 “白化”的过程主要是利用“白化文件”对原来的网格文件进行“白化”操作，生成一套新的网格，然后再利用新生成的网格来绘制等值线图。 主要步骤如下: 图3-31 选取执行“白化”的网格 首先点击“网格菜单”执行“白化”选项，在弹出的“打开网格”菜单中选取网格文件test.grd(如图3,31); 然后在弹出的“打开”菜单中选取“白化文件”digit.bln(如图3,32); 接着在“保存网格”菜单保存新生成的网格为out.grd(如图3,33)，原来的网格test.grd便被白化了; ?group mission to promote leapfrog development. ial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industryinancthe development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, f s, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social supportre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitivenesoaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional quality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structu-lity management management personnel, and strive to build a highqua-ghoperation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of hipt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and aher brof cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adowned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training -tatee of ss, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the valunspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activitiewin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict i-resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winaracteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To furtntation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and chplememanpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the im ss, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentratede the brand. To establish brand awarenetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot45? 图3-32 选取“白化文件” 图3-33 保存新生成的网格文件 et, enhance the sense of crisis to adapt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to marke46nd funds, enterprise and industry group mission to promote leapfrog development.ects aolicy of industrial development, financial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projous research about social support the development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the p. Sering ability, enhance core competitiveness, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policyment team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structure optimization and upgradiquality professional managemanagement of education and training of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the mark-quality management management personnel, and strive to build a high-vigorously the introduction of highpetition, improve management and operation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, t com owned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the-evelopment, ensure that the value of stateregulation of economic activities, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the d , examination and approval procedures, strictwin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict inspection and argumentation, legal consultation-s, other industries and regional resources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winourcentegration of resources. To further broaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city rescompetition of alienation and characteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the i d theand coverage of the brand, the implementation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business roa ompetitive strength. Concentrated manpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influencethe c e the brand. To establish brand awareness, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhancetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot 第3章 Surfer8.0绘图软件的使用 最后打开“地图菜单(M)”，点击“等值线图(C)，选择“新建等值线图(N)”，在“打开网格”对话框中选择刚才输出的网格文件out.grd，点“确定”，则白化后的新的一幅等值线图就完成了(如图3,24)。 图3-34 “白化”后的等值线图 ?group mission to promote leapfrog development. ial investment policy, financial policy and tax policy, and actively seek policy, projects and funds, enterprise and industryinancthe development of cultural undertakings in the country and the XX policy, especially the policy of industrial development, f s, adapt to the need of market competition.(six) seriously study the policy for policy. Serious research about social supportre optimization and upgrading ability, enhance core competitivenesresources, mutual trust, mutual benefit, seeking winquality professional management team, hard work, and promote the entire workforce knowledge structure, age structure, structu-lity management management personnel, and strive to build a highqua-ghoperation of the market. At the same time, according to the need of industrial development, vigorously the introduction of hipt to market competition, the sense of urgency, improve the ability to respond to market competition, improve management and aoaden their horizons, effective integration of resources within the group, the city resources, other industries and regional of cadres and workers of the existing business, firmly establish the concept of the market, enhance the sense of crisis to adowned assets.(five) to strengthen the construction management personnel. Strengthen the management of education and training -tatee of ss, attract injection the social investment to the industry group, to achieve leveraging the development, ensure that the valunspection and argumentation, legal consultation, examination and approval procedures, strict regulation of economic activitiewin principle, in the framework of national policies and regulations, strict i-her braracteristics, the pursuit of stability and development of the market.(four) to promote the integration of resources. To furtntation of key breakthroughs, to enhance the competitive strength, walking business road the competition of alienation and chplememanpower, careful planning, packaging and publicity of a number of unique, market influence and coverage of the brand, the im ss, awareness of the use of brand, brand value, brand acquisition performance, enhance the competitive strength. Concentratede the brand. To establish brand awarenetheir own conditions to develop the correct road, the maximum to avoid investment risk, gain profit.(three) vigorously promot47?