天下第一雄文 贾谊《过秦论》

天下第一雄文 贾谊《过秦论》 天下第一雄文 贾谊 《过秦论》 [上篇] 秦孝公据崤函之固～拥雍州之地～君臣固守以窥周室～有席卷天下～包举宇内～囊括四海之意～并吞八荒之心。当是时也～商君佐之～内立法度～务耕织～修守战之具～外连衡而斗诸侯。于是秦人拱手而取西河之外。 孝公既没～惠文、武、昭襄蒙故业～因遗策～南取汉中～西举巴、蜀～东割膏腴之地～北收要害之郡。诸侯恐惧～会盟而谋弱秦～不爱珍器重宝肥饶之地～以致天下之士～合从缔交～相与为一。当此之时～齐有孟尝～赵有平原～楚有春申～魏有信陵。此四君者～皆明智而忠信～宽厚而爱人～尊贤而重士～约从离衡～兼韩、魏、燕、楚、齐、赵、宋、卫、中山之众。于是六国之士～有宁越、徐尚、苏秦、杜赫之属为之谋,齐明、周最、陈轸、召滑、楼缓、翟景、苏厉、乐毅之徒通其意,吴起、孙膑、带佗、倪良、王瘳、田忌、廉颇、赵奢之伦制其兵。尝以十倍之地～百万之师～叩关而攻秦。秦人开关延敌～九国之师～逡巡而不敢进。秦无亡矢遗镞之费～而天下诸侯已困矣。于是从散约败～争割地而赂秦。秦有余力而制其弊～追亡逐北～伏尸百万～流血漂橹,因利乘便～宰割天下～分裂山河。强国请服～弱国入朝。延及孝文王、庄襄王～享国之日浅～国家无事。 及至始皇～奋六世之余烈～振长策而御宇内～吞二周而亡诸侯～履至尊而制六合～执敲扑而鞭笞天下～威振四海。南取百越之地～以为桂林、象郡,百越之君～俯首系颈～委命下吏。乃使蒙恬北筑长城而守藩篱～却匈奴七百余里,胡人不敢南下而牧马～士不敢弯弓而报怨。于是废先王之道～焚百家之言～以愚黔首,隳名城～杀豪杰,收天下之兵～聚之咸阳～销锋镝～铸以为金人十二～以弱天下之民。然后践华为城～因河为池～据亿丈之城～临不测之渊～以为固。良将劲弩守要害之处～信臣精卒陈利兵而谁何。天下已定～始皇之心～自以为关中之固～金城千里～子孙帝王万世之业也。 始皇既没～余威震于殊俗。然陈涉瓮牖绳枢之子～氓隶之人～而迁徙之徒也,才能不及中人～非有仲尼、墨翟之贤～陶朱、猗顿之富,蹑足行伍之间～而倔起阡陌之中～率疲弊之卒～将数百之众～转而攻秦,斩木为兵～揭竿为旗～天下云集响应～赢粮而景从。山东豪俊遂并起而亡秦族矣。 且夫天下非小弱也～雍州之地～肴函之固～自若也。陈涉之位～非尊于齐、楚、燕、赵、韩、魏、宋、卫、中山之君也,鉏棘矜～非铦于钩戟长铩也,谪戍之众～非抗于九国之师也,深谋远虑～行军用兵之道～非及向时之士也。然而成败异变～功业相反也。试使山东之国与陈涉度长絜大～比权量力～则不可同年而语矣。然秦以区区之地～致万乘之势～序八州而朝同列～百有余年矣,然后以六合为家～崤函为宫,一夫作难而七庙隳～身死人手～为天下笑者～何也,仁义不施而攻守之势异也。 [上篇译文] 秦孝公占据着崤山和函谷关的险固地势～拥有雍州的土地～君臣牢固地守卫着～借以窥视周王室,的权力,～有席卷天下、征服九州、横扫四海的意图和并吞八方荒远之地的雄心。在那时候～,有,商君辅佐他～对内建立法规 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 ～大兴耕作纺织～修造防守和进攻的器械,对外实行连衡策略～使山东诸侯自相争斗。这样～秦人毫不费力地夺取了西河之外的土地。 孝公死后～惠文王、武王、昭襄王,先后,继承已有的基业～沿袭前代的策略～向南攻取汉中～向西吞并巴、蜀～向东割取肥沃的地盘～向北占领要害的郡邑。诸侯恐慌害怕～开会结盟～谋求削弱秦国的办法。不吝惜奇珍贵重的器物和 肥沃富饶的土地～用来招致天下的优秀人才～订立合纵盟约～结成一体。在这个时候～齐国有孟尝君～赵国有平原君～楚国有春申君～魏国有信陵君。这四位封君～都见事明～有智谋～心地诚而讲信义～待人很宽厚～对贤能之士很敬重～,他们,以合纵之约击破秦的连横之策～将韩、魏、燕、楚、齐、赵、宋、卫、中山的部队结成联军。在这时～六国士人有宁越、徐尚、苏秦、杜赫等人为他们出谋划策～齐明、周最、陈轸、召滑、楼缓、翟景、苏厉、乐毅等人,为各国,沟通意见～吴起、孙膑、带佗、倪良、王廖、田忌、廉颇、赵奢等人统率他们的军队。他们曾经以十倍于秦的土地～上百万的军队～开往函谷关去攻打秦国。秦人大开关门引敌深入～九国的军队,却,迟疑起来～不敢入关。秦人没有丢失一支箭那样的消耗～天下的诸侯,却,已陷入狼狈不堪的境地了。这样一来～纵约解散了～各诸侯国争着割地来贿赂秦国。秦有富余的力量利用对方弱点来制服他们～追赶,九国的,败兵～百万败兵横尸道路～血流,成河,～大盾牌也漂浮得起。,秦人,凭借这有利的形势～割取天下的土地～,重新,划分山河的区域。强国主动表示屈服～弱国,按时,入秦朝拜。待到孝文王、庄襄王依次继位～他们统治的时间不长～秦国没有什么大事。 到始皇的时候～他大大地发展了前六代君主的功业～挥舞着长鞭来驾驭全中国～将东周、西周和各诸侯国统统消灭～登上最尊贵的宝座来统治天下～用种种刑具来迫害全国人民～威风震慑四海。向南攻取百越的土地～把它划为桂林郡和象郡～百越的君主低着头～颈上捆着绳子～性命听凭秦的下级官吏处理。于是,又,派蒙恬到北方去修筑长城～守卫边境～击退匈奴七百多里,胡人,再,不敢到南边来放牧～勇士不敢拉弓射箭来报仇。接着就废除古代帝王的治世之道～焚烧诸子百家的著作～为的是使百姓变得愚蠢,毁坏著名的城邑～杀掉英雄豪杰,收缴天下的兵器～集中在咸阳～去掉刀刃和箭头～用来铸成十二个金人～以便削弱百姓,的反抗力量,。然后踏上华山修城墙～借用黄河做护城河～上有亿丈高的城墙～下临不可测量的深渊～作为坚固,的防御工事,。好的将领手执强弩守卫着要害的地方～可靠的官员、精锐的士卒拿着锋利的兵器～盘问过往行人。天下已经安定～始皇心里自以为关中的险固地势～方圆千里的铜墙铁壁～正是子孙万代的帝王基业。 始皇去世之后～他的余威,依然,震慑着边远地区。可是～陈涉不过是个破瓮做窗户、草绳做户枢的贫家子弟～是氓、隶一类的人～,后来,做了被迁滴戍边的卒子,才能不如中等人～并没有孔丘、墨翟那样的贤德～也不像陶朱、猗顿那样富有。,他,脐身于戍卒的队伍中～从田野间突然奋起发难～率领着疲惫无力的士兵～指挥着几百人的队伍～掉转头来进攻秦国～砍下树木作武器～举起竹竿当旗臶～天下人如同云一样聚集起来～回声似的应和他～都带着粮食～影子似地跟着他。崤山以东的英雄豪杰于是一齐起事～消灭了秦的家族。 可以断言～一统天下的秦王朝并不是弱小得,无力抵抗,～雍州的地势～崤山和函谷关的险固～还是从前那个样子。陈涉的地位并不比齐、楚、燕、赵、韩、魏、宋、卫、中山的国君更尊贵,锄头木棍并不比钩戟长矛更锋利,那迁滴戍边的卒子的,作战能力,并不比九国部队更强,,至于,深谋远虑～行军用兵的策略～,陈涉,也比不上九国的武将谋臣。可是条件好者失败而条件差者成功～功业完全相反～为什么呢,假使拿山东诸国跟陈涉比一比长短大小～量一量权势力量～那简直是天渊之别了。然而秦凭借着它的区区之地～发展到兵车万乘的国势～招致八州的列国诸侯来朝拜自己～已有一百多年历史,然后将天下作为一家私产～用崤山、函谷关作为宫墙,一个戍卒发难就毁掉了天子七庙～皇子皇孙都死在人 家手里～被天下人耻笑～是什么原因呢,就因为不施行仁义而使攻守的形势发生了变化啊。 [中篇] 秦灭周祀～并海内～兼诸侯～南面称帝～以养四海。天下之士～斐然向风。若是～何也,曰:近古之无王者久矣。周室卑微～五霸既灭～令不行于天下。是以诸侯力政～强凌弱～众暴寡～兵革不休～士民罢弊。今秦南面而王天下～是上有天子也。既元元之民冀得安其性命～莫不虚心而仰上。当此之时～专威定功～安危之本～在于此矣。 秦王怀贪鄙之心～行自奋之智～不信功臣～不亲士民～废王道而立私爱～焚文 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 而酷刑法～先诈力而后仁义～以暴虐为天下始。夫兼并者高诈力～安危者贵顺权～此言取与守不同术也。秦离战国而王天下～其道不易～其政不改～是其所以取之也。孤独而有之～故其亡可立而待也。借使秦王论上世之事～并殷、周之迹～以制御其政～后虽有淫骄之主～犹未有倾危之患也。故三王之建天下～名号显美～功业长久。 今秦二世立～天下莫不引领而观其政。夫寒者利裋褐～而饥者甘糟糠。天下嚣嚣～新主之资也。此言劳民之易为仁也。向使二世有庸主之行而任忠贤～臣主一心而忧海内之患～缟素而正先帝之过,裂地分民以封功臣之后～建国立君以礼天下,虚囹圄而免刑戮～去收孥污秽之罪～使各反其乡里,发仓廪～散财币～以振孤独穷困之士,轻赋少事～以佐百姓之急,约法省刑～以持其后～使天下之人皆得自新～更节修行～各慎其身,塞万民之望～而以盛德与天下～天下息矣。即四海之内皆欢然各自安乐其处～惟恐有变。虽有狡害之民～无离上之心～则不轨之臣无以饰其智～而暴乱之奸弭矣。 二世不行此术～而重以无道:坏宗庙与民～更始作阿房之宫,繁刑严诛～吏治刻深,赏罚不当～赋敛无度。天下多事～吏不能纪,百姓困穷～而主不收恤。然后奸伪并起～而上下相遁,蒙罪者众～刑戮相望于道～而天下苦之。自群卿以下至于众庶～人怀自危之心～亲处穷苦之实～咸不安其位～故易动也。是以陈涉不用汤、武之贤～不借公侯之尊～奋臂于大泽～而天下响应者～其民危也。 故先王者～见终始不变～知存亡之由。是以牧民之道～务在安之而已矣。下虽有逆行之臣～必无响应之助。故曰:“安民可与为义～而危民易与为非”～此之谓也。贵为天子～富有四海～身在于戮者～正之非也。是二世之过也。 [中篇译文] 秦统一天下～吞并诸侯～临朝称帝～供养四海～天下的士人顺服地慕风向往～为什么会象这样呢,回答是:近古以来没有统一天下的帝王已经很久了。周王室力量微弱～五霸相继死去以后～天子的命令不能通行天下～因此诸侯凭着武力相征伐～强大的侵略弱小的～人多的欺凌人少的～战事不止～军民疲惫。现在秦皇南面称帝统治了天下～这就是在上有了天子啊。这样一来～那些可怜的百姓就都希望能靠他安身活命～没有谁不诚心景仰皇上～在这个时候～应该保住威权～稳定功业～是安定～是危败～关键就在于此了。秦王怀着贪婪卑鄙之心～只想施展他个人的智慧～不信任功臣～不亲近士民～抛弃仁政王道～树立个人权威～禁除诗书古籍～实行严刑酷法～把诡诈权势放在前头～把仁德信义丢在后头～把残暴苛虐作为治理天下的前提。实行兼并～要重视诡诈和实力,安定国家～要重视顺时权变:这就是说夺天下和保天下不能用同样的方法。秦经历了战国到统一天下～它的路线没有改～他的政令没有变～这是它夺天下和保天下所用的方法没有不同。秦王孤身无辅却拥有天下～所以他的灭亡很快就来到了。假 使秦王能够考虑古代的情况～顺着商、周的道路～来制定实行自己的政策～那么后代即使出现骄奢淫逸的君主～也不会有倾覆危亡的祸患。所以夏禹、商汤、周文王和周武王建立了国家～名号卓著～功业长久。当今秦二世登上王位～普天之下没有人不伸长脖子盼着看一看他的政策。受冻的人穿上粗布短袄就觉得很好～挨饿的人吃上糟糠也觉得香甜。天下苦苦哀叫的百姓～正是新皇帝执正的凭借。这就是说劳苦人民容易接受仁政。如果二世有一般君主的德行～任用忠贞贤能的人～君臣一心～为天下的苦难而忧心～丧服期间就改正先帝的过失～割地分民～封赏功臣的后代～封国立君～对天下的贤士以礼相待～把牢狱里的犯人放出来～免去刑戮～废除没收犯罪者妻子儿女为官家奴婢之类的杂乱刑罚～让被判刑的人各自返回家乡。打开仓库～散发钱财～以赈济孤独穷困的士人,减轻赋税～减少劳役～帮助百姓解除急困,简化法律～减少刑罚～给犯罪人以把握以后的机会～使天下的人都能自新～改变节操～修养品行～各自谨慎对待自身,满足万民的愿望～以威信仁德对待天下人～天下人就归附了。如果天下到处都欢欢喜喜安居乐业～唯恐发生变乱～那么即使有奸诈不轨的人～而民众没有背叛主上之心～图谋不轨的臣子也就无法掩饰他的奸诈～暴乱的阴谋就可以被阻止了。二世不实行这种办法～却比始皇更加暴虐无道～重新修建阿房宫～使刑罚更加繁多～杀戮更加严酷～官吏办事苛刻狠毒～赏罚不得当～赋税搜刮没有限度～国家的事务太多～官吏们都治理不过来,百姓穷困已极～而君主却不加收容救济。于是奸险欺诈之事纷起～上下互相欺骗～蒙受罪罚的人很多～道路上遭到刑戮的人前后相望～连绵不断～天下的人都陷入了苦难。从君卿以下直到平民百姓～人人心中自危～身处穷苦之境～到处都不得安静～所以容易动乱。因此陈涉不凭商汤、周武王那样的贤能～不借公侯那样的尊贵～在大泽乡振臂一呼而天下响应～其原因就在于人民正处于危难之中。所以古代圣王能洞察开端与结局的变化～知道生存与灭亡的关键～因此统治人民的方法～就是要专心致力于使他们安定罢了。这样～天下即使出现叛逆的臣子～也必然没有人响应～得不到帮助力量了。所谓“处于安定状态的人民可以共同行仁义～处于危难之中的人民容易一起做坏事”～就是说的这种情况。尊贵到做了天子～富足到拥有天下～而自身却不能免于被杀戮～就是由于挽救倾覆局势的方法错了。这就是二世的错误。 [下篇] 秦兼诸侯山东三十余郡～脩津关～据险塞～缮甲兵而守之。然陈涉率散乱之众数百～奋臂大呼～不用弓戟之兵～鉏耰白梃～望屋而食～横行天下。秦人阻险不守～关梁不闭～长戟不刺～强弩不射。楚师深入～战于鸿门～曾无藩篱之难。于是山东诸侯并起～豪俊相立。秦使章邯将而东征～章邯因其三军之众～要市于外～以谋其上。群臣之不相信～可见于此矣。 子婴立～遂不悟。借使子婴有庸主之材而仅得中佐～山东虽乱～三秦之地可全而有～宗庙之祀宜未绝也。秦地被山带河以为固～四塞之国也。自缪公以来至于秦王二十余君～常为诸侯雄。此岂世贤哉,其势居然也。且天下尝同心并力攻秦矣～然困于险阻而不能进者～岂勇力智慧不足哉,形不利、势不便也。秦虽小邑～伐并大城～得阨塞而守之。诸侯起于匹夫～以利会～非有素王之行也。其交未亲～其民未附～名曰亡秦～其实利之也。彼见秦阻之难犯～必退师。案土息民以待其弊～收弱扶罢以令大国之君～不患不得意于海内。贵为天子～富有四海～而身为禽者～救败非也。 秦王足己而不问～遂过而不变。二世受之～因而不改～暴虐以重祸。子婴孤立无亲～危弱无辅。三主之惑～终身不悟～亡不亦宜乎,当此时也～也非无深谋 远虑知化之士也～然所以不敢尽忠指过者～秦俗多忌讳之禁也～——忠言未卒于口而身糜没矣。故使天下之士倾耳而听～重足而立～阖口而不言。是以三主失道～而忠臣不谏～智士不谋也。天下已乱～奸不上闻～岂不悲哉:先王知壅蔽之伤国也～故臵公卿、大夫、士～以饰法设刑而天下治。其强也～禁暴诛乱而天下服,其弱也～王霸征而诸侯从,其削也～内守外附而社稷存。故秦之盛也～繁法严刑而天下震,及其衰也～百姓怨而海内叛矣。故周王序得其道～千余载不绝,秦本末并失～故不能长。由是观之～安危之统相去远矣。 鄙谚曰:“前事之不忘～后事之师也。”是以君子为国～观之上古～验之当世～参之人事～察盛衰之理～审权势之宜～去就有序～变化因时～故旷日长久而社稷安矣。 [下篇译文] 秦朝兼并了诸侯～山东有三十多个郡～修筑渡口关隘～占据着险要地势～修治武器～守护着这些地方。然而陈涉凭着几百名散乱的戌卒～振臂大呼～不用弓箭矛戟等武器～光靠锄把和木棍～虽然没有给养～但只要看到有人家住的房屋就能吃上饭～纵横驰骋天下～所向无敌。秦朝险阻之地防守不住了～关卡桥梁封销不封了～长戟刺不了～强弩射不了。楚军很快深入境内～鸿门一战～竟然连篱笆一样的阻拦都没有遇到。于是山东大乱～诸侯纷纷起事～豪杰相继立王。秦王派章邯率兵东征～章邯得此机会～就凭着三军的众多兵力～在外面跟诸侯相约～做交易～图谋他的主上。大臣们不可信用～从这件事就可以看出来了。子婴登位～最终也不曾觉悟～假使子婴有一般君主的才能～仅仅得到中等的辅佐之臣～山东地区虽然混乱～秦国的地盘还是可以保全的～宗庙的祭祀也不会断绝。 秦国地势有高山阻隔～有大河环绕～形成坚固防御～是个四面都有险要关塞的国家。从穆公以来～一直到秦始皇～二十多个国君～经常在诸侯中称雄。难道代代贤明吗,这是地位形势造成的呀:再说天下各国曾经同心合力进攻秦国。在这种时候～贤人智士会聚～有良将指挥各国的军队～有贤相沟通彼此的计谋～然而被险阻困住不能前进～秦国就引诱诸侯进入秦国境内作战～为他们打开关塞～结果山东百万军队败逃崩溃。难道是因为勇气、力量和智慧不够吗,是地形不利～地势不便啊。秦国把小邑并为大城～在险要关塞驻军防守～把营垒筑得高高的而不轻易跟敌方作战～紧闭关门据守险塞～肩扛矛戟守卫在那里。诸侯们出身平民～是为了利益联合起来～并没德高望众而未居王位者的德行。他们的交往不亲密～他们的下属不亲附。名义上是说灭亡秦朝～实际上是为自己谋求私利。他们看见秦地险阻难以进犯～就必定退兵。如果他们能安定本土～让人民休养生息～等待秦的衰败～收纳弱小～扶助疲困～那么凭着能对大国发号施令的君主～就不用担心在天下实现不了自己的愿望了。可是他们尊贵身为天子～富足拥有天下～自己却遭擒获～这是因为他们挽救败亡的策略错误啊。 秦王满足一己之功～不求教于人～一错到底而不改变。二世承袭父过～因循不改～残暴苛虐以致加重了祸患。子婴孤立无亲～自处危境～却又柔弱而没有辅佐～三位君主一生昏惑而不觉悟～秦朝灭亡～不也是应该的吗,在这个时候～世上并非没有深谋远虑懂得形势变化的人士～然而他们所以不敢竭诚尽忠～纠正主上之过～就是由于秦朝的风气多有忌讳的禁规～忠言还没说完而自己就被杀戮了。所以使得天下之士只能侧着耳朵听～重叠双脚站立～闭上嘴巴不敢说话。因此～三位君主迷失了路途～而忠臣不敢进谏言～智士不敢出主意～天下已经大乱～皇上还不知道～难道不可悲吗, 先王知道壅塞不通就会伤害国家～所以设臵公卿、大夫和士～来整治法律设 立刑罚～天下因而得到治理。强盛的时候～禁止残暴诛讨叛乱～天下服从,衰弱的时候～五霸为天子征讨～诸侯也顺从,土地被割削的时候～在内能自守备～在外还有亲附～社稷得以保存。所以秦朝强盛的时候～繁法严刑～天下震惊,等到它衰弱的时候～百姓怨恨～天下背叛。周朝的公、侯、伯、子、男五等爵位合乎根本大道～因而传国一千多年不断绝。而秦朝则是本末皆失～所以不能长久。由此看来～安定和危亡的纲纪相距太远了: 俗话说“前事不忘～后事之师”,过去的经验教训不忘记～就是以后做事的借鉴,。因此君子治理国家～考察于上古的历史～验证以当代的情况～还要通过人事加以检验～从而了解兴盛衰亡的规律～详知谋略和形势是否合宜～做到取舍有序～变化适时～所以历时长久～国家安定。 [作者简介] 贾谊,公元前,,,年，公元前,,,年,～洛阳,今中国中部河南洛阳东北,人～是西汉著名的政论家和思想家～在他十八岁的时侯就以诵诗书而闻名遐迩。文帝即位初期～在吴公的极力推荐下～只有二十多岁的贾谊就做了博士～众博士中他最年轻。由于每次商讨诏令时～他都表现出众～最后终于被升为太中大夫。贾谊对国家大政方针有很多独到的见解～他认为汉朝创建二十余年～社会基本安定～所以应该改正朔～易服色～定官名～兴礼乐～修定新法律。文帝对贾谊非常器重～打算让他做公卿～遭到周勃、灌婴等人反对～文帝只好先让贾谊做长沙王的太傅。后来～贾谊在长沙写成了《鸟赋》～用一种鸟来抒发自己的郁闷和忧伤。文帝后来又召见他～询问有关鬼神的事。此后～贾谊又任梁怀王的太傅～几次上疏向文帝陈述治国方略～这些奏疏被后人称为《治安策》。在文帝十一年～即公元前,,,年～梁怀王意外坠马而亡～贾谊从此悲伤过度～自责不已～觉得是自己没有照顾好梁怀王～一年之后～因悲伤过度～他也去世了～死时只有三十三岁。 后人将贾谊的作品编纂成《新语》～其思想理论成就是很高的～他博采众家之长～见地新颖。他的政治思想及主张在《治安策》和《过秦论》中有集中的体现。 在《过秦论》里～贾谊比较全面地论述了秦朝速亡的惨痛教训～他认为秦国吞并六国实现统一的原因是用了“诈力”。在统一完成之后～他认为秦应该及时改变统治方式～但是～秦还是推行法家所提倡的严酷法制～对轻罪也是施以重罚～最终导致矛盾激化～短期内便灭亡了。《治安策》则是对于社会的黑暗面进行了全面而深刻的剖析～然后提供了比较中肯的对策～包括多封诸侯以削减整体实力～重视礼教而慎用刑罚。在他看来～封建统治的长治久安～仰赖于统治者对农业的重视～和农民的积极性。他还力主建立等级制度～维护君主尊严～也使家族内部能亲近团结。礼教和与刑罚也要并重～同时再倡导礼乐～对百姓进行道德教育。针对当时诸侯王和中央对抗的实际情况～贾谊主张尽早设法限制～具体的 措施 《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施 便是再多封诸侯～分散其力量。后来～文帝也采纳了他的建议。 贾谊的散文水平也很高～是公认的古代散文家。他的政论文文笔犀利～行文流畅～曾受到鲁迅先生的称赞。 【 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf 】贾谊的三篇过秦论 《过秦论》主旨在于 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 “秦之过”～旧分上中下三篇～其实本是一篇～最广为流传的《过秦论》是文章的前三分之一～它通过对秦国兴盛历史的回顾～指出秦国变法图强而得天下～“仁义不施”而不能守天下。而在中篇和下篇～作者则具体地论述了秦统一之后的种种过失。中篇指出秦统一天下～结束了多年的战乱～本来处在很好的形势中～但秦始皇并没有制定出正确的政策～反而焚书坑儒～以暴虐治天下,到了二世时～也不能改正原先的过失～终致国家倾覆。《过秦论》的下篇后部分～作者承接前文～指出在“诸侯并 起～豪俊相立”的时候～如果子婴能改变原来错误的政策～“闭关据厄”～“荷戟而守之”～是可以守住三秦之地的～以后“安土息民”～徐图发展～甚至也可以重新恢复国家的统一～但是遗憾的是～秦朝钳口闭言的一贯政策～导致上下“雍闭”～子婴孤立无亲～终于不免灭亡的命运。 [《过秦论》与《阿房宫赋》之比较] 《过秦论》和《阿房宫赋》～前后时隔千年有余～然而异体同构～流传千古～同为文苑奇葩。第一～写作手法不同。《过秦论》是一篇政论～因而重在说理～叙史部分高度概括～如秦“取西河之外”是商鞅计骗魏将公子卯而袭破其军的结果～文中只用“拱手”二字概括。而《阿房宫赋》是一篇文赋～所以重在讽喻～文章极尽描写之能事～如第2段写阿房宫中美人之多～便分别以“明星”“绿云”“渭流”和“烟斜雾横”比喻宫女“开妆镜”“梳晓鬟”“弃脂水”和“焚椒兰”。“论”“赋”异体～手法不同。第二～立论角度不同。《过秦论》因要“过”秦～便反复对比:秦先弱后强之比～九国之师与一秦之比～强秦与陈涉之比～九国之师与陈涉之师之比。两两比较～只为激出末句。“故正意一经揭出～格外警悚出奇～可谓极谋篇之能事矣。”,《文章源流》,《阿房宫赋》则以“寓言”式的描写～来表明“秦爱纷奢”:“鼎铛玉石～金块珠砾～弃掷逦迤”～“取之尽锱铢～用之如泥沙”～进而指出秦灭亡的主要原因。第一～写作目的相同。西汉初期～经济凋敝～人口减少～贾谊目睹了这一切～便极力主张行“仁政”以“安民”。多次上疏～评论时政～其《过秦论》的目的即是借说秦之过而劝汉文帝“安民”。杜牧更是如此～他在《上知己文章启》中说:“宝历大起宫室～广声色～故作《阿房宫赋》”～明确表明此文是为了以古鉴今～针砭时政。第二～灭亡原因相同。贾谊继承并发展了汉初叔孙通、陆贾等人关于秦灭亡原因的观点～简洁地概括为“仁义不施而攻守之势异也”。杜牧在文末也说:“嗟夫:使六国各爱其人～则足以拒秦,使秦复爱六国之人～则递三世可至万世而为君～谁得而族灭也,”“施仁义”和“爱人”皆儒家一脉相承之观点。第三～全文结构相同。《过秦论》全文5段～前4段叙史～概括了秦自孝公,公元前361年,崛起～到二世灭亡,公元前207年,的整个兴亡过程～末段议论～归纳出秦灭亡原因。《阿房宫赋》全文4段～前3段描写～详尽地描绘了阿房宫的雄伟壮观、美人珍宝之多和“秦爱纷奢”之状～末段发出感叹～总结秦灭亡的教训。两文都是前叙后论～篇末明旨。第四～都用铺排渲染。《过秦论》虽是政论～但贾谊首先是一个汉赋大家～因而多用写赋手法～“铺张扬厉”。如叙秦孝公之雄心“有席卷天下～包举宇内～囊括四海之意～并吞八荒之心”,叙九国之师攻秦“于是六国之士～有宁越……之属为之谋～齐明……之徒通其意～吴起……之伦制其兵。尝以十倍之地～百万之众～叩关而攻秦”,始皇“威振四海”是“奋六世之余烈～振长策而御宇内～吞二周而亡诸侯～履至尊而制六合～执敲扑而鞭笞天下”。大段铺排形成了一种波澜壮阔的气势。《阿房宫赋》更极尽铺排渲染之能事～“五步一楼～十步一阁,廊腰缦回～檐牙高啄,各抱地势～钩心斗角”极写楼阁密而奇,“明星荧荧～开妆镜也,绿云扰扰～梳晓鬟也,渭流涨腻～弃脂水也,烟斜雾横～焚椒兰也”极写宫女多而美,“负栋之柱～多于南亩之农夫,架梁之椽～多于机上之工女,钉头磷磷～多于在庚之粟粒,瓦缝参差～多于周身之帛缕,直栏横槛～多于九土之城郭,管弦呕哑～多于市人之言语”极写秦王生活奢而糜。铺排渲染之中溢出文章之“主意”。第五～语言整齐峻拔。《过秦论》多用骈偶～工整雄峻。如首段末句“当是时也～商君佐之”以下“内”“外”对应～一气呵成,第2段首句“蒙故业～因遗策”以下“南取”“西举” “东割”“北收”并举～气吞九州。《阿房宫赋》首句即奇～“六王毕～四海一～蜀山兀～阿房出。”钱钟书说它“发唱惊挺～操调险急”,《管锥编》,～像“歌台暖响～春光融融,舞殿冷袖～风雨凄凄”这样的四字句更增强了文章的气势。此外～两文都使用了夸张、比喻等修辞手法～既形象～又生动～给人以审美的愉悦。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.