必修五课文原文及翻译

UNIT 1 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” John Snow was a famous doctor in London—so expert,indeed,that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.This was the deadly disease of its day.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found. He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.So when another outbreak hit London in 1854,he was ready to begin his enquiry.As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods,he began to gather information.In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why. First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived.This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street(especially numbers 16,37,38 and 40).He also noticed that some houses(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.He had not foreseen this,so he made further investigations.He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.It seemed that the water was to blame. Next,John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas. In another part of London,he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.A woman,who had moved away from Broad Street,liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus. To prevent this from happening again,John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.Finally “King Cholera” was defeated. 约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王” 约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛,以至于成了照料维多利亚女王的私人医生。但当他一想到要帮助(那些)得了霍乱的普通百姓时,就感到很受鼓舞。霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病。人们既不知道它的病因,也不懂如何治疗。每次爆发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人病死。约翰·斯诺想面对这一挑战,解决这一问题。他知道在找到病源之前,霍乱疫情是无法控制的。 他对霍乱致人死地的两种推测产生了兴趣。第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖,像一股危险气体在空中到处漂浮,直到找到病毒的受害人。第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。病毒从胃部开始迅速殃及全身,患者就会很快地死去。 约翰·斯诺推测第二种说法是正确的,但需要有证据。因此在1854年伦敦再次爆发霍乱时,他就着手准备对此调研。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延时,约翰·斯诺开始搜集信息。他发现特别在两条街上霍乱流行得很严重,以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查清原因。 他首先在地图上标注出所有死者曾住过的确切地点。该图提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。许多死者都住在布洛德街上的水泵附近(尤其是这条街上的16、37、38和40号)。他还发现有些住户(如布洛德街20号和21号及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。他未预料到这种情况,于是他做了进一步调查。他发现这些人是在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工。酒馆为他们供应免费啤酒,因此他们没喝布洛德街水泵里的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。 接下来,约翰·斯诺调查了这两条街上的水源。他发现水来自于河里,这条河被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。约翰·斯诺立即告诉布洛德街上惊慌失措的人们拆掉水泵的把手,这样水泵就用不成了。不久,疫情就开始得到缓解。他 证明 住所证明下载场所使用证明下载诊断证明下载住所证明下载爱问住所证明下载爱问 了霍乱是通过细菌传播而非气团传播。 在伦敦的另一地区,他从另外两例与布洛德街疾病爆发有关的死亡病例中得到了有力的证据。一个妇女,从布洛德街搬走了,但她非常喜欢水泵的水,她让人每天从水泵给她家送水。她和她的女儿在喝了这些水后,都死于霍乱。利用这个额外证据,约翰·斯诺就可以很有把握地宣布污染水携带病菌。 为防止这种情况再度发生,约翰·斯诺建议,所有水源都要经过检测。供水公司也得到指示再也不能让人们接触污染水了。“霍乱王”终于被击败了。 PUZILES IN GEOGRAPHY People may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries:England, Wales,Scotland and Northern Ireland.You can clarify this question if you study British history. First there was England.Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century.Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well.Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to “Great Britain”.Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well.Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way.However,the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government.So only Northern Ireland joined with England,Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack. To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg,the currency and international relations),but they still have very different institutions.For example,Northern Ireland,England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup! England is the largest of the four countries,and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones.The zone nearest France is called the South of England,the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North.You find most of the population settled in the south,but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England.Although,nationwide,these cities are not as large as those in China,they have world-famous football teams and some of them even have two!It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors.For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans.There you will find out more about British history and culture. The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums,art collections,theatres, parks,and buildings.It is the centre of national government and its administration.It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the first century AD,the oldest building begun by the Anglo-Saxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066.There have been four sets of invaders of England.The first invaders,the Romans,left their towns and roads.The second,the Anglo-Saxons,left their language and their government.The third,the Vikings,influenced the vocabulary and place-names of the North of England,and the fourth,the Normans,left castles and introduced new words for food. If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders.You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile. 地理学的困惑 对于用不同词汇来描述英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰这四个国家,人们感到很奇怪。如果你研究英国历史,你就可以弄清楚这个问题。 首先是英格兰。威尔士在公元13世纪时与英格兰是一体的。现在当人们说到英格兰时,你会发现威尔士也包括在其中。接着英格兰和威尔士在17世纪同苏格兰合并,更名为“大不列颠”。苏格兰的詹姆斯国王也成为英格兰和威尔士的国王,幸运的是这并未经过战争。最后在20世纪初,英国政府打算把爱尔兰也和平联合起来组建联合王国。但是爱尔兰的南 部很不情愿,分离出去并建立了自己的政府。因此,只有北爱尔兰与英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰统一成为联合王国,这在新国旗上展现给世人,叫做“英国国旗”。 值得赞扬的是,这四个国家在某些领域确实能够合作(比如,在货币和国际关系上),但是它们的 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 很不相同。例如,北爱尔兰、英格兰和苏格兰有不同的教育及司法体系,还有不同的足球队去参加像世界杯这样的比赛! 英格兰是四个国家中最大的,为方便起见,它大体上分成三个区。最靠近法国的是英格兰南部,中部地区被称为英格兰中部,最靠近苏格兰的称为英格兰北部。你可以看到大多数人口定居在南部,但多数的大型工业城市在英格兰的中部和北部地区。尽管英格兰全国的许多城市不如中国的城市大,但它们都有著名的足球队,有些甚至有两支!可惜的是,这些建于19世纪的工业城市不吸引游客。为游览古代建筑你就得去那些最初由罗马人建造的更古老但是更小的城镇。在那儿你会了解更多的关于英国历史和文化的东西。 最伟大的历史财富是伦敦,它拥有博物馆、艺术珍藏、戏院、公园以及建筑。它是全国的政治中心。它还有罗马人于公元1世纪建的最古老的港口,盎格鲁—撒克逊人于11世纪60年代始建起的最古老的建筑以及后来的诺曼统治者于1066年建造的最古老的城堡。曾经有四批侵略者到过英国。第一批入侵者是罗马人,他们留下了他们的城镇和道路。接着是盎格鲁—撒克逊人,他们留下了他们的语言和政体。第三批是斯堪的纳维亚人,他们对词汇以及北部的地名造成了一定的影响。第四批是诺曼人,他们留下了城堡和表示食物名称的词语。 如果你到英国的乡村看看,你会发现所有这些入侵者留下的证据。如果你想让你的英国之旅很有价值,你必须留心观察! FIRST IMPRESSIONS Spacemail:liqiang299A@GreatAdventureSpaceStation.com15/11/3008(Earthtime) Dear Mum and Dad, I still cannot believe that I am taking up this prize that I won last year.I have to remind myself constantly that I am really in AD 3008.Worried about the journey,I was unsettled for the first few days.As a result,I suffered from “time lag”.This is similar to the“jet lag”you get from flying,but it seems you keep getting flashbacks from your previous time period.So I was very nervous and uncertain at first.However,my friend and guide,Wang Ping,was very understanding and gave me some green tablets which helped a lot.Well-known for their expertise,his parents' company,called “Future Tours”,transported me safely into the future in a time capsule. I can still remember the moment when the space stewardess called us all to the capsule and we climbed in through a small opening.The seats were comfortable and after a calming drink,we felt sleepy and closed our eyes.The capsule began swinging gently sideways as we lay relaxed and dreaming.A few minutes later,the journey was completed and we had arrived.I was still on the earth but one thousand years in the future.What would I find? At first my new surroundings were difficult ot tolerate.The air seemed thin,as though its combination of gases had little oxygen left.Hit by a lack of fresh air,my head ached.Just as I tried to make the necessary adjustment to this new situation,Wang Ping appeared.“Put on this mask,”he advised.“It'll make you feel much better.”He handed it to me and immediately hurried me through to a small room nearby for a rest.I felt better in no time.Soon I was back on my feet again and following him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer.These carriages float above the ground and by bending or pressing down in your seat,you can move swiftly.Wang Ping fastened my safety belt and showed me how to use it.Soon I could fly as fast as him.However,I lost sight of Wang Ping when we reached what looked like a large market because of too many carriages flying by in all directions.He was swept up into the centre of them.Just at that moment I had a “time lag” flashback and saw the area again as it had been in the year AD 2008.I realized that I had been transported into the future of what was still my hometown!Then I caught sight of Wang Ping again and flew after him. Arriving at a strange-looking house,he showed me into a large,bright clean room.It had a green wall,a brown floor and soft lighting.Suddenly the wall moved-it was made of trees!I found later that their leaves provided the room with much-needed oxygen.Then Wang Ping flashed a switch on a computer screen,and a table and some chairs rose from under the floor as if by magic.“Why not sit down and eat a little?”he said.“You may find this difficult as it is your first time travel trip.Just relax,since there is nothing planned on the timetable today.Tomorrow you'll be ready for some visits.”Having said this,he spread some food on the table,and produced a bed from the floor.After he left,I had a brief meal and a hot bath.Exhausted,I slid into bed and fell fast asleep. More news later from your loving son, Li Qiang 第一印象 太空邮件:Liqiang299A@GreatAdventureSpaceStation.com15/11/3008(地球时间) 亲爱的爸爸妈妈: 我仍然不能相信我是在接受去年获得的这个奖励。我得不断提醒自己,我真地已经进入到公元3008年了。我很担心这次旅行,所以头几天心里总是不踏实。结果,我得了“时间滞后症”。这就与你们乘坐飞机会产生时差反应相似,所不同的是,在你们脑子里似乎会不断闪现以前的时光。因此,我一开始就感到神经紧张和心神不定。但是,我的朋友兼导游王平很细心体贴,给了我几粒绿色药片,倒是挺起作用的。他父母的公司叫做“未来之旅”,以其技术高超而闻名,用时间舱平安地把我送入了未来。 我仍然记得女乘务员让我们都进入时间舱,我们都通过一个小入口爬进去。座位是很舒适的,喝了点镇静剂以后,我们感到很困,就闭上了眼睛。时间舱在轻轻地左右摇晃,我们放松地躺在那里做梦。几分钟以后,旅程结束,我们都到了。我仍然在地球上,但是进入了 未来的一千年。我会看到什么呢? 开始新的环境很难忍受。空气似乎很稀薄,好像在混合的气体中剩下的氧气很少。由于缺乏新鲜空气,我感到头痛。正当我努力调整自己适应新环境时,王平出现了。“把这个面罩戴上,它会使你感觉好得多。”他建议说。他把面罩递给我,然后把我快速带到一个附近的小房间里休息。我立刻就感到舒服些了。一会儿我就又站起来,跟着他去领取了一台由电脑驱动的汽垫车。这些汽垫车是在地面上漂浮着的,只要把座位打弯或压下,你就可以迅速地移动。王平给我系好安全带并且教我如何使用。很快,我就跟王平飞得一样快了。但是,当我们到达一个看上去像是大市场的地方时,王平不见了,因为很多汽垫车在身边朝各个方向飞奔。他被卷入到这群车队中去了。就在这个时候我得了一次“时间滞后”的回闪,这样我就再次看到了公元2008年的那个地区了。我这才懂得我被送到了未来,但却仍然在自己的家乡!然后我又见到了王平,于是又跟在他后面飞去。 来到一个形状奇怪的房子面前,他把我带到一个明亮而洁净的大房间。那里有绿色的墙,棕色的地板,柔和的灯光。突然,墙壁移动了——原来是树形成的!后来我才发现,就是这些树的叶子为这栋房屋提供了急需的氧气。然后王平在电脑荧屏上闪了一下开关,于是一张桌子和几把椅子就像变魔术一样从地板下面升了上来。“为什么不坐下来吃点东西呢?”他说道,“你第一次做这样的时间旅行,可能会感到有些困难。今天没有任何出行 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 ,你可以好好休息一下。明天你还要准备参观几个地方。”说完这些,他把食物摆在桌子上,又从地板下拿出一张床来。他离开后,我快速吃了些东西,洗了个热水澡。我感到累极了,溜到床上很快就睡着了。 以后再谈吧! 你们亲爱的儿子, 李强 MY FIRST WORK ASSIGNMENT “Unforgettable” says new journalist Never will Zhou Yang (ZY)forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper.His discussion with his new boss,Hu Xin (HX),was to strongly influence his life as a journalist. HX:Welcome.We're delighted you're coming to work with us.Your first job here will be an assistant journalist.Do you have any questions? ZY:Can I go out on a story immediately? HX:(laughing) That's admirable,but I'm afraid it would be unusual!Wait till you're more experienced.First we'll put you as an assistant to an experienced journalist.Later you can cover a story and submit the article yourself. ZY:Wonderful.What do I need to take with me?I already have a notebook and camera. HX:No need for a camera.You'll have a professional photographer with you to take photographs.You'll find your colleagues very eager to assist you,so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if you're interested. ZY:Thank you.Not only am I interested in photography,but I took an amateur course at university to update my skills. HX:Good. ZY:What do I need to remember when I go out to cover a story? HX:You need to be curious.Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know.We say a good journalist must have a good“nose”for a story.That means you must be able to assess when people are not telling the whole truth and then try to discover it.They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story. ZY:What should I keep in mind. HX:Here comes my list of dos and don'ts:don't miss your deadline,don't be rude,don't talk too much,but make sure you listen to the interviewee carefully. ZY:Why is listening so important? HX:Well,you have to listen for detailed facts.Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the person says. ZY:But how can I listen carefully while taking notes? HX:This is a trick of the trade.If the interviewee agrees,you can use a recorder to get the facts straight.It's also useful if a person wants to challenge you.You have the evidence to support your story. ZY:I see!Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick? HX:Yes,but it was a long time ago.This is how the story goes.A footballer was accused of taking money for deliberately not scoring goals so as to let the other team win.We went to interview him.He denied taking money but we were sceptical.So we arranged an interview between the footballer and the man supposed to bribe him.When we saw them together we guessed from the footballer's body language that he was not telling the truth.So we wrote an article suggesting he was guilty.It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded damages if we were wrong.He tried to stop us publishing it but later we were proved right. ZY:Wow!That was a real “scoop”.I'm looking forward to my first assignment now.Perhaps I'll get a scoop too! HX:Perhaps you will.You never know. 我的第一项工作任务“难以忘怀”,新闻记者说 周阳永远不会忘记他在一家很受欢迎的英语报社的第一项工作任务。他同新上司胡新的讨论对他的记者生涯必将产生重大的影响。 胡:欢迎你。非常高兴你来和我们一起工作。你在这里首先是当助理记者。有什么问题吗? 周:我可以马上外出采访吗? 胡:(笑)值得表扬,但是恐怕这样就不太合乎常规了!等到你比较有经验以后才行。首先我们要派你给有经验的记者做助手。以后你就可以自己采访新闻,提交新闻稿了。 周:太棒了。我需要带什么?我有一个笔记本和一个相机。 胡:不需要相机。你将带上一名专业摄影师去拍照。你将发现同事们会热情地帮助你,因此如果你对摄影感兴趣,以后你可以集中精力去研究它。 周:谢谢你。对摄影我不仅仅是感兴趣,在大学里我还参加过业余摄影班提高我的水平呢。 胡:很好。 周:我外出采访时还需要记住些什么呢? 胡:你需要保持好奇心。只有问很多问题,你才能得到你想得到的信息。我们说,一个好的记者必须有对新闻非常敏锐的“嗅觉”。那就是说,在人们还没有说出全部真相之前,记者就要能够作出判断,并力求发现真相。他们必须通过调查研究,来使自己了解被遗漏的那部分情况。 周:我还要注意些什么呢? 胡:下面是我的行为准则:不要超过最后期限,不可对人粗鲁,不可自己说得太多,务必认真倾听被采访人的回答。 周:为什么倾听这么重要呢? 胡:你得听清楚事实的细节。同时,你还要根据被采访人所说的话准备提出下一个问题。 周:但是怎样才能在作 记录 混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载 的同时听清对方的话呢? 胡:这就是我们职业的诀窍了。如果被采访人允许,你可以使用小型录音机来记录下全部事实。如果有人提出质疑,这也有用。你就有证据来支持你的报道。 周:我明白了!你有没有遇到过这种情况:别人控告你的记者,说他的报道失实呢? 胡:有,不过这是很久以前的事了。事情是这样的:一位足球运动员被指控受贿,故意不进球,好让别的队赢球。我们去采访了他。他否认受贿,但我们很怀疑。因此我们为足球运动员和那个被认为行贿的人安排了一场采访。当我们看见他们在一起时,从足球运动员的身体语言猜出他没有说出真相。所以我们写了一篇文章暗示他曾受贿。这事有些为难,因为如果我们出错,足球运动员会要求赔偿。他试图阻止我们公布该消息,但后来我们被证明是对的。 周:哇!那真是独家新闻。我现在盼望得到第一个任务。或许我也能找到独家新闻! 胡:你也许会。谁知道呢。 FIRST AID FOR BURNS The skin is an essential part of your body and its largest organ.You have three layers of skin which act as a barrier against disease,poisons and the sun's harmful rays.The functions of your skin are also very complex:it keeps you warm or cool;it prevents your body from losing too much water;it is where you feel cold,heat or pain and it gives you your sense of touch.So as you can imagine,if your skin gets burned it can be very serious.First aid is a very important first step in the treatment of burns. Causes of burns You can get burned by a variety of things:hot liquids,steam,fire,radiation (by being close to high heat or fire,etc),the sun,electricity or chemicals. Types of burns There are three types of burns.Burns are called first,second or third degree burns,depending on which layers of the skin are burned. ?First degree burns These affect only the top layer of the skin.These burns are not serious and should feel better within a day or two.Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by touching a hot pan,stove or iron for a moment. ?Second degree burns These affect both the top and the second layer of the skin.These burns are serious and take a few weeks to heal.Examples include severe sunburn and burns caused by hot liquids. ?Third degree burns These affect all three layers of the skin and any tissue and organs under the skin.Examples include burns caused by electric shocks,burning clothes,or severe petrol fires.These burns cause very severe injuries and the victim must go to hospital at once. Characteristics of burns First degree burns ?dry red and mildly swollen ?mildly painful ?turn white when pressed Second degree burns ?rough,red and swollen ?·blisters ?watery surface ?extremely painful Third degree burns ?black and white and charred ?swollen;often tissue under them can be seen ?little or no pain if nerves are damaged;may be pain around edge of injured area. First aid treatment 1Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is stuck to the burn.Take off other clothing and jewellery near the burn. 2Cool burns immediately with cool but not icy water.It is best to place burns under gently running water for about 10 minutes.(The cool water stops the burning process,prevents the pain becoming unbearable and reduces swelling.) Do not put cold water on third degree burns. 3For first degree burns,place cool,clean,wet cloths on them until the pain is not so bad.For second degree burns,keep cloths cool by putting them back in a basin of cold water, squeezing them out and placing them on the burned area over and over again for about an hour until the pain is not so bad. 4Dry the burned area gently.Do not rub,as this may break any blisters and the wound may get infected. 5Cover the burned area with a dry,clean bandage that will not stick to the skin.Hold the bandage in place with tape.Never put butter,oil or ointment on burns as they keep the heat in the wounds and may cause infection. 6If burns are on arms or legs,keep them higher than the heart,if possible.If burns are on the face,the victim should sit up. 7If the injuries are second or third degree burns,it is vital to get the victim to the doctor or hospital at once. ,烧伤的急救 皮肤是身体必不可少的部分,也是身体的最大器官。皮肤有三层,像是三层屏障,可以防病、防毒、抵御有害太阳光线的侵害。皮肤的各种功能也很复杂:皮肤可以保暖或保持凉爽,保持体内的水分。正是皮肤使你感到冷、热、疼痛,它还使你有触觉。因此,你可以想象,如果你的皮肤烧伤了,就可能非常严重。在治疗烧伤的过程中,紧急处理是非常重要的第一步。 烧伤的原因 你可能由于下列各种原因导致烧伤:灼热的液体、水蒸气、火、辐射(由于靠近高温或火等)、太阳、电和化学物品。 烧伤的种类 烧伤有三类。根据皮肤的第几层被烧伤定义为一度烧伤、二度烧伤和三度烧伤。 一度烧伤这种烧伤只损伤皮肤的表层。这些烧伤并不严重,应当在一两天内就有好转。例如轻度的晒伤,由于短暂接触热锅、炉子或熨斗而导致的烫伤。 二度烧伤这种烧伤既损伤了皮肤的表层,又损伤了皮肤的第二层。这类烧伤属于严重的烧伤,需数星期才能痊愈。例如严重的晒伤和灼热的液体所造成的烧伤。 三度烧伤所有三层皮肤以及皮下组织和器官都受到损害。例如由电击引起的烧伤,因 衣服起火引起的烧伤,或因汽油起火引起的严重烧伤。这些烧伤都导致严重损伤,受伤者必须立即被送往医院。 烧伤的特性 一度烧伤 ?干燥、发红、微肿 ?微痛 ?受压时变白 二度烧伤 ?粗糙、发红、肿胀 ?起水泡 ?表面有水 ?极其疼痛 三度烧伤 ?黑、白和焦炭色相间 ?肿胀,常可看到皮下组织 ?若损坏了神经,则没有疼痛或很少疼痛,或者在创伤面四周有疼痛感 急救处理 1如果衣物未粘在皮肤上要用剪刀(如有必要)除去。脱去烧伤附近的其他衣物和首饰。 2马上用凉水给伤口冲凉,但不能用冰水。最好是把烧伤的部位放在慢速流动的自来水下冲洗大约10分钟。(凉水可以阻止烧伤的进程,可以防止无法忍受的疼,还可以消除肿胀。)三度烧伤不可以用冷水冲洗。 3对于一度烧伤,要把清凉干净的湿布放在烧伤面上,直到疼痛感较轻时为止。对于二度烧伤,要保持湿布清凉,需把湿布放回冷水中,拧出水后,再放在烧伤面上,这样反反复复地做一个小时左右,直到不太痛时为止。 4轻轻地把烧伤面弄干。但不要擦拭,因为这样会擦破水泡,感染伤口。 5用干而清洁又不粘皮肤的绷带盖住烧伤面。用胶布把绷带固定住。千万不要在烧伤处涂黄油、油或软膏,因为这会使里面的热散不出去,而且还可能导致感染。 6如果烧伤部位在臂部或腿部,要把手臂或腿部尽可能抬高到高于心脏的位臵。如果是面部烧伤,伤者则应该坐起来。 7如果属于二度或三度烧伤,就要立即把患者送去看医生或住院。