SimaPro7个人指导

productecologyconsultantsTutorialSimaPro7SimaPro7TutorialNovember2010SimaPro7TutorialColophonTitle:SimaPro7TutorialWrittenby:PRéConsultantsMarkGoedkoop,AnDeSchryver,MichielOele,DouwedeRoest,MarisaVieiraandSipkeDurkszReportversion:3.5Date:November2010Language:EnglishAvailability:PDFfile.PrintedversionforregisteredSimaProusers.Copyright:©2002-2010PRéConsultants.Somerightsreserved.ThisworkislicensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike3.0NetherlandsLicense.Toviewacopyofthislicense,visithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/nl/deed.en_USorsendalettertoCreativeCommons,171SecondStreet,Suite300,SanFrancisco,California,94105,USA.Ifthemanualistobeusedforotherpurposes,writtenconsentofPRéConsultantsisneeded.Support:phone+31334504010fax+31334555024e-mailsupport@pre.nlwebsitewww.pre.nlSimaPro7TutorialContent1INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................11.1THEPURPOSEOFTHISTUTORIAL.............................................................................................11.2THELESSONS.................................................................................................................11.3SIMAPROTRAINING...........................................................................................................22LESSON1:GENERALINTRODUCTION,USINGTHEGUIDEDTOUR.................................................32.1THEPROBLEM................................................................................................................32.2USETHEPREDEFINEDWIZARDFIRST..........................................................................................32.3USETHESTANDARDUSERINTERFACE.........................................................................................33LESSON2A:ENTERPRODUCTIONPROCESSES...................................................................93.1INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................93.2PREPARATIONFORDATAENTRY...............................................................................................93.3ENTERINGPROCESS1:FELLINGTHETREE...................................................................................113.4PROCESS2–SAWMILL(‘PLANKS’).........................................................................................174LESSON2BENTERWASTETREATMENTANDWASTESCENARIOS...............................................234.1INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................234.2WASTETREATMENTRECORDFORLANDFILL.................................................................................254.3MODELLINGTHEIMPACTSOFTHEOPENFIRE................................................................................284.4WASTESCENARIOS..........................................................................................................285LESSON2CENTERACOMPLETEPRODUCTLIFECYCLE.........................................................335.1INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................335.2THEASSEMBLYPRODUCTSTAGE............................................................................................335.3APARAMETERISEDSHED....................................................................................................386LESSON2D:ANALYSINGSOMEOFTHERESULTS..............................................................416.1INVENTORY(LCI)RESULTS.................................................................................................416.2IMPACTASSESSMENT(LCIA)RESULTS......................................................................................426.3CONTRIBUTIONANALYSIS...................................................................................................457LESSON2E:USINGPARAMETERSFORSENSITIVITYANALYSIS..................................................507.1THEIMPACTOFTHEALLOCATIONPRINCIPLE................................................................................507.2COMPARINGTHEIMPACTOFALTERNATIVEALLOCATIONPRINCIPLES.........................................................518LESSON3:BUILDINGSOPHISTICATEDPRODUCTSTAGESUSINGTHEWIZARD..................................558.1THEPROBLEM..............................................................................................................558.2THESIMAPROSOLUTION....................................................................................................558.3ANALYSINGTHERESULTS...................................................................................................589LESSON4:USINGINPUTOUTPUT............................................................................619.1INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................619.2PROBLEM1:PRIORITIESFORSUSTAINABLECONSUMPTION...................................................................619.3PROBLEM2:GUIDINGSTRATEGICINVESTMENTS.............................................................................629.4PROBLEM3:INCLUDETHEIMPACTOFSERVICESINTHELCA................................................................6210LESSON5:SOLVINGTHEWEIGHTINGDEBATE?...............................................................6410.1THEPROBLEM..............................................................................................................6410.2THESIMAPROSOLUTION....................................................................................................6411LESSON6:MONTECARLOANALYSIS.........................................................................6711.1THEPROBLEM..............................................................................................................6711.2THESIMAPROSOLUTION....................................................................................................6711.3RECYCLINGOFMODELPRO.................................................................................................6711.4DOESTHERECYCLINGSYSTEMSEEMTOBEBENEFICIAL?.....................................................................6911.5MONTECARLOANALYSIS....................................................................................................6911.6COMPAREPERIMPACTCATEGORY...........................................................................................7111.7ABSOLUTEUNCERTAINTY...................................................................................................7211.8FINALREMARKFORTHISEXAMPLE..........................................................................................7211.9UNCERTAINTYONPARAMETERS.............................................................................................7212FURTHERDEVELOPINGYOURSKILLS..........................................................................74SimaPro7TutorialSimaPro7Tutorial11Introduction1.1ThepurposeofthistutorialInthistutorialweaimtoprovideyouyourfirstexperienceswithSimaPro,bytakingyouthroughaseriesofsimplifiedexamples.ThetutorialdoesnotattempttoexplaintheconceptofLCAandallmethodologicalissues.ThebasictheoryandtheconceptsbehindLCAaredescribedinthemanual‘IntroductiontoLCAwithSimaPro’,whichisincludedwithyourSimaProorderasahardcopy.ThemanualcanalsobeaccessedthroughthehelpmenuinSimaPro,itcanbefoundontheinstallationCDasaPDFfileoritcanbedownloadedfromthePRéwebsitehttp://www.pre.nl/simapro/manuals.Eachlessoninthistutorialstartswithatablethatdescribeswhatyoushouldread.Tofollowtheexamplesinthetutorial,youneedtohaveademoversionoraregisteredversionofSimaPro7.Thedemoversionismuchthesameasthefullversionwithoneimportantlimitation.Youcanenter,editandsavedata,butthesavecommandcanonlybeused16times.Thisshouldbesufficienttodoalltheexercises,butbecarefulnottowasteyouropportunitiestosavedata.1.2ThelessonsWehavepreparedanumberofexamplesthatallowyoutogettoknowSimaPro.Whichexamplesyouwouldliketofollowdependsonthetimeyouhaveavailableandtheapplicationyouhaveinmind.1.2.1Lesson1:BasicfeaturesofSimaProWesuggeststartingwithexample1:theguidedtourwithcoffee.ThiswillshowyouhowacompleteLCAisstoredandanalysedinSimaPro.Italsoexplainshowyoushouldinterprettheresults,andhowtheresultwindowswork.ItdoesnotexplainhowyouenterdataintoSimaPro.1.2.2Lesson2A,B,C,DandE:EnteringdataandbuildinglifecyclesNowyoucanexperiencehowtoenterdataandhowtobuildupanLCA.Lesson2isacomprehensiveexampleanditwilltakeafewhourstocomplete.Itshowshowtoenterprocessdataandhowtoanalysetheresultsorperformasimplesensitivityanalysis.1.2.3Lesson3:UsingtheWizardtobuildlifecyclesAfterhavingdonethehardworkinlesson2,thislessonshowshowyoubuildalifecycleinasemi-automaticway.Infact,youbuildamuchmoreadvancedlifecycleinamuchshortertime.Youmay,ofcourse,wonderwhywemadelesson2,butwithouthavingexperiencedmakingalifecycle“thehardway”youwillfinditdifficulttounderstandwhatthewizarddoesforyouandwhattheresultsmean.1.2.4Lesson4:UsinginputoutputdataInputoutputdatabasesopenupentirelynewpossibilitiestoassessservicesandtostudyconsumptionpatterns.Theyarealsousefulinscreeningsortoassesstheimportanceofmissingdata.PleasealsoreadtheInputoutputinSimaPromanualundertheHelp>SimaPromanualsmenuinSimaProSimaPro7Tutorial21.2.5Lesson5:AddressingtheweightingproblemWeightingisadisputedissueinLCA.Inmanycasesyouwillneedtomaketrade-offsbetweenimpactcategories.Theweightingtriangleisawaytocommunicatetheweightingproblemtostakeholdersandcometoadecisionwithoutusingweightingfactors.1.2.6Lesson6:AssessinguncertaintieswithMonteCarloSimaProAnalystandSimaProDevelopercanrunMonteCarloanalysestodeterminetheuncertaintyinyourresults.InthedemoyoucanusetheMonteCarlofeature6times,toexperiencetheclaritysuchananalysiscangive.1.3SimaProtrainingWiththistutorial,youcanlearnhowtouseSimaProbyyourself.Ifyouwanttodevelopmoreadvancedskills,PRéanditsinternationalpartnersprovidededicatedSimaProtrainings.Pleasecheckwww.pre.nl/trainingsformoreinformation.Sometrainingsrequireyoutoperformsomelessonsinthistutorial,toensurethatallpeopleatthecoursealreadyunderstandthebasics.Thisway,thetimecanbeusedformoreadvancedsubjects.Pleasebeawarethatifyouhaveademoversion,youcanonlysaveprocesses16times.Thisshouldbeenoughtoruntheexercisesinthistutorial,unlessyousaveprocessesmorethanonce.Pleasenotethatre-installingthedemowillnotresetthecounter.SimaPro7Tutorial32Lesson1:Generalintroduction,usingtheguidedtourOverviewWhatyouwilllearnGetageneraloverview,becomefamiliarwiththemostimportantresultscreensandterminologyinSimaProRequiredentrylevelSomebasicunderstandingofwhatLCAisabout.ThisisintendedtobeyourfirstexperiencewithSimaProRecommendedreading‘IntroductiontoLCAwithSimaPro’,chapter1ProjectneededIntroductiontoSimaPro7Approximatetimeneeded15-45minutes2.1TheproblemFindoutwhatguidelinesshouldbegiventodesignersofcoffeemachines.Forinstance,shouldtheyfocusonmaterialselectionorenergyefficiencyintheusephase?Istheconsumptionofpaperfiltersimportant?Inexample6below,wewillalsoinvestigateifitisimportanttoorganiseatakebackandarecyclingsystem.2.2UsethepredefinedwizardfirstStartwithrunningthe“Guidedtour(withcoffee)”wizard.ThewizardwillguideyouthroughsomescreensandgiveagenericoverviewofthecapabilitiesofSimaPro.Takeyourtimetoreadthetextsinthewizarddialoguewindow.Thiswilltakeabout15minutes.2.2.1TheSimaProsolutionTwocoffeemachinesaredefined,amodelSimaandamodelPro,withthefollowingspecifications:ModelSimaModelProMainmaterialforhousingPlasticAluminiumSystemforkeepingcoffeewarmHotplateThermosJug2.3UsethestandarduserinterfaceAfterfinishingthewizard,youcanalsogothroughtheexamplestepbystep,usingthenormalinterface.Thiswillhelpyoutounderstandthebasicfeaturesintheinterface.Thispartwilltakeanother20minutes.2.3.1Step1:InspectgoalandscopeReadthedescriptionofthisfictionalprojectunderGoalandScopeintheExplorerbar.2.3.2Step2:InspecttheprocessesinthedatabaseClickonprocessesunderInventoryandinspecttherangeofprocessessuppliedinthedatabase.Chooseaprocess,anddoubleclickonit.Theprocessisopenedandyoucaninspecthowtheprocessisdefined.SimaPro7Tutorial42.3.3Step3:AnalysetheenvironmentalprofileofaproductClickonProductstages.SelectAssemblyandthenCoffeemachine(demo).Youwillseealistofassemblies.Thesearetheproductdefinitions.DoubleclickonAssemblymodelSima(plastic),theassemblywillbeopenedandyoucanseehowthisassemblyisdefined.NowclickontheAnalysetoolbarbuttontoseetheinventoryandimpactassessmentresults,aswellastheprocesscontributions(seefigureonthenextpage).TheEco-indicator99HAmethodhasbeenselectedasthedefault.Later,instep10,wewillshowhowyoucanselectanotherdefaultimpactassessmentmethod.ClicktheCalculatebutton.SimaProwillmakeacalculation.Seethepicturebelowforinformationontheresults.Thewindowshowsthecharacterisationresults.ClicktheCharacterisationbuttonifyouseeadifferentgraph.Asallimpactcategorieshaveadifferentunit,theyareplottedinapercentagescale.Thecoloursindicatetherelativecontributionfordifferentpartsoftheproduct.Fromthemanypossibleusesoftheresultswindowwejustmentionthree:1.LCIresults:Theinventoryresultisalonglistofemissionsandresources.ClickontheInventorytab.ItisontherightsideoftheImpactAssessmenttab.CheckmissingcharacterisationfactorsIncharacterisation,allresultsareplottedonapercentagescaleSelectimpactassessmentresultsSwitchbetweengraphandtableColorsindicatethecontributionofdifferentpartsSimaPro7Tutorial52.WiththebuttonsCharacterisation,Damageassessment,NormalisationandWeightingyoucanfollowthedifferentimpactassessmentsteps.ThesebuttonsaresubtabsoftheImpactAssessmenttab.3.Processcontributionanalysis:thisshowstherelativecontributionofeachindividualprocesstoanimpactcategoryortoanotherindicator.YoucanaccessthesepossibleusesbyswitchingbetweenthedifferenttabsunderImpactAssessment.Aspecialfeatureofthiswindowisthepossibilitytosingleclickonagraph,orusetherightmouseclickintables.Youwillgettheoptiontofurtherspecifytheresults.Pleasefeelfreetoexperimentwiththisimportantwindow.ClickF1ifyouneedhelporexplanation.2.3.4Step4:GenerateaprocessnetworkClickontheNetworktabintheupperleft-handcornerofthewindow.Anetworkpresentationwillbegenerated.Awarningmessagewilltellyouthatthenetworkisnotcompletelyvisible.Thisisbecausebydefaultonlytwelveprocessesareshown.SimaProautomaticallycalculatestheinfluenceofaprocess,thenselectsa“cutoffvalue”insuchawaythatonlytwelveprocesseswillbeshown.PleaseclickOK.Nowyouseethenetworkofallprocessestogether.Eachboxrepresentsaprocess.Thearrowspresenttheflowsbetweentheprocesses.Theredbarcharts(orthermometers)indicatetheenvironmentalloadgeneratedineachprocessanditsupstreamprocesses.Thisisausefulfeature,asyoucandistinguishbetweenimportantandlessimportantprocesses(identifyhotspots).Theprocesstreewindowhasawiderangeofoptionsthatyoucanexperimentwith.Thefollowingareespeciallyinteresting:Selectnetworkortree;InanetworkeveryprocessisshownonceDeterminewhichindicatorisdisplayedandusedforcut-offShowSankeydiagramDon'tshowprocessesthatcontributelessthanthispercentage(Cut-off)ZoominandoutbyslidingthisbarSimaPro7Tutorial6•Withtheindicatorselector(firstdropdownlistontheleft)youcanspecifywhichindicatororLCIresultistoberepresentedbythe“thermometers”ineachprocess.Youcanchooseanysingleimpactcategoryorinventoryresult.Singlescoreis,asshownabove,aselectionboxundertheTreeandImpactAssessmentTabs.•Cut-offsetting.Processesthatcontributelesstoaselectedindicatorthanthepercentageyouhavespecifiedherearenotshown.Forexample,ifthereare18processesofwhich12contributemorethan2,5%totheselectedindicatoryoucansetthecut-offvalueto2,5%.Thiswayyouwillonlyseethese12processes.Inthiscasethecut-offvalueissetto3,7%.Whenyousetittozeroyouwillalsoseetheothertwoprocesses.Thisisshownabove.•Thesplitscreenallowsyoutolookatthecontentoftheprocessinanypartsoftheprocesstree.2.3.5Step5:AnalyseafulllifecycleNext,youanalyseafulllifecycleofthecoffeemachine.Closeorminimisethepreviouswindowandclickonproductstages,selectLifecycle,thenselectCoffeemachine(demo).Youwillseealistofproductlifecycles.DoubleclickonlifecyclemodelSima(plastic).Readthecommentstoseehowthefunctionalunithasbeendefined.ClickonthebuttonandpresstheCalculatebuttontogetananalysissuchastheoneinstep3,butthistimetheanalysisofthewholelifecycleisshown.Youcannowinspecttherelativecontributionofthevariouslifecyclestages.ClicktheNetworktabtogetawindowasbelow.Inthenetworkgraphbelow,wehavechangedtheviewoftheenvironmentalimpactfromsinglescoretoClimateChange(acharacterisationstep)andadjustedthecut-offvalueto0,16%.Youcanrecognisetheassembly,theuseprocessesandthedisposalprocesses.Thefilterandthepackagingarebothdefinedasanadditionallifecycle,eachwiththeirownassemblyanddisposalstage.SimaPro7Tutorial72.3.6Step6:ComparetwoproductsintheproductionstageApartfrommodelSimawithaplastichousing,wealsomodelledadifferentcoffeemachine:ModelPro.Thisonehasaluminiumhousing,anditusesathermosjugtokeepthecoffeewarm.ModelSimausesahotplate.First,comparetheproductionstages.SelectmodelSima,andwhileyouholdtheCTRLkey,selectAssemblymodelProinthelistofassemblies.Bothassembliesarenowselectedandhaveabluebackground.Clickthecomparebutton.PressCalculateatthebottomofthemenu.Awindowwillbegeneratedthatcomparesbothproductsbyimpactcategory.Inthiscase,interpretationiseasy.ModelSimahasamuchlowerloadthanmodelPro.IfyouanalyseonlymodelPro–thewayyoudidwithmodelSimainstep3-youwillseethatthisisduetotheuseofaluminiuminthehousing.2.3.7Step7:ComparelifecyclesComparinglifecyclescanbedoneinthesameway.SelecttheLifecycleSima(plastic),thelifecyclePro,notakeback.Clickthecomparebuttonandyouwillseeacomparisonoftheenvironmentalimpactsofthe2lifecyclemodels.Whenthelifecyclesarecompared,impactcategorybyimpactcategoryundercharacterisation,itappearsthatthelifecycleofmodelSimahasContributiontoclimatechangeisshowninthesmallbarcharts;thisisalsothebasisforcut-offHouseholdwastescenarioLifecycles(yellow)canincludeadditionallifecyclesforpackaging,filters,etc.Additionallifecyclesincludeproductionanddisposal.Thispartofthenetworkdescribestheassembly(cradletogate)SelectmultiplenamesbyclickingwhileholdingtheCTRLkeySimaPro7Tutorial8ahigherenvironmentalloadforallimpactcategories,exceptforthedepletionofminerals.Clickthesinglescorebuttontoseeaweightedtotalscoreforthetwoproductlifecycles.ThisclearlyshowsthatmodelSimahasthehighesttotalload.Thisisinteresting,asintheproductionstagemodelSimahadthelowestenvironmentalload.ApparentlythehigherenergyconsumptionduringtheusephaseofModelSimadeterminestheoutcome.NotethataccordingtoISOsinglescoresmaynotbeusedfor“comparisonsdisclosedtothepublic”.2.3.8Step8:PerformsensitivityanalysisonalternativeassumptionsTheassumptionsregardingtheuseofthemachinearequiteuncertainandmayevenbespeculative.Thereisaspecialsubcategoryunderthelifecyclesofthecoffeemachinethatstoreslifecyclesbasedonotherassumptionsregardingintensityofuseandlifetimeoftheproduct.ThereisalsoaspecialversionofmodelProwhereelectricityisleftout.Thisallowsyoutoinspecttheeffectofthetakebacksystem.Inlesson6,thisisusedinaMonteCarlouncertaintyanalysis.2.3.9Step9:InspectorselectamethodIntheImpactAssessmentsectionintheLCAExplorer,youfindalistofallavailableimpactassessmentmethodsinSimaProunderMethods.InthefullversionofSimaPro,youcaneditthesemethodsandaddnewones.Inthissectionyoualsocanselectanotherdefaultmethodforyourcalculations.Clickonthemethodname,clickonanassociatedNormalisationandWeightingset,andusetheSelectbutton.2.3.10Step10:InspecttheinterpretationsectionTheinterpretationsectionisusedasachecklistandaframeworkforyourLCAreport.ThemostimportantinterpretationissuesaccordingtoISO14043canbeenteredhere.Anexampletextisprovidedinthissection.SimaPro7Tutorial93Lesson2a:EnterproductionprocessesOverviewWhatyouwilllearnGethands-onexperiencewithSimaProwhileenteringsomesimpledata,andbuildingasimpleprocessnetworkthatdescribestheproductionofplanksfromatree.RequiredentrylevelLesson1shouldbetakenfirst.Recommendedreading‘IntroductiontoLCAwithSimaPro’chapters2and3areessentialreadingmaterialifyouwanttounderstandthebackgroundsofissueslikeallocationands