英语应用文写作双学位材料

英语应用文写作双学位材料 商务信件 Basic Expressions 1. We’ve come to know your name and address from the Commercial Counselor’s Office of the Chinese Embassy in London. 2. By the courtesy of Mr. Black, we are given to understand the name and address of your firm. 3. We are willing to enter into business relations with your firm. 4. Your firm has been introduced (recommended, passed on) to us by Maple Company. 5. Our mutual understanding and cooperation will certainly result in important business. 6. We express our desire to establish business relations with your firm. 7. We shall be glad to enter into business relations with you. 8. We now avail ourselves of this opportunity to write to you with a view to entering into business relations with you. 9. We are now writing you for the purpose of establishing business relations with you. 10. Your desire to establish business relations coincides with ours. 11. We specialize in the export of Japanese Light Industrial Products and would like to trade with you in this line. 12. Our lines are mainly arts and crafts. 13. We have been in this line of business for more than twenty years. 14. Your letter expressing the hope of establishing business connections with us has met with approval. 15. In order to acquaint you with the textiles we handle, we take pleasure in sending you by air our latest catalogue for your perusal. 16. Glad to see you in your company. 17. It’s only half an hour’s car ride. 18. Suppose we make it, say three o’clock tomorrow afternoon. 19. It would be very helpful if you could send us statistics on your sales. 20. We would like to ask you to kindly send us the related information. A Specimen Letter Dear Sir: On the recommendation of your Chamber of Commerce, we have learned with pleasure the name and address of your firm. We wish to inform you that we specialize in the export of Chinese textiles and shall be glad to enter into business relations with you on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. To give you a general idea of our products, we are sending you under separate cover a catalogue together with a range of pamphlets for your reference. Please let us have your specific enquiry if you are interested in any of the items listed in the catalogue. We shall make offers promptly. We look forward to your early reply. Yours faithfully, Accounting Clerk 记帐员 Accounting Manager 会计部经理 Accounting Stall 会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor 会计主管 Administration Manager 行政经理 Administration Staff 行政人员 Administrative Assistant 行政助理 Administrative Clerk 行政办事员 Advertising Staff 广告工作人员 Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员 Airlines Staff 航空公司职员 Application Engineer 应用工程师 Assistant Manager 副经理 Bond Analyst 证券分析员 Bond Trader 证券交易员 Business Controller 业务主任 Business Manager 业务经理 Buyer 采购员 Cashier 出纳员 Chemical Engineer 化学工程师 Civil Engineer 土木工程师 Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员 Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书 Computer Data Input Operator 计算机资料输入员 Computer Engineer 计算机工程师 Computer Processing Operator 计算机处理操作员 Computer System Manager 计算机系统部经理 Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人 Deputy General Manager 副总经理 Economic Research Assistant 经济研究助理 Electrical Engineer 电气工程师 Engineering Technician 工程技术员 Export Sales Manager 外销部经理 Export Sales Staff 外销部职员 Financial Controller 财务主任 Financial Reporter 财务报告人 F.X. (Foreign Exchange)Clerk 外汇部职员 F.X. Settlement Clerk 外汇部核算员 Fund Manager 财务经理 General Auditor 审计长 General Manager/ President 总经理 General Manager Assistant 总经理助理 General Manager's Secretary 总经理秘书 Hardware Engineer 计算机硬件工程师 Import Liaison Staff 进口联络员 Import Manager 进口部经理 Insurance Actuary 保险公司理赔员 International Sales Staff 国际销售员 Interpreter 口语翻译 Legal Adviser 法律顾问 Maintenance Engineer 维修工程师 Management Consultant 管理顾问 Manager 经理 Manager for Public Relations 公关部经理 Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师 Manufacturing Worker 生产员工 Market Analyst 市场分析员 Market Development Manager 市场开发部经理 Marketing Manager 市场销售部经理 Marketing Staff 市场销售员 Marketing Assistant 销售助理 Marketing Executive 销售主管 Marketing Representative 销售代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf Marketing Representative Manager 市场调研部经理 Mechanical Engineer 机械工程师 Mining Engineer 采矿工程师 Naval Architect 造船工程师 英语 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 的特点(1) Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别 在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement。 何谓“Contract”? 1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为：A contact in t his Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is ,between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations. 根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.” 根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律 将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义，合同就是有法 律约束力的协议。 综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“Contract is an agreement”，即可将事同说 成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”，也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。 何谓“Agreement”? L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”根据这一定义， 协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头 或书面形式做出的约定。 Black “Law Dictionary”有两个定义。一个是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的 相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。 另一个是：The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.根据这一定义，协议即两个 或多个当事人，为了约定单方责任或相互责任，就财产权利、利益的转移取得的 一致同意。 Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢？ 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设 立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 L.B Curzon编著的“A Diction of Law”提到“Contract generally involves” 1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受) 2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds) 3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿) 4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性) 5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力) 6. legality of object(标的物的合法性) 7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性) 8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性) 9. valuable consideration(等价有偿) Black “Law Dictionary” 中解释道：Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即“协议”和“合同”经常用作同义词， 但“协议”这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款（essential clauses/provisions）。 实际使用当中，协议可不受必备条款的限制，而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备 条款，有的合同将其单列，称为一般条款（General provisions）。 1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款，分别是： 1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址) 2. contract object(标的) 3. quantity(数量) 4. quality(质量) 5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬) 6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式) 7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任) 8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法) 上述解释说明，contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近，但使用范围不同，不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分，所有合同一定是协议，而 协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 的具有强制执行力的协议才是合 同。 结构特点 合同类法律文件用以规定当事人的权利与义务，是预防与解决争议的依据。合同 英语行文慎密而准确，历史悠久，深含法律文化底蕴。 中文的合同开头一般先罗列当事人的名称、姓名、住所或营业场所，然后是合同 正文，结尾是当事人印章、授权代表签字、职务及签字日期。而英语合同一般以 下面这类句式为开头： This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A (hereinafter called " Party A ")and Party B(hereinafter called " Party B ") 然后是开始陈述： WHEREAS...THEREFORE „ It is hereby agreed as follows: 或以： WITNESSETH, WHEREAS„ NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 接着是正文，最后是证明部分，： IN WITNESS WHEREOF，the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands the day and years first above written. 随后还包括当事人和见证人的签字。签字日期一般在英文合同最搬弄是非是找不 到的。 下面列出新加坡、美国、香港和日本的合同格式。 A. 新加坡 Agreement THIS AGREEMENT is made the 9th day of August, 2001 between LUCKY INTERNATIONAL LTD, a company incorporated in Singapore and having its registered office at Telek Blongar Rise, Singapore 19569 (hereinfater called "The Company") of the part and JACK Wong (NRIC No._________ /A) of 108 Orchar Road, Singapore 01688 (hereinfater called "The Mangager") of the other part. WHEREAS: 1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business. 2. „. NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows: 1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company's IT business for a period of two years commencing on 1st day of September 2. „. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO Duties of Manger 1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company. SIGNED by Roger Tan For and on behalf of LUCKY INTERANTIONAL LTD In the presence of SIGNED by TERESA WONG In the presence of 新加坡的通用合同分五部分： 第一部分：称为parties，主要介绍合同各方的姓名或名称，注册地国及地址、 邮编及各自在合同的简称。开头框架一般为： THIS AGREEMENT is made the ---------__________ day of _____ （month）,____ (year) between A _______ (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B______, (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part. 句子开头THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称，都应大写。当事人是自然人的，用“of”和其后的住址相连；是法人或非法人单位的，用 “having its registered office at”和其后注册地址相连。 第二部分：称为recital。以WHEREAS开头，进入叙述部分，用陈述正式说明当 事人订立合同的原因。 第三部分：称为habendum 具体约定当事人的权利和义务。正文部分的结束段 为： IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. 这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章，特此为证”。 第四部分：称为schedule或addendum，附录。是对前述合同部分条款的必要补 充。不是所有合同都有这一项。 第五部分：称为attestation，证明部分。当事人如果自然人，用“SIGNED by __” ；连接后填写见证姓名的表达部分“In the presence of ____”；当事人是法人或非法人单位时，授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”，然后才是In the presence of _______。与中文合同的显著不同是签章处除当事人外，多了一个In the presence of _______供证人签字之处。另一不同的是合同订立日期没有放在合同最后，而是出现在开头段的当事人介绍 部分。 第五部分在新加坡还有另一种表达 As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____，in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One. Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named In the presence of Signature Address Occupation 上述合同的格式很有代表性，其它英文格式与之相比大同大异，有的合同中不含 附录。 B. 美国 APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATOR AN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____ (address)(hereinafter referred to as "the Company") as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address) (hereinafter referred to as the Contractor) of the other part. WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS: 1. THAT the Company shall „ 2. This agreement shall commence on „. 3. 4. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentioned SIGNED BY Name : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) Contractor : Designation : For and on behalf of : (signature) 本合同分为四个大部分（缺附录，schedule）。与上一合同基本相同，但第一段 没有谓语，不是个完整的句子。个别用词与前一合同有差别。最后落款处还多了 了“职务”，即designation(有的合同还惯用position). C. 香港 CONTRACT CONTACT NO. SIGNING DATE/PLACE THE BUYER: Name Legal Address Contact THE SELLER: Name Legal Address Contact This contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller. Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions. 1. NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 2. PRICE 3. PAYMENT 4. PACKING 5. IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written. THE BUYER THE SELLER ___________ ___________ By:__________ By:__________ Date:------------_________ Date:------------_________ THE END USER ___________ By: __________ Date: --------____-_________ 比起前两个合同，该 买卖合同 二手车买卖合同 免费下载二手设备买卖合同协议免费下载房屋买卖合同下载房屋买卖合同免费下载车位买卖合同免费下载 的不同之处于在于，合同开头出现了合同编号和签 署日期，当事人名称或姓名采用简单列举式。证明部分用完成时被动态，最后落 款处SIGNED BY项目，但增加了最终用户一项。 D. 日本 SERVICE AGREEMENT This agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD (hereinafter referred to as "PARTY A"), and ________CO., LTD. ((hereinafter referred to as "PARTY B") WITNESSTH: WHEREAS, PARTY B has requested by PARTY A to dispatch its personal for the purpose of _______ to PARTY b; and WHEREAS, (PARTY A is willing to dispatch its personnel t PARTY B in response to such PARTY B's request) NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual promises and covenants herein contained , the parties hereto agree as follows: 1. 2. 3. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by their respective duly authorized officers as of the date first herinabove written. ______ Ltd. ________ Co., Ltd. (signature) (signature) MANAGING DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR 该合同也由四大部分构成，与上述合同最大的不同在于，在叙述部分上端加了一个WITNESSETH（鉴于），最后落款处也没有SIGNED BY 项目，但授权签字 代表的职位真接打出来，放在签字的下一行。别外，当事人的简称部分用的都是 大写。 相比之下，英文合同除个别地方外，整个合同的段落排列，句式和用词大同 小异。在草拟英文合同时，只要仿用上述任何一个，都算是地道的英文表达。 我们应准备好合同待签字。 We signed a contract for medicines. 我们签订了一份药品合同。 Mr. Zhang sings the contract on behalf of the China National Silk Import & Export Corporation. 张先生代表中国丝绸进出口总公司在合同上签了字。 A Japanese company and SINOCHEM have entered into a new contract. 中国化工进出口总公司已经和日本一家公司签订了一份新合同。 It was because of you that we landed the contract. 因为有了你，我们才签了那份合同。 We offered a much lower price, so they got the contract. 由于我们报价低，他们和我们签了合同。 Are we anywhere near a contract yet? 我们可以（接近于）签合同了吗？ We sign a contract when we are acting as principals.("principals" refers to the "seller" and the "buyer") 当我们作为货主时都要签订合同。（这里的“货主”指合同中的卖方和买方） I know we (the seller) should draw up a contract and the buyer has to sign it. 我们知道我们（卖方）应该拟出一份合同，买方必须签署合同。 We should simultaneously sign two contracts, one sales contract for beef and mutton, and the other contract of equal value for the purchase of cotton. 我们同时签两个合同，一是牛羊肉的销售（出口）合同，另一个是等额的棉花购买（进口） 合同。 We both want to sign a contract, and we have to make some concessions to do it. 我们都想签合同，因此双方都要做些让步。 We are here to discuss a new contract with you. 我们来这里和您谈谈订一份新合同的问题。 Our current contract is about to expire, and we'll need to discuss a new one. 欧文们现有合同快要期满了，需要再谈一个新合同。 We can repeat the contract on the same terms. 我们可以按同样条件再订一个合同。 A few problems with supply under the old contract must be quickly resolved. 老合同中的一些供货问题必须尽快解决。 We ought to clear up problems arising from the old contract. 我们应该清理一下老合同中出现的问题。 Do you always make out a contract for every deal? 每笔交易都需要订一份合同吗？ As per the contract, the construction of factory is now under way. 根据合同规定，工厂的建设正在进行中。 Words and Phrases contract 合同，订立合同 contractor 订约人，承包人 contractual 合同的，契约的 to make a contract 签订合同 to place a contract 订合同 to enter into a contract 订合同 to sign a contract 签合同 to draw up a contract 拟订合同 to draft a contract 起草合同 to get a contract 得到合同 to land a contract 得到（拥有）合同 to countersign a contract 会签合同 to repeat a contract 重复合同 an executory contract 尚待执行的合同 a nice fat contract 一个很有利的合同 originals of the contract 合同正本 copies of the contract 合同副本 a written contract 书面合同 to make some concession 做某些让步 Look at this contract. 请看这份合同。 These are two originals of the contract we prepared. 这是我们准备好的两份合同正本。 We enclose our sales contract No.45 in duplicate. 附上我们第45号销售合同一式两份。 The copy of our contract will be returned. 合同的副本将被归还。 This contract is for 250 metric tons of groundnuts at RMB1800 per M/T C&F Copenhagen. 这是一份250吨花生的合同，价格为每公吨哥本哈根成本加运费价1800元。 May I refer you to Article 5 of the General Terms and Conditions of the contract? 请您看看合同一般条款的第五条。 May I refer you to the contract stipulation about packing (or shipping....)? 请您看看合同中有关包装（装运）的规定。 You must state the description of the goods, the quantity and the unit price in each contract. 每笔合同中都应该提到的商品的性能说明、数量和单价。 What are the main clauses in the contract? 合同中的主要条款有哪些？ There is an arbitration clause in the contract. (or insurance clause, inspection clause, shipping clause...) 这是合同中的一项仲裁条款。（或：保险条款，检验条款，装运条款等） Payment terms are important in a contract too, aren't they? 合同中的付款条件也很重要，对吗？ We ship our goods in accordance with the terms of the contract. 我们按合同条款交货。 I'm sure that shipment will be effected according to the contract stipulation. 我保证我们能按合同规定如期装船。 We sincerely hope that both quality and quantity are in conformity with the contract stipulations. 我们真诚希望质量、数量都与合同规定相吻合。 All terms and conditions will be the same as those in your previous contract number C70064. 所有条款与我们过去签的第C70064号合同规定的各项条款相同。 The contract states that the supplier will be charged a penalty if there is a delay in delivery. 合同规定如果供货商延误交货期，将被罚款。 When the goods aren't up to specification stated in the contract, there is also a penalty for poor quality. 如果所交货物与合同所规定规格不符，还有品质恶劣罚款。 Words and Phrases contract terms (or contract clause) 合同条款 contract provisions/stipulations 合同规定 contract period (or contract term) 合同期限 contract life 合同有效期 to be stipulated in the contract 在合同中予以规定 to be laid down in the contract 在合同中列明 The contract comes into effect today, we can't go back on our word now. 合同已于今日生效，我们不能反悔了 Once the contract is approved by the Chinese government, it is legally binding upon both parties. 合同一经中国政府批准，对双方就有了法律约束力。 We have to hold you to the contract. 我们不得不要求你们按合同办事。 You must put their rights and interest into a contract. 你们必须把他们的权益订在合同中。 We always carry out the terms o four contract to the letter and stand by what we say. 我们坚持重合同，守信用。 It's clearly a breach of contract. 这显然是违反了合同。 Any deviation from the contract will be unfavourable. 任何违反合同之事都是不利的。 The buyer has the option of canceling the contract. 买主有权撤消合同。 You have no grounds for backing out of the contract. 你们没有正当理由背弃合同。 In case one party fails to carry out the contract, the other party is entitled to cancel the contract. 如果一方不执行合同，另一方有权撤消该合同。 Are you worrying about the non-execution of the contract and non-payment on our part? 你是否担心我们不履行合同或者拒不付款？ You cannot cancel the contract without first securing our agreement. 如果没有事先征得我们同意，你们不能取消合同。 This contract will come into force as soon as it is signed by two parties. 合同一经双方签定即生效。 Once a contract is made, it must be strictly implemented. 合同一旦确定就应严格执行。 Words and Phrases to bring a contract into effect 使合同生效 to come into effect 生效 to go (enter)into force 生效 to cease to be in effect/force 失效 to carry out a contract 执行合同 to execute/implement/fulfil/perform a contract 执行合同 cancellation of contract 撤消合同 breach of contract 违反合同 to break the contract 毁约 to cancel the contract 撤消合同 to tear up the contract 撕毁合同 to approve the contract 审批合同 to honour the contract 重合同 to annual the contract 废除合同 to terminate the contract 解除合同 to alter the contract 修改合同 to abide by the contract 遵守合同 to go back on one's words 反悔 to be legally binding 受法律约束 to stand by 遵守 non-payment 拒不付款 to secure one's agreement 征得...的同意 Additional Words and Phrases contract price 合约价格 contract wages 合同工资 contract note 买卖合同（证书） contract of employment 雇佣合同 contract of engagement 雇佣合同 contract of carriage 运输合同 contract of arbitration 仲裁合同 contract for goods 订货合同 contract for purchase 采购合同 contract for service 劳务合同 contract for future delivery 期货合同 contract of sale 销售合同 contract of insurance 保险合同 contract sales 订约销售 contract law 合同法 to ship a contract 装运合同的货物 contractual dispute 合同上的争议 a long-term contract 长期合同 a short-term contract 短期合同 contract parties 合同当事人 contractual practice/usage 合同惯例 contractual claim 根据合同的债权 contractual liability/obligation 合同规定的义务 contractual income 合同收入 contractual specifications 合同规定 contractual terms & conditions 合同条款和条件 contractual guarantee 合同规定的担保 contractual damage 合同引起的损害 contractual-joint-venture 合作经营，契约式联合经营 completion of contract 完成合同 execution of contract 履行合同 performance of contract 履行合同 interpretation of contract 解释合同 expiration of contract 合同期满 renewal of contract 合同的续订 包君健康 keep you fit all the time包装新颖美观 fashionable and attractive packages保 证质量 quality and quantity assured产销历史悠久 have a long history in production and marketing驰名中外 popular both at home and abroad穿着舒适轻便 comfortable and easy to wear工艺精良 sophisticated technologies规格齐全 a complete range of specifications； complete in specifications赶超世界先进水平 catch up with and surpass advanced world level花色繁多 a wide selection of colours and designs花色新颖品种多样 fashionable styles， rich varieties货源充足 sufficient supplies； ample supply久负盛名 with a long standing reputation交货及时 timely delivery guaranteed价格公道 reasonable price技艺精湛 fine craftsmanship经济耐用 economy and durability具有中国风味 possess Chinese flavours居同类产品之首 rank first among similar products品质优良 excellent in quality品种齐全 complete range of articles款式多样 various styles 防缩 shrink-proof 防皱 crease-resistance 富有弹性 high resilience 工艺精良 sophisticated technologies 供不应求 in short supply; demand exceeding supply 光洁度高 highly polished 回味隽永 pleasant in after-taste 货源充足 ample supply and prompt delivery 技术先进 modern techniques 技艺精湛 exquisite craftsmanship; fine craftsmanship 价格公道 reasonable price; street price; moderate price 价格适中 moderrat cost 价谦物美 high quality and inexpensive; less expensive, high quality goods; high quality and low overhead 节日送礼之佳品 ideal gift for all occasions 洁白纯正 pure whiteness 洁白如玉 jade white 洁白透明 pure white and translucent 结构坚固 sturdy construction; firm in structure 经久耐用 structural durabilities 精打细算 be shrewd in money matters; careful calculation and strict budgeting 居同类产品之魁首 to rank first among similar products 具有传统风味特色 distinctive for its traditional properties 具有中国风味 possessing Chinese flavours 抗冲击强度高 excellent in cushion effect 抗热耐磨 strong resistance to heat and hard wearign 科学精制 by scientific process 口味鲜美 delicious in taste 快干 drip-dry 买一送一 buy one give one; buy one get one free 免烫 non-ironing 能多次翻新 can be repeatedly remoulded. 您想购买中国土特产品吗？ Do you want to buy some Chinese native produce? 烹制简便 convenient to cook 品质优良 excellent (in) quality 清仓大拍卖 clearance price 清货大减价 big clearance sale 清香爽口 pleasant to the palate 请君常购中国绿茶 always buy Chinese green teas. 韧硬兼顾 to have both the quality of tenacity and hardness 入口和醇 mild and mellow 软硬适中 neither too hard nor too soft 散热迅速 rapid heat dissipation 色泽光洁，柔软防滑 lustrous, soft and antislippery 色泽清澈 limpid in sight 设计合理 professional design 设计新颖 modern design 生意兴隆 driving a roaring trade (1) More sun and air for your son and heir. (2) Trust us. Over 5000 ears of experience. 50005000 许多广告都在商品品牌的名称上做文章。品牌名称中的双关语不仅能增加广告的趣味性和幽默感，更重要 的是使品牌名称更能吸引人们的注意力，便于记忆，增加宣传攻势力度，以此达到宣传产品的目的。品牌 名称中的双关语大多采用谐音的方法。 (3) WEAR-EVER introduces a new concept in glass oven ware: CLEANABILITY. “” 该广告从多角度推销其产品，能够激起顾客的购买欲望，具有一定的劝说作用。 -这种双关在广告中运用得也非常广泛，它与谐音双关有异曲同工之妙。 (4) The label of achievements. Black Label commands more respects. 该广告通过双关手段的运用，使人联想到功成名就时就要饮用该酒；同时，用品牌名称形成双关，又便于 消费者对品牌的记忆，从而对商品发生兴趣。 (5) Spoil yourself and not your figure. 这则广告通过一语双关，使减肥者在轻松幽默的语气中很自然地接受该广告，并能使其产生购买欲望。 (6) A deal with us means a good deal to you. 该句的妙处在于很好地利用了句中deal的三种含义，“做买卖”、“一笔好买卖”和“许多”。a good deal构成一个绝妙的双关。 -由语法方面的问题产生的双关，如省略结构、某词或词组具有两种以上语法功能等。 (7) Which lager can claim to be truly German? This can.() (8) Coke refreshes you like no other can. 这则广告诙谐机智，富于文字情趣，能使商品连同这一广告词一起久久印在读者记忆里。 1.Benz 奔驰 2.BMW 宝马 3.Safeguard 舒肤佳 4.Lancome 兰蔻化妆品 5.Rejoice 飘柔 6.Pepsi 百事 7.Pond's 旁氏 8.Gillette 吉列 9.Adidas 阿迪达斯 10.Coca- Cola 可口可乐 11.Canon 佳能 12.Ritz 乐之 13.Lux 力士 14.Longines 浪琴表 15.Head&Shoulder 海飞丝 16.Porsche 保时捷 17.Sharp 夏普 18.Ports 宝姿 广告语: 1. Make yourself heard.(Ericsson爱立信) 理解就是沟通。 2. A diamond lasts forever.(De Bierres第比尔斯) 钻石恒久远，一颗永流传。 3. Intel Inside.(Intel Pentium英特尔 奔腾) 给电脑一颗奔腾的"芯"。 4. Connecting People.(Nokia诺基亚) 科技以人为本。 5. Mosquito Bye Bye Bye .(RADAR雷达驱虫剂) 蚊子杀杀杀。 6. Behind that healthy smile, there is a Crest kid.(Crest toothpaste佳洁士) 健康笑容 来自佳洁士。 7. Let's make things better. (Philips飞利浦) 让我们做得更好。 8. The sign of excellence.(OMEGA欧米茄) 凝聚典雅。 有一些经典翻译体现了"文字翻译"和"文化翻译"的完美结合： 1. Coca-Cola 可口可乐 评：译得绝妙，既利用了谐音，又把喝过这种饮料后痛快淋漓的感觉充分反映出来，同 时又接近中国文化中"可乐"一词给人们的美好联想。这些都赋予了商品积极正面的信息， 无怪乎可口可乐如此广受欢迎。同样还有的是Pepsi Cola 百事可乐。 2. Nike, Puma, Reebok分别翻译为"耐克"，"彪马"和"锐步" 评：都采取了音译，但却尽量发掘出传神的字词意义。品牌均为两个字，短小精干，朗 朗上口，便于记忆，体现了体育服饰的结实与耐用。 3. Colgate 高露洁 评：所选第一个音与原语相似。"露洁"为意译加音义，加强了牙膏能洁白牙齿的信息， 现出露齿也不怕的信心，不仅音译靠近，而且也找到了译语文化中有彩头的字词表达， 可以看作对品牌的文化翻译。 4. Kodak 柯达 A Kodak Moment.就在柯达一刻。 评：将胶卷的特色表现得很充分，译文也十分强调效果。 5. Levi's 列维斯 Quality never goes out of style. 质量与风格共存。 评：反说正译，十分巧妙。 6. Maxwell 麦斯威尔Good to the last drop .滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。 评：译文在效果上将原文发挥得很好，有采用四字结构，既工整，韵律也较齐。 这些精彩的翻译只是从众多广告翻译直节选出来的，都体现了译者的独巨匠心，充分展 现了商品的特色。但也有一些失败的例子。有的饮料在进入外国市场前没考虑发音和文 化的影响，结果闹出了笑话。有的饮料叫"psshitt"(听起来像shit)Sic（很像 Sick）这样的商品如何在英语国家卖得出去？有的电脑名字直译为Dragon令西方人有些害怕。同一品牌的汽车在美国叫Rabbit 行得通，而在英国却不行，最后改叫Golf了。这都可以看出文化习俗，价值观念和象征意义等都存在差异并且反映在翻译和其他跨文化交际 中，这就要求翻译要以译语文化为基础，商品及企业形象借着优秀的翻译也能插上有力 的翅膀，翱翔在许多国家中，为更多的消费者接受。如今，很多人以意识到翻译也是一 种广告策划，现在的任务是综合运用各种知识，有机，和谐地运用到商标和广告语的翻 译中，把国外更多商品介绍到中国，让中国更多商品走向世界。 （节选自《英语学习》2000年第6期 通讯员：朱宇清 英语点津姗姗编辑） 1． Good to the last drop． 滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。（麦斯威尔咖啡） 2． Obey your thirst． 服从你的渴望。（雪碧） 3． The new digital era． 数码新时代。（索尼影碟机） 4． We lead． others copy． 我们领先，他人仿效。（理光复印机） 5． Impossible made possible． 使不可能变为可能。（佳能打印机） 6． Take time to indulge． 尽情享受吧！（雀巢冰激凌） 7． The relentless pursuit of perfection． 不懈追求完美。 （凌志轿车） 8． Poetry in motion， dancing close to me． 动态的诗，向我舞近。（丰 田汽车） 9． Come to where the flavour is． marlboro country．光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。（万宝路香烟） 10．To me， the past is black and white， but the future is always color． ....对我而言，过去平淡无奇；而未来，却一直是彩色的（轩尼诗酒） 11. Just do it. 只管去做。（耐克运动鞋） 12. Ask for more. 渴望无限。（百事流行鞋） 13. The taste is great. 味道好极了。（雀巢咖啡） 14. Feel the new space. 感受新境界。（三星电子） 15. Iintelligence everywhere. 智慧演绎，无处不在。（摩托罗拉手机） 16. The choice of a new generation. 新一代的选择。（百事可乐） 17. We integrate, you communicate. 我们集大成，您超越自我。（三菱电 工） 18. Take Toshiba, take the world. 拥有东芝，拥有世界。（东芝电子） 19. Let's make things better. 让我们做得更好。（飞利浦电子） 20. no business too small, no problem too big. ....没有不做的小生意，没有解决不了的大问题。 （ibm公司） WORDS AND PHRASES IN ADVERTISEMENT 包君健康 keep you fit all the time 包装新颖美观 fashionable and attractive packages 保证质量 quality and quantity assured 产销历史悠久 have a long history in production and marketing 驰名中外 popular both at home and abroad 穿着舒适轻便 comfortable and easy to wear 工艺精良 sophisticated technologies 规格齐全 a complete range of specifications; complete in specifications 赶超世界先进水平 catch up with and surpass advanced world level 花色繁多 a wide selection of colours and designs 花色新颖品种多样 fashionable styles, rich varieties 货源充足 sufficient supplies; ample supply 久负盛名 with a long standing reputation 交货及时 timely delivery guaranteed 价格公道 reasonable price 技艺精湛 fine craftsmanship 经济耐用 economy and durability 具有中国风味 possess Chinese flavours 居同类产品之首 rank first among similar products 品质优良 excellent in quality 品种齐全 complete range of articles 款式多样 various styles 0 引言 摘要的定义为：“以提供文献内容梗概为目的, 不加评论和补充解释, 简明、确切地记叙文献重要内容的短文”。由于大多数检索系统只收录论文的摘要部分，或其数据库中只有摘要部分免 费提供, 并且有些读者只阅读摘要而不读全文或常根据摘要来判断是否需要阅读全文, 因此摘要的清楚表达十分重要。好的英文摘要对于增加论文的被检索和引用机会、吸引读者、扩大影响 起着不可忽视的作用。 1 摘要的类型与基本内容 1.1 摘要的类型 根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类：报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要。 （1）报道性摘要(informative abstract)：也称信息型摘要或资料性摘要。其特点是全面、简要 地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。通常, 这种摘要可部分地取代阅读全文。 （2）指示性摘要 (indicative abstract)：也称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要（descriptive abstract）或论点摘要（topic abstract）。一般只用二、三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等。此类摘要可用于帮助读者决定是否需要阅读全文。 （3）报道-指示性摘要(informative-indicative abstract)：以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中信 息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分。 传统的摘要多为一段式, 在内容上大致包括引言(Introduction)、材料与方法(Materials and Methods)、结果(Results)和讨论(Discussion)等主要方面, 即IMRAD（Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion）结构的写作模式。 1980年代出现了另一种摘要文体, 即“结构式摘要”(structured abstract), 它是报道性摘要的结构化表达，强调论文摘要应含有较多的信息量。结构式摘要与传统摘要的差别在于，前者便于读 者了解论文的内容, 行文中用醒目的字体（黑体、全部大写或斜体等）直接标出目的、方法、结 果和结论等标题。 1. 2 摘要的基本结构和内容 摘要本质上是一篇高度浓缩的论文, 所以其构成与论文主体的IMRAD结构是对应的。摘要应包括以下内容梗概：（1）目的：研究工作的前提、目的和任务, 所涉及的主题范围；（2）方法：所用的理论、条件、材料、手段、装备、程序等；（3）结果：观察、实验的结果、 数据、性能等；（4）结果的分析、比较、评价、应用, 提出的问题, 今后的课题, 假设、启发、建议、预测等； （5）其它：不属于研究、研制、调查的主要目的, 但具有重要的信息价值。 一般地说, 报道性摘要中（2）、（3）、（4）应相对详细, （1）和（5）则相对简略。指示性摘要则相反。 结构式摘要与传统一段式摘要的区别在于，其分项具体, 可使读者更方便、快速地了解论文的 各项内容。统计表明, MEDLINE检索系统所收录的生物医学期刊目前已有60%以上采用了结构式摘要。我国有些医学类期刊在20世纪90年代初开始采用结构式摘要, 并对其使用效果和进一步优化进行了较为深入的探讨。 结构式摘要的构架及简要说明 (1)目的(Objective)：研究的问题、目的或设想等；( 2)设计 (Design)：研究的基本设计, 样本的选择、分组、诊断 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 和随访情况等； (3)单位(Setting)：说明开展研究的单位（是研究机构、大专院校, 还是医疗机构）； (4)对象(Patients, Participants)：研究对象（患者等）的数目、选择过程和条件等； (5)处置(Interventions)：处置方法的基本特征, 使用何种方法以及持续的时间等；( 6)主要结果测定(Main Outcome Measures)：主要结果是如何测定、完成的； (7)结果(Results)：研究的主要发现（应给出确切的置信度和统计学显著性 检验值）； (8)结论(Conclusions)：主要结论及其潜在的临床应用。 实际上, 8个层次比较适合于临床医学类原始论文(Original Article)。对于综述类论文,其结构式摘要应包括以下6个方面：(1) 目的(Objective), (2) 资料来源(Data Sources), (3) 资料选择(Study Selection), (4) 数据提炼(Data Extraction), (5) 资料综合(Data Synthesis), (6) 结论(Conclusions)。 为节省篇幅, 有些期刊在使用中对上述结构式摘要进行了适当简化, 如“New England Journal of Medicine”采用背景(Background)、方法(Methods)、结果(Results)、结论(Conclusions)等4个方面；“The Lancet”则采用背景(Background)、方法(Methods)、发现(Findings)和解释(Interpretation) 等4个方面。 JAMA (The Journal of the American Medical Association)是采用结构式摘要全部项目的为数不 多的期刊之一, 其原始性论文的摘要须包括9项(Context, Objective, Design, Setting, Patients, Interventions, Main Outcome Measures, Results, Conclusion), 但作者可根据需要将相关项目合并。 与传统摘要比较, 结构式摘要的长处是易于写作（作者可按层次填入内容）和方便阅读（逻辑自 然、内容突出），表达也更为准确、具体、完整。 应该说, 无论是传统的一段式摘要, 还是结构式摘要, 实际上都是按逻辑次序发展而来, 没有脱离IMRAD的范畴. 2 摘要撰写技巧 2.1 摘要撰写的一般技巧 为确保摘要的“独立性”(stand on its own)或“自明性”(self-contained), 撰写中应遵循以下规则： （1）为确保简洁而充分地表述论文的IMRD, 可适当强调研究中的创新、重要之处(但不要使用评价性语言)；尽量包括论文中的主要论点和重要细节（重要的论证或数据）。（2）使用简短的句子, 表达要准确、简洁、清楚；注意表述的逻辑性, 尽量使用指示性词语表达论文的不同部分（层 次）。 如使用“We found that…”表示结果，使用“We suggest that…”表示讨论结果的含义等。（3）应尽量避免引用文献、图表, 用词应为读者所熟悉。若无法回避使用引文, 应在引文出现的位置将引文的书目信息标注在方括号内；如确有需要（如避免多次重复较长的术语）使用非同行熟知 的缩写, 应在缩写符号第一次出现时给出其全称。（4）为方便检索系统转录, 应尽量避免使用化学结构式、数学表达式、角标和希腊文等特殊符号。（5）查询拟投稿期刊的读者须知, 以了解其对摘要的字数和形式的要求。如果是结构式摘要, 应了解其分为几段，使用何种标识，使用何种 时态，是否使用缩写或简写，等。 2.2 摘要写作的时态 摘要所采用的时态应因情况而定,力求表达自然、妥当。写作中可大致遵循以下原则。 2.2.1 介绍背景资料 如果句子的内容是不受时间影响的普遍事实, 应使用现在式；如果句子的内容是对某种研究趋 势的概述, 则使用现在完成式。 如： The authors review risk and protective factors for drug abuse, assess a number of approaches for drug abuse prevention potential with high-risk groups, and make recommendations for research and practice. Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: …. 2.2.2 叙述研究目的或主要研究活动 如采用“论文导向”, 多使用现在式（如：This paper presents…）; 如采用“研究导向”, 则使用过去式（如：This study investigated…）. This article summarizes research on self-initiated and professionally facilitated change of addictive behaviors using the key transtheoretical constructs of stages and processes of change. We investigated whether captopril could reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after a myocardial infarction. 2.2.3 概述实验程序、方法和主要结果 通常用现在式。 We describe a new molecular approach to analyzing the genetic diversity of complex microbial populations. Our results indicate that p21 may be a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases. 2.2.4 叙述结论或建议 可使用现在式、臆测动词或may, should, could等助动词。 We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have delayed the melting of the Saalean ice sheets in America and Eurasia, perhaps accounting for this discrepancy. 2.2 摘要写作的人称和语态 有相当数量的作者和审稿人认为, 科技论文的撰写应使用第三人称、过去时和被动语态。但调查 表明, 科技论文中被动语态的使用在1920 - 1970年曾比较流行, 但由于主动语态的表达更为准确, 且更易阅读, 因而目前大多数期刊都提倡使用主动态。国际知名科技期刊“Nature”, “Cell”等 尤其如此, 其中第一人称和主动语态的使用十分普遍。 为了解专业期刊对写作风格的规定, 有人随机抽查了500份医学和生物学英文期刊的“读者须知”。统计表明, 82%的期刊没有文风方面的规定。 可见, 为简洁、清楚地表达研究成果, 在论文摘要的撰写中不应刻意回避第一人称和主动语态。 3 摘要的常用表达方法 由于摘要的英文表达要求用词简明、层次清楚, 因此掌握一些特定的规范表达, 甚至建立一个适合自己需要的“句型库”(stock phrases), 对于摘要的撰写是很有帮助的。本文所选取的例句均源 于SCI收录的1992 - 2002年间发表、并具较高被引频次的论文（前100位）摘要（选取例句时偏重于第一人称和主动语态）。 3.1 引言部分 3.1.1 回顾研究背景 常用词汇有：review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。 如： We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction. This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues. 3.1.2 阐明写作或研究目 常用词汇有：purpose, attempt, aim等。另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。如： We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data. To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2's effect, we examined whether Bcl-2 interacted with other proteins. 3.1.3 介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围 常用的词汇有：study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。 Here we study the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from the thymus cortex. This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself. 3.2 方法部分 3.2.1 介绍研究或试验过程 常用词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。 We use N-body simulations to investigate the structure of dark halos in the standard cold dark matter cosmogony. We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33. 0 kton yr (535-day) exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector. 3.2.2 说明研究或试验方法 常用词汇有：measure, estimate, calculate等。 We have developed a global model to estimate emissions of volatile organic compounds from natural sources (NVOC). This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey, … 3.2.3 介绍应用、用途 常用词汇有：use, apply, application等。 Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach and is based on version 3. 3 of Felsenstein's dnaml program. As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm that selects important edges and compresses the image data by factors over 30. 3.3 结果部分 3.3.1 展示研究结果 常用词汇有：show, result, present等。 We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of c-myc protein and to occur by apoptosis. Our results suggest a widespread role for the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system. 3.3.2 介绍结论 常用词汇有：summary, introduce, conclude等。 We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the empirical wavelet coefficients. By means of informal mathematical arguments, simulations and a series of worked examples, we conclude that PQL is of practical value for approximate inference on parameters and realizations of random effects in the hierarchical model. 3.4 讨论部分 3.4.1 陈述论文的论点和作者的观点 常用词汇有： suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等。 The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development induced by p, p'-DDE and related environmental chemicals may be mediated at the level of the androgen receptor. In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. 3.4.2 阐明论证 常用词汇有：support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等。 We showed that it is possible to identify constituents which represent only 1% of the total population. These results demonstrate that p53 is required for radiation-induced cell death in the thymus but is not necessary for all forms of apoptosis. 3.4.3 推荐和建议 常用词汇有：suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等。 The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for the prevention of adolescent alcohol and other drug problems is through a risk-focused approach. We propose two algorithms to estimate the significance level for a test of HWP.