新课标大学英语1

新课标大学英语1 Unit One:大一新生日记 星期日 1 从家里出发后，我们开车开了很长一段时间才到达我住的宿舍楼。我进去登记。宿舍管理员给了我一串钥匙,并告诉了我房间号。我的房间在6楼，可电梯坏了。等我们终于找到8号房间的时候,妈妈已经涨红了脸，累得上气不接下气。我打开门锁，我们都走了进去。 2 但爸爸马上就从里面钻了出来。这个房间刚刚够一个人住，一家人都进去，肯定容不下。我躺在床上，不动弹就可以碰到三面墙。 3 幸亏我哥哥和我的狗没一起来。 4 后来，爸爸妈妈就走了，只剩下我孤零零一个人。周围只有书和一个箱子。接下来我该做什么呢, 星期一 5 早上，有一个为一年级新生举办的咖啡早茶会。我见到了我的导师，他个子高高的，肩膀厚实，好像打定了主意要逗人开心。 6 “你是从很远的地方来的吗,”他问我。他边说话边晃动脑袋， 咖啡都洒到杯托里了。 7 “我家离爱丁堡不太远，开车大约6 个小时,”我说。 8 “好极了～”他说，接着又走向站在我旁边的那个女孩儿。“你是从很远的地方来的吗?”他问。但不等那女孩儿做出任何回答，他就说道，“好极了～”然后就继续向前走。他啜了一口咖啡，却惊讶地发现杯子是空的。 9 妈妈打来电话，问我是不是见到了导师。 星期二 10 我觉得有点儿饿，这才意识到我已经两天没吃东西了。我下楼去，得知一日三餐我可以在餐厅里吃。我到餐厅排进了长队。 11“早餐吃什么,”我问前面的男生。 12“不知道。我来得太晚了，吃不上早餐了。这是午餐。” 13 午餐是自助餐，今天的菜谱是鸡肉、米饭、土豆、沙拉、蔬菜、奶酪、酸奶和水果。前面的男生每样儿都取了一些放到托盘上，付了钱，坐下来吃。 14 我再也不觉得饿了。 15 妈妈打电话来，问我有没有好好吃饭。 星期三 16 早上9点钟我要去听一个讲座。我醒时已经8:45了。竟然没有人叫我起床。奇怪。 17 我穿好衣服，急匆匆地赶到大讲堂。我在一个睡眼惺忪的女生旁边坐下。她看了看我，问道:“刚起床,”她是怎么看出来的, 18 讲座进行了1个小时。结束时我看了看笔记，我根本就看不懂自己写的字。 19 那名女生名叫苏菲，和我一样，也是英语文学专业的学生。她看起来惊人地聪明。听完讲座后我们一起闲聊。她告诉我在空档年( 高中毕业后等着上大学的一年) 里，她已经把这学期书单上的书全都读完了。她给我留下了深刻的印象，我觉得自己太无知了，甚至不配跟她呼吸同样的空气。 20 妈妈打来电话，问我睡得好不好。 星期四 21 今天有新生集会(社团招新活动)。我和苏菲跑去看我们能加入几个俱乐 部。我们俩都认为我们应该多结交朋友，所以我报名参加了交谊舞俱乐部、人工 智能协会、手铃俱乐部和极限运动俱乐部。苏菲则报名参加了业余剧社和莫扎特 合唱团。 22 我不知道我和苏菲还能不能继续做好朋友。 23 妈妈来电话了。她告诉我哥哥曾试图把我在家住的那间卧室租出去。妈 妈向我保证只要我需要，那房间永远是我的。她还说那是我的家，他们都非常想 我，尤其是我的狗。我一下子就哭了起来。 星期五 24 早上我去了图书馆。可是好像我需要一个能验明我身份的证件才能进图 书馆。不知为什么，我必须发誓不损坏书籍、不违反图书馆的规定，否则我就要 被当作罪犯送进监狱。(什么～,就因为说话声音太大,)图书馆看起来很古老， 学校以此为豪。 25 今晚有个迪斯科舞会，可我已经没有干净衣服了。我只知道把脏衣服扔 进衣篮，但并不清楚衣服是如何洗净、熨平并叠好放进衣柜里的。也许妈妈快来 电话了。 Exercises 4. Match the words and expressions in the box with their definitions. check in gap impress muscle sip swear 1 to make a sincere statement that you are telling the truth swear 2 a piece of flesh that connects bones and moves a particular part of your body muscle 3 to make you admire or respect someone impress 4 to drink in small amounts sip 5 a period of time between two events gap 6 to arrive somewhere and give your personal details to the person working at the reception desk check in 5. Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box. assure barely ignorant intelligent run out of sign up spill 1 There was only just enough room for two people. barely 2 Be careful or you’ll accidentally pour your drink down your clothes. spill 3 He was completely unaware of what to do in the library. ignorant 4 She was very clever and got excellent grades. intelligent 5 You write your name on the list to join the club. sign up 6 She tells me that she’s definitely read the book. She assures me that she’s read the book. 7 I need to go and buy some tea, I have finished it all. I need to go and buy some tea, I have run out of it. 6. Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 Is a warden likely to be (a) a teacher at the college, or (b) someone who looks after the hall of residence? 2 Is a tutor likely to be (a) a teacher, or (b) a student? 3 If you go along somewhere, do you (a) go to a place and join other people there, or (b) walk a long way to get to a place? 4 If you rent out a room, do you (a) paint and decorate it, or (b) allow it to be used by someone who pays you regularly to use it? Reading and interpreting 7. Work in pairs. Look at the sentences from the passage and answer the questions. 1 As he speaks, he moves his head from side to side, which makes his coffee spill into the saucer. Is this the real reason the coffee spills into the saucer? Probably not. His movement which was exaggerated represents his nervousness about meeting the new students. 2 … “splendid,” he says, without waiting for the answer, and moves on. Is the tutor really interested in the students he’s talking to? No, it seems not. His answer of ―splendid‖ does not match with his action. 3 … today’s menu includes chicken, rice, potatoes, salad, vegetables, cheese, yoghurt and fruit. The boy in front puts it all on his plate, pays for it, and goes to sit down. Is this a usual amount of food to eat at one meal? No, he is either very hungry or greedy, and this is exaggerated behaviour. 4 She impresses me, and I feel so ignorant that I shouldn’t even breathe the same air as her. What does the writer think of Sophie? The writer thinks that Sophie is superior and very academic (intelligent / hard-working). The comment about breathing the same air is exaggeration. Developing critical thinking 8. Work in pairs and discuss the questions. 1 Do you think the diary extract is funny? Many people would say ―yes‖, but this is largely a question of what individuals find funny. The passage has humorous use of language, exaggeration, and may even seem a bit cynical, so if you like these elements, you will probably think it is funny. 2 Have you had any similar experiences during your first weeks at university? This is a question of personal experience. Some students may say that they had a similar experience in that their parents phoned them quite frequently in the first weeks of their university life, saying they missed them. 3 What are the main differences between the writer’s university and yours? Compared with a British university, a Chinese university has huge numbers of students and staff. It has a large self-contained campus which includes more shops and social facilities than a British campus. And most or nearly all Chinese students live in the hall of residence. This is common in the first year in the UK, but much less after that. 4 Which aspects about the writer’s university do you like or dislike? Some Chinese students will be surprised that the writer doesn’t seem to have many lectures or classes; the British tutor seems unfriendly and uncaring; the writer seems a bit lonely and lost. Language in use with / without 1 Match the uses of with / without with their definitions. 1 (a) 2 (b) 3 (a) 4 (c) 5 (c) 6 (d) 2 Rewrite the sentences using with / without . 1 Her tutor moves his head from side to side. Her tutor spills his coffee into the saucer. With his head moving from side to side, her tutor spills his coffee into the saucer. 2 ―Splendid,‖ he says. He doesn’t wait for an answer. ―Splendid,‖ he says, without waiting for an answer. 3 Frank McCourt speaks in class. He has an Irish accent. Frank McCourt speaks in class with an Irish accent. 4 He plans to go on the subway. He has the books covered in purple and white NYU jackets. He plans to go on the subway with the books covered in purple and white NYU jacket. 5 He’s only allowed to take two courses. He isn’t told why. He’s only allowed to take two courses, without being told why. 6 He would like to ask a question. He doesn’t like to raise his hand. He would like to ask a question without raising his hand. Collocations 3 Read the explanations of the words and phrases. Answer the questions. 1. climb (a) Because the room is very small. (b) You would climb into bed if you are so tired that it feels like a huge effort. (c) You would probably need to bend over, and crawl through the hole. 2 spill (a)spilt coffee all over your desk You have accidently knocked over a cup/mug and the coffee has gone (uncontrolled) all over the desk. (b)toys spilled out all over the carpet The toys were in a container, such as a box; either the box is too full so some toys are falling out onto the carpet, or the box has been tipped over so most of the toys have fallen out of the box. (c)crowds were spilling out of the bars and restaurants Many people are leaving the bars and restaurants all at once, probably because they are closing for the night. 3. join (a) join a band When they can play a musical instrument and want to play with others. (b) join the unemployed You have lost your job and become unemployed (c) join in You do the same activity that most other people are doing. 4 burst into (a) burst into tears The writer suddenly started crying. (b) bursts into bloom Flowers, when they suddenly emerge from buds. (c) burst into flames. Put out the flames immediately if you can, or keep well clear and call the emergency services (fire brigade) 5 clean (a) a clean licence This refers to a driving licence. It means that you have been driving safely or at least you have no penalty points on the licence ---a person gets such points as a punishment after breaking the law on the roads eg speeding or causing an accident, and the licence then has a note on it (it’s not ―clean‖) and the police have a record. (b) clean language You avoid using swear words or other examples of bad language. (c) a clean bill of health Here this phrase is used metaphorically and means something is working properly, for example, a car might have ―a clean bill of health‖ after a check or test it is working correctly. 6 easy (a) easy-going An easy-going person behaves, in a relaxed, calm manner with others and is happy to accept things without getting worried or angry. (b) easy on the eye A person who is easy on the eye is pleasant to look at in appearance and in the way they dress. (c) easier said than done When something is easier said than done, it is easy to talk about, but difficult to achieve. (d) take it easy When they tell you to ―Take it easy‖ they can mean either of two things: You should rest and not do things that will make you tired, or you should keep calm, being less upset or angry. 4. Complete the sentence using the collocations in Activity 3 1 spill out of 2 burst into tears 3 clean language 4 easier 5 climb through 6 spilt 7 join in 8 burst into bloom 9 clean licence 10 easy on the eye 5 Translate the sentences into Chinese. 1. Finally, with my mother red in the face and short of breath, we find Room 8, I unlock the door, and we all walk in.(? 介词 with 表示状态，不必直译。) 等我们终于找到8号房间的时候，妈妈已经涨红了脸，上气不接下气。我打 开门锁，我们都走了进去。 2. She impresses me, and I feel so ignorant that I shouldn’t even breathe the same air as her. 她给我留下了深刻的印象，我觉得自己太无知了，甚至不配跟她呼吸同样的 空气。 3. I don’t know why I have to be introduced to literature but the woman in the admissions office says it’s a requirement even though I’ve read Dostoyevsky and Melville and that’s admirable for someone without a high school education.(? 翻 译时将 be introduced to literature 变成主动语态更通顺。) 我不知道为什么 我非得了解文学。可是招生办公室的那位女士说这门课是必修课，即使我读 过陀思妥也夫斯基和梅尔维尔的小说也得选，一个没上过高中的人能读这些 书的确令人敬佩，但这门课是必修课。 4. I’m in heaven and the first thing to do is buy the required textbooks, cover them with the purple and white NYU book jackets so that people in the subway will look at me admiringly.(? I am in heaven 不能直译成―我上了天堂‖，这句话应意译。) 我乐得飘飘然了，第一件事就是去买所需要的课本，然后用纽约大学紫白相 间的护封把它们套起来，这样地铁里的乘客就会向我投来艳羡的目光了。 5. Then the professor tells us ideas don’t drop fully formed from the skies, that the Pilgrims were, in the long run, children of the Reformation with an accompanying world view and their attitudes to children were so informed. (? 注意两个 children 的翻译，第一个需意译。) 接着，教授告诉我们，观念并不是从天而降的现成品。从长远看，清教徒是 宗教改革运动的产物，他们继承了宗教改革运动的世界观，并且他们对孩子 的态度体现了宗教改革运动的思想。 6 Translate the sentences into English 1 他们对业余剧社的介绍给苏菲留下了深刻的印象，于是她就报了名。 (Amateur Dramatics; sign up for) Their introduction of Amateur Dramatics impressed Sophie so much that she signed up for it. 2 网络教育为全职人员提供了利用业余时间接受继续教育的机会。(work full-time) Online education provides those who work full-time with opportunities to receive further education in their spare time. 3 刚上大学时，他不知道是否需要把老师讲的内容一字不落地都记下来。(be supposed to do; scribble down) When he first arrived at university, he was not sure whether he was supposed to scribble down every word out of the professor’s mouth. 4 没人觉察出他隐藏在笑容背后的绝望。(detect) Nobody detects his despair well hidden behind his smile. 5 有些学生能轻松自如地与陌生人交谈，可有些学生却很难做到这一点。(be easy about) Some students are easy about talking with strangers, while some others find it hard to do so. Unit 2 第一只牡蛎 1 ―来，尝尝这个，这个好吃，‖我父亲一边说一边在我的鼻子前晃动着一只 牡蛎。 2 我皱起眉头，说:―我不吃，我不喜欢吃这个。 ‖ 3 ―胡说，你没尝过怎么知道不喜欢吃。‖他跟我论理，―把它放进嘴里，品 尝一下大西洋的味道。‖ 4 我觉得他说得对，可是有时候有些东西你只要看一眼就知道喜不喜欢。 坦率地说，我觉得牡蛎看起来挺恶心的。 5 这座饭店坐落在法国一个著名的海滨旅游胜地。这时侍者不仅端上了一 瓶放在冰篮子里的白葡萄酒，还端上一客份量极大的海鲜——螃蟹、对虾、大龙 虾及各种贝类，都堆在一起。我母亲正忙着购物，于是我父亲就决定带我——他 十岁的儿子——去吃午饭。他要让我体验生命里一个重要的事件，一件对我父亲 来说与成年一样重要的事:我的第一只牡蛎。 6 世界上第一个吃牡蛎的男人到底是怎么想的呢,我说―男人‖是因为女人肯定不会这么傻吧,―唷，我有点饿了，我们来瞧瞧这个石坑„„嗯，我觉得它看起来挺好吃的～‖好像不太可能。父亲的话听起来更像是男生式的挑战。―来，你尝尝这只牡蛎，我来尝尝这块油滋滋的咸肉三明治，让我们看看谁吃得更开心～‖ 7 外面，天空灰蒙蒙的，海面上刮来一阵强风。天气看 起来和我的心情一样阴郁。没有希望，只感觉饿，只担心 失去纯真，因为我意识到这第一只牡蛎我今天非吃不可了。 8 ―我能吃炸鱼和薯条吗,‖我满怀希望地问。我突然觉得想家，想吃我最爱吃的饭菜。 9 “当然不行～他们这儿没有炸鱼和薯条，只有这地方最上等的海鲜，在这方圆几英里之内你找不到更好的海鲜了。”他边回答边给自己又倒了一杯酒。“好啦，别抱怨了，就给我尝一只牡蛎，然后你就可以吃些好吃、顺口的东西，比如对虾加黄油面包。”他提议说。吃了这么长时间的饭，他的话中第一次有了妥协的意思。 10 但是，尽管清晰地感觉到了他的妥协——只有一个十岁的男孩才有这样的感觉，我仍然明白这妥协包含着吃掉那只牡蛎，那只放在我父亲的盘子边上的牡蛎。 11 我父亲继续吃着那一堆海鲜。他盘子里放着一大堆被丢弃的龙虾爪，盘子边上放着一套工具，用来敲开蟹壳，剔出哪怕一丁点儿的蟹肉。他每吃一口就停一下，举杯喝一口酒。他时不时地在我眼前晃动着那只牡蛎，逗弄我吃了它，但却什么也没说。我只是绝望地看着我的空盘子。我想着我最爱吃的东西——我母亲做的点心，一滴泪静静地顺着面颊淌了下来。 12 终于，我父亲又拿起那只牡蛎，我知道这下全完了。我用拇指和另一只手指把牡蛎拈起来送到嘴边。父亲说:―把它吸进嘴里，先含着，尝尝盐和海水的味道，然后再咽下去。吃完了，我给你点你爱吃的东西。‖他的语气更亲切了些，因为他知道他赢了。 13 我按照他说的吃掉了那只牡蛎。牡蛎滑溜溜的，那味道是我从未尝过的，打那以后也没再尝过。我父亲看着我，似笑非笑，好像在说:―怎么样,‖我咽下去的时候，他举杯对我说:―干杯～‖我终于赢得了他的爱和尊重。 14 但从那以后，我再也没吃过牡蛎。 Exercise 3 Match the words in the box with their definitions. frank gloomy innocence juicy nonsense perception resort yummy 1 honest about the situation or your opinions, even if this offends people frank 2 a place that many people go to for a holiday resort 3 tasting extremely good yummy 4 containing a lot of liquid, so tasting good juicy 5 dark in a way that makes you feel sad or a little afraid gloomy 6 lack of experience of life innocence 7 the ability to understand and make good judgments about something perception 8 ideas, behaviour, or statements that are not true or sensible nonsense 4 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. bake cling crack discard enormous implement region scrape slippery 1 The waves were very large in size as they fell onto the beach. enormous 2 There was so much seafood that it was holding tightly onto the plate. clinging 3 In the area of land where they were visiting, it wasn’t usual to eat fish and chips. region 4 When he had eaten the shellfish, he got rid of the shells. discarded 5 To eat shellfish you need special tools to break open the shells and dig out the food. Implements crack scrape 6 The boy was especially fond of his mother’s bread and cakes from the oven. baking 7 Because they’re smooth, wet and quite difficult to hold, it’s quite a challenge to try your first oysters. slippery 5 Answer the questions about the words in the box. complain despair emotion frown nasty tease 1 Which word means feeling? emotion 2 Which word means a feeling that a situation is so bad that there’s nothing you can do to change it? despair 3 Which word means to say you’re not happy with someone or something? Complain 4 Which word describes how your face looks when you’re annoyed or worried about something? frown 5 Which word describes something that is unpleasant to taste, smell or see? nasty 6 Which word means to say something to someone in order to have fun by embarrassing or annoying them slightly? tease Reading and interpreting 6 Check (?) the true statements. ? 1 The father thought his son should try new things before he refused them. ? ? 2 The boy thought men were more foolish than women. ? ? 3 The boy couldn’t tell how oysters tasted just by looking at them. ? 4 The boy was nervous about eating his first oyster. ? ? 5 The father thought oysters tasted salty like the sea. ? 6 The boy enjoyed the taste of the oyster even though he didn’t try it again. Developing critical thinking 7 Work in pairs and discuss the questions. (just for reference以下答案仅供参考) 1 Has anyone ever made you eat or do something that you have never tried before, and that made you nervous? Yes, I don’t like raw onions. But my father often asks me to eat raw onions because he thinks they are good for my health. 2 Do you think it’s sometimes better to remain innocent, or should we always try every possible experience in life? • I agree that it is sometimes wise to remain innocent. For some things, such as drugs, we should never try them. • I think I should try everything that comes my way. 3 Which tastes or experiences have been so important to you that you would make your child try them at all costs? I would say this depends on the thing to be tried. It may be dangerous to ask a child to try things at all costs. 4 Which experiences do you think people from other cultures should try when they’re in China? I think they should try some local street food, such as stinky tofu (臭 豆腐). Language in use 1 Rewrite the sentences. 1 The restaurant was in a French seaside resort by the Atlantic Ocean. You get excellent seafood from the Atlantic Ocean. The restaurant was in a French seaside resort by the Atlantic Ocean, where you get excellent sea food. 2 My father had decided to take me for lunch to a restaurant. He wanted me to try my first oyster. My father, who wanted me to try my first oyster had decided to take me for lunch to a restaurant. 3 The oyster was unlike anything I have ever tasted before or since. It was slippery. The oyster, which was slippery, was unlike anything I have ever tasted before or since. 4 Chocolate is made from the beans of the cacao tree, Theobroma cacao. Theobroma cacao means ―food of the gods‖. Chocolate is made from the beans of the cacao tree, Theobroma cacao, which means ―food of the gods‖. 5 The world’s best-selling type of chocolate, milk chocolate, didn’t appear until the end of the 19th century. Milk chocolate is sweeter and smoother than dark chocolate. The world’s best-selling type of chocolate, milk chocolate, which is sweeter and smoother than dark chocolate, didn’t appear until the end of the 19th century. 6 Daniel Peter perfected the process of making milk chocolate. He was Swiss. Daniel Peter, who was Swiss, perfected the process of making milk chocolate. 2 Rewrite the sentences. 1 ... all sorts of shellfish which were clinging onto each other ... ... all sorts of shellfish clinging onto each other ... 2 ... a battery of implements which were used to crack the shells ... ... a battery of implements used to crack and crush the shells ... 3 … a process which was first tried in 1825. … a process first tried in 1825. 4 Condensed milk is a thick, sweet milk which is sold in cans. Condensed milk is a thick, sweet milk sold in cans. 5 Hormones are a chemical substance which is produced by your body. Hormones are a chemical substance produced by your body. word formation 3 Form new words with the following words and the prefixes/suffixes in the table. non-: non-fiction non-smoker non-stop -aholic: alcoholic， shopaholic， workaholic -sick: airsick， carsick，seasick -ful: helpful， spoonful 4 Answer the questions with the words you formed in Activity 3. What’s the word for ... 1 ... how you feel if sea makes you ill? (seasick) 2 ... someone who likes shopping a lot? (shopaholic) 3 ... what something is if it allows you to achieve something? (helpful) 4 ... a flight which goes directly from one place to another? (non-stop) 5 … someone who doesn’t smoke? (non-smoker) 6 ... writing which is about real people and events, not imaginary ones? (non-fiction) 5 Translate the sentences into Chinese. 1 Outside the skies were grey and a strong wind was blowing off the sea. It looked as gloomy as I felt. 外面，天空是灰色的，海面上刮来一阵强风。天气看起来和我的心情一样阴郁。 2 ―Now, stop complaining, try one oyster for me, then you can have something nice and easy to eat, maybe some prawns with bread and butter,‖ he suggested, striking a note of compromise for the first time during the whole meal. ―好啦，别抱怨了，就给我尝一只牡蛎，然后你就可以吃些好吃的、顺口的 东西，比如黄油、面包 加对虾。‖他提议说。吃了这么长时间的饭，他的话里头 一次有了妥协的意思。 3 But with the clear conception which only a ten-year-old boy can have, I still understood that the compromise included eating that oyster, sitting on the side of my father’s plate. 但是，尽管清晰地感觉到了他的妥协——只有一个十岁的 男孩才有这样的感觉，我仍然明白这妥协 包含着吃掉那只牡蛎，那只放在我父 亲的盘子边上的牡蛎。 4 The chocolate sets into bars which will easily snap into pieces and then melt in the mouth. (添加了可可油后)巧克力凝固成易折断的条块，入口即化。 5 But what accounts for its amazing popularity or even the properties that have made millions of people confess to being chocaholics? 但是，是什么原因使得 巧克力出奇地畅销,又是什么造成了巧克力的上瘾特性，致使无数人承认自 己 是巧克力瘾君子呢, 6 Translate the sentences into English. 1 他们这儿不卖薯条，如果你想吃，得去肯德基或麦当劳。(serve) They don’t serve French fries here. If you want it, you have to go to a KFC or McDonald’s. 2 他拣起一个核桃，想用锤子把它砸开，可没想到却把它砸烂了。(crack; crush) He picked up a walnut and tried to crack it with a hammer, but instead he crushed it. 3 由于雨后道路又湿又滑，今天早上路上行车比较缓慢。(slippery) As the roads are wet and slippery after the rain, the traffic is rather slow this morning. 4 当金子加热融化后，他们把金水倒进模子，铸成金条。(melt; mould) When the gold was heated and melted, they poured it into a mould to form a gold bar. 5 他承认是他打破了教室的窗玻璃。(admit to) He admitted to breaking the window of the classroom. 5 令我们欣喜的是，新的经济 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 开始对经济发展产生积极影响。(have…effect on) To our delight, the new economic policy is beginning to have a positive effect on the economy. Unit 3 独立思考 1直到现在，独立思考仍然是一种激进的行为。 2独立思考本该是一种普遍的行为，而事实却并非如此。我们社会的每一次 重大进步都源于独立思考。 然而，在大多数的生活圈子里，尤其是那些影响我 们一生的地方—— 家庭、学校以及大部分工作场所——人民都对独立思考持怀 疑态度。有些机构甚至故意压制独立思考。在有些人看来，那是一件危险的事情。 3在一个晚会上，当一位客人问起我酝酿中的一本书的主题时，我再次想起 了这个令人悲哀的事实。我告诉他那本书谈论的话题是大家可以互相帮助，培养 独立思考的能力。“天哪，”他说，“我不认为那有什么好，我更喜欢服从命令的 人。”后来，我才知道他是一家大公司的第四代掌门人，而那家公司是世界上最 大的石油公司之一。 4“„„在我们周围逐渐创建出一个模型环境，使各个 层次的人都有独立 思考的空间。”你最后一次看到包含上述字眼的机构愿景陈述是在什么时候,还 有，上一次有人问你:“你能跟我说真心话吗，真心话,”然后等着你做出翔实、充分的回答是在什么时候, 5缺乏独立思考对我们来说是司空见惯的事情。很少有人被鼓励去进行独立思考，更谈不上接收相关的训练。他们的老师、父母和老板也是如此。而且老师、父母和老板的老师、父母和老板也是如此。(我们可能早就知道应该尊敬像苏格拉底那样的思想家，可是我们也知道，因为独立思考，他所在的城邦毒死了他。这可绝不是给予他的毫无保留的支持与鼓励。) 6可是，我们偶尔也会遇到真心想培养我们独立思考的老师或导师。他们让我们对独立思考的重要性有了浅略的认识。13岁时，我上了一门高级代数课。授课的老师由于要求学生思考而背上了难缠的恶名。第一天上课时，老师站在黑板前面说:“在你们面前的纸上写出一个数字的和。” 7全班35个少男少女全都瞪大了眼睛看着她。她重复了一遍指令:“写出一个数字的和。” 8我记得我握着铅笔的手出汗了。有些人低下了头，握着手中的铅笔开始写了起来。我真不知道他们到底在写什么。我看见过道对面跟我坐同一排的那个女生向前探出身子，看看前面那个正胡乱写字的男生都写了些什么。然后她飞快地写下了一个数字，并且马上用手盖住了。 9老师来回踱步，手里碾着粉笔。我不知道她将在黑板上写什么。这会儿，就剩下我一个人还什么对哦没写。我往后一靠，向左侧过脸，悄悄地问我的朋友:“答案是什么,” 10 “7，”她悄声说。 11于是，我在纸上写下了“7”。我一直低着头，想让自己看上去既忙着做题，又信心百倍。 12在明显地感觉到我们的苦恼之后，老师问我们答案是什么。大部分人都 说是“7”。她慢慢地走到黑板前写道:“根本就不存在一个数字的和。” 13我知道是这样的。 14那你为什么不这么写呢, 15萨拉说是―7‖。 16你为什么要问她, 17因为——我不知道。 18这就对了，从现在开始，要独立思考。 19在后来的青春岁月里，我一见到这位老师就害怕。在她面前，我根本就无法好好地思考。但是，我记住了她的教诲，并且渐渐地开始审视它、珍视它。我并不是劝大家像她那样，用羞辱别人的办法去教他们独立思考。她当然没有给我们创造一个思考的环境。要是她一开始就肯定我们的聪明才智，给我们讲讲独立思考的乐趣，要是她没有激起我们对她的畏惧，我们大家就能更深切地体会到独立思考的意义。而且，我们在她面前也会更好地开动脑筋、思考问题。 20但至少，她把独立思考的概念引入了我的学术生活。 Exercise 4 Match the words in the box with their definitions sum rub particularly lean vision suspicion 1 to move your body so it is closer to or further from someone or something lean 2 a total amount made by adding several numbers or amounts together sum 3 the ability to think about and plan for the future, using intelligence and imagination vision 4 used for emphasizing that something refers to one specific situation particularly 5 a feeling that you do not trust someone or something suspicion 6 to press or move your hands or an object over a surface rub 5 Answer the questions about the words and expressions in the box. on purpose advanced peer presence in agony radical affirm glimpse 1 If you are doing an advanced course in something, is it at (a) a high level, or (b) a low level? 2 If you peer at something, is it (a) difficult, or (b) easy to see? 3 If you get a glimpse of something, do you see it (a) clearly and for a long time, or (b) not very clearly and for a short time? 4 Is a radical idea (a) traditional and widely accepted, or (b) new and different?(This word indicates some fundamental changes in ideas or actions.) 5 If you are in agony about something, do you feel (a) in pain and uncomfortable, or (b) happy and comfortable? 6 If you do something in the presence of someone, are they (a) with you, or (b) somewhere else? 7 If someone affirmed something, did they (a) show they respect and approve of it, or (b) not respect or disapprove of it? 8 If you do something on purpose, do you (a) mean to do it, or (b) do it by accident? 6 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words and expressions in the boxes in Activities 4 and 5. 1 Many people greet radical ideas with suspicionbecause they are afraid of change 2 Looking at the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci, you feel as if you are in the presence of a genius who had an extraordinary vision of the future. 3 You need to peer closely at the figures on the board, particularly as the handwriting is so bad. 4 It doesn’t take an advanced level of intelligence to realize that you need at least two numbers to be able to work out the sum. 5 If you lean forwards, you may see the star as he comes out of the theatre, but you’ll probably only catch a glimpse of him. 6 I rubbed some medicine onto the wound hoping to stop the pain, but I’m still in agony. 7 Tom’s excellent exam results affirmed the teacher’s faith in his ability. 8 The police think the fire was started on purpose . 7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 If you thwart something, do you (a) stop it, or (b) encourage it? 2 If there is a dearth of something, is there (a) a lot of it, or (b) not enough? 3 Does unmitigated encouragement suggest (a) completely positive, or (b) slightly negative support? 4 If a teacher is maligned by their pupils, do you think they say (a) nice things, or (b) bad things about the teacher? 5 If you humiliate someone, do you make them feel (a) good, or (b) upset and embarrassed? 6 If someone speaks at length, do they speak (a) for a long time, or (b) for a short time? 7 If something is prevalent, does it occur (a) often, or (b) not very often? Reading and interpreting 8 Work in pairs. Look at the sentences from the passage and answer the questions. 1 Thinking for yourself is not a popular activity, though it should be. Whose opinion does ―though it should be‖ refer to? It refers to the writer’s opinion. By telling the story the writer hopes to persuade readers to share her opinion. 2 I was reminded of this sad fact at a party when a fellow guest asked me the subject of a book I was planning to write. What is ―sad‖? What does this choice of word tell us about the writer’s opinion? The word sad refers back to the fact that ―thinking for yourself ‖ is seen as dangerous, and institutionally it is not encouraged. The writer disapproves of this attitude towards ―thinking for yourself ‖, so she uses the word sad to show her opinion and her approval of ― thinking for yourself ‖. Using an adjective in this way is very effective in revealing the writer’s opinions and preferences in writing and speaking. 3 For that matter, when was the last time somebody asked you, “What do you really think, really?” and then waited for you to answer at length? What answer does the writer expect from this question? The writer may expect an answer of ―rarely‖, because the writer has been indicating that ―thinking for yourself ‖ is not really encouraged, thus if someone asked you this question, they might not be interested in your answer. 4 (We may have learned to revere thinkers like Socrates, but we also learned that the state poisoned him for thinking for himself: not unmitigated encouragement.) Is this sentence a specific example of the main argument – thinking for yourself is not a popular activity – or does it contradict it? Socrates is known as a great Greek thinker who taught people to think by asking questions, rather than by telling them answers, so people had to find the answers for themselves. However, Socrates was poisoned to death just because of his way of teaching. So this is a specific example of the main argument – thinking for yourself is not a popular activity. 5 I remember my hand gathering sweat around the pencil. How do you think the writer is feeling? The writer is scared and nervous. Developing critical thinking 9 Work in pairs and discuss the questions. 1 How does the writer persuade readers that it is important to think for themselves? By using her own experience in the past, that is, through a personal story. 2 Would you agree that not many people know how to think for themselves? This depends on the experience of individuals. In some cultures people are not encouraged to think for themselves. They are expected to follow leaders or famous people. This has both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages are that people may be guided to do things in an efficient way, not wasting time or energy and get on with the work. The disadvantages are that the work produced may be very dull and merely a copy of others and people may not know what to do when an unexpected problem occurs. Many people may have to think for themselves one way or another during their lifetime. There needs to be some kind of balance between thinking for oneself and collaborating with others. 3 In what way can ―thinking for yourself ‖ be dangerous? Examples can include: • An incompetent leader may feel it is difficult to control those who think for themselves. • There are too many opinions among independent thinkers, which can cause confusion or uncertainty. • Too much time will be spent on coming to an agreement with others rather than getting down to practical matters. 4 Is the writer’s teacher a good teacher? Different cultures may have different opinions about whether the writer’s teacher is a good teacher or not. The writer indicates that she does not think the teacher is a good teacher because her way of making students think for themselves was seen as humiliating – a method the writer does not recommend. However, the effect is that the writer learnt from this experience and developed her academic career based on ―thinking for herself ‖. In some cultures, the way the teacher acted with the students may not be regarded as humiliating students, but a strong and effective way to help students develop their own thinking. Language in use Much 1.Match the sentences with the uses of much. 1.(b) 2.(c) 3.(a) 2 Rewrite the sentences using not think much of. 1. I didn’t think that lesson was very good. I didn’t think much of that lesson. 2. None of us like the timetable we’ve been given for this term. None of us think much of the timetable we’ve been given for this term. 3. I’m afraid I’ve got strong doubts about whatI’ve written. I’m afraid I don’t think much of what I’ve written. 4. Our professor is always criticizing this book. Our professor doesn’t think much of this book. 5. I don’t like the theme of this week’s essay. I don’t think much of the theme of this week’s essay. 6. I don’t agree with Honey and Mumford’s ideas about learning types. I don’t think much of Honey and Mumford’s ideas about learning types. 3 Complete the sentences using much rather or much prefer.. 1 I’d rather work in the library than in my room. I’d much rather work in the library than in my room. 2 Li would rather study with a friend than on her own. Li would much rather study with a friend than on her own. 3 Personally I prefer taking notes to being given photocopies. Personally I much prefer taking notes to being given photocopies. 4 Some people would rather start writing straight away than spend a lot of time reading. Some people would much rather start writing straight away than spend a lot of time reading. Now write two more sentences about your own study preferences. Use much rather and much prefer. 1 I would much rather listen to lectures than read the lecture notes. 2 I would much prefer asking questions after class to asking questions in class. 4 Rewrite the sentences using much less . 1 I can’t even say two words in Chinese, so I definitely can’t speak the language. I can’t even say two words in Chinese, much less speak the language. 2 Basic study skills are often not taught here, and certainly not practised. Basic study skills are often not taught here, much less practised. 3 Nobody has even started the essay, let alone finished it. Nobody has even started the essay, much less finished it. 4 Hardly anyone in the room heard what the lecturer was saying, and so of course they didn’t understand him. Hardly anyone in the room heard what the lecturer was saying, much less understood him. 5 I haven’t got a PC in my room, so obviously I haven’t got an Internet connection. I haven’t got a PC in my room, much less an Internet connection. 6 I didn’t dare say anything after the lesson, let alone criticize what he said. I didn’t dare say anything after the lesson, much less criticize what he said. while / when + participle 5 Rewrite the sentences. 1 When you choose a course, think about the amount of study it will require. When choosing a course, you should think about the amount of study it will require. 2 When you are writing an essay, you should keep in mind the main theme. When writing an essay, you should keep in mind the main theme. 3 Always keep a record of your sources when you do research on the Internet. Always keep a record of your sources when doing research on the Internet. 4 Our lecturer uses PowerPoint while he is explaining basic concepts. Our lecturer uses PowerPoint while explaining basic concepts. 5 I had a brilliant idea while I was sitting in the library this morning. I had a brilliant idea while sitting in the library this morning. subjectverb inversion- 6 Rewrite the sentences using if. 1 If I had known what this week’s lecture was about, I wouldn’t have gone. Had I known what this week’s lecture was about, I wouldn’t have gone. 2 I would have corrected the work, if I had noticed the mistake. I would have corrected the work had I noticed the mistake. 3 If I had thought about this a little earlier, you wouldn’t be in trouble now. Had you thought about this a little earlier, you wouldn’t be in trouble now. 4 If he had shared his ideas with us, we would have made some progress. Had he shared his ideas with us, we would have made some progress. 5 They would have improved the facilities had they received more money from the government. They would have improved the facilities, if they had received more money from the government. 7 Complete the sentences about yourself using the inversion structure Had I + verb. 1 I would have enjoyed myself more had I had a higher university entrance exam score for studying in the computer science subject. 2 Had I known this football match, I would have made different arrangements for the weekend. 3 I wouldn’t have worked so hard had I known the exam was so easy. 4 Had I received this college’s information earlier, I would have gone to a different college. 8 Translate the sentences into Chinese. 1 When was the last organizational vision statement you saw that included the words ―… to develop ourselves into a model environment in which everyone at every level can think for themselves‖? ―……在我们周围逐渐创造出一个模型环境，使各个层次的人都有独立思 考的空间。‖你最后一次看到包含上述字眼的机构愿景陈述是在什么时候, 2 Had she affirmed our intelligence first and spoken about the joy of thinking for ourselves, had she not fanned our fear of her, we would all have learned even more powerfully what it meant to do our (thinking. And we might have been able to think well around her too. ? 抽象词翻译:learned even 的直译是―更强有力地学到‖，more powerfully 不太好懂，最好意译。) 要是她一开始就肯定我们的聪明才智，给我们讲讲独立思考的乐趣，要 是她没有激起我们对她的恐惧，我们大家就能更深切地体会到独立思考 的意义;而且，即便她在场，我们也会更好地开动脑筋 思考问题。 3 Like everyone else, students have their fair share of problems. Getting to know a new environment, forming relationships with other students, and surviving on limited financial resources are all typical problems. 和其他人一样，学生们也有他们自己必须面对的问题。典型的问题包括 熟悉新环境、与其他同学相处、以及靠有限的经济来源维持生活。 4 Talk to some of your friends after a lecture or a tutorial and you will probably find they rememberdifferent things about it – which may be more or less relevant to the teacher’s aims. 下课后或是听过一次个别指导后，如 果你和朋友们聊一聊，你可能会发现他们所记住的东西不尽相同，但或多或 少都与老师的教学目的相关。 5 Effective reading requires you to vary your rate and style of reading according both to the type of reading material and your purpose in reading it. 有效的阅读需要你根据不同的阅读材料和阅读目的来变换阅读的速度和方 式。 9 Translate the sentences into English. 老师很有可能不欣赏不会独立思考的学生。1 (not think much of …; think for oneself) It is most likely that a teacher won’t think much of a student who cannot think for himself. 2 他上中学的时候，几乎没有什么人被鼓励去做科学实验，更谈不上接受这 方面的训练了。(hardly; much less) When he was in high school, hardly anyone did scientific experiments, much less had training in this respect. 3 嫉妒是由懒惰和无知造成的。(the result of …) Envy is the result of laziness and ignorance. 有些大学生是根据自己的专业来选择志愿服务的，而不是碰到什么就4 做什么。(volunteer job; rather than) Rather than picking any volunteer job, some college students choose activities based on their majors. 最好的办法就是把学生分成若干小组，让他们针对具体的问题进行讨论。5 (break up … into …; focus on) The best approach is to break the students up into several groups so that they can focus their discussion on specific problems. Unit 4 切断网络: 没有手机，我们能活下去吗, 1 在他下榻的位于曼哈顿的一家饭店里，拉塞尔?克劳由于将饭店的一部电话机砸向总台的服务生而被捕。据说是因为他没法接通澳大利亚的电话。他这是怎么了,他的手机出了什么问题, 2 在过去的15年里，手机已成为改变英国人日常行为方式的最主要的因素。据估计，目前英国手机用户已超过5,500万，而在1997年还不足1,000万。手机变得越小，电话就打得越多，而我们也越来越迅速地做出对我们的生活方式造成影响的决定。与此同时，世界也变得越来越小了。过去，在著名的旅游胜地人们相互拍照留念，而现在，大家几乎都忍不住给家里的亲朋好友打电话。现在有消息说，伦敦的手机信号覆盖范围将拓展延伸。以后，在伦敦的每一个角落都有手机信号，就连地铁也不例外。 3 那么如果没有手机，我们能活下去吗,我们请三个人关机三天，看看他们对手机的依赖程度有多大。 商人 4白天，我很多时候都在用手机，也发很多短信。晚上和周末，朋友都打我的手机，所以我几乎不用家里的座机。由于我在办公室工作，有时候也有人把电话打到我办公室的座机上。但这些人我不一定认识，因为我通常是一认识某个人，就把手机号码告诉他。 5 关机的第一天晚上，我本来是要和几个朋友在俱乐部里聚会的。可我迟到了，还没法打电话告诉他们。等我到那儿时，他们已经离开了。 6上班的时候，大家都焦急地打我的手机，结果都因为我三天不给他们回电话而感到十分恼火。可三天后，不管说什么都已经太迟了。 7 没有手机，生活中的一切好像都慢了下来，还有一点单调乏味。现在大家不到最后一分钟是不会做打算的，因为到时候互相打个电话就行了。所以，在我关机的三天里，我实际上没有什么社交生活。 8 但是，从好的方面说，我很少会因一时冲动去做让我事后懊悔的事情。没有手机留给我更多的思考时间。所以，我能完全不用手机吗,当然可以，只是我不愿意那样做而已。 女学生 9当我同意不用手机时，我并没有做好思想准备。当时正在放假，电脑又用不了， 我根本无法和朋友们取得联系。我只好用家里的座机来安排社交生活。另一件 麻烦事是，我必须准时回家，因为我没法打电话告诉家人我要晚点儿回家。 10 三天以后，我收到了一大堆短信，还有好多语音留言。不过，这样也好。没 有手机，我妈妈就不能打电话来检查我在干什么，或是让我干家务，这让我感 觉很独立。 11 但我还是认为手机是必需品，而不是奢侈品。如果要我永远关机，我也能做 到——但我不知道我还能不能活下去。 职业母亲 12我的手机还开着。突然，电话铃响了起来。我没接，因为我敢肯定这是有人 打电话来检查我是不是在用手机。可是，我又想，没准儿是我的哪个孩子从学 校给我打电话，或者是我丈夫遭遇了火车事故，或者是我母亲让老鹰叼走了， 飞远了„„ 我的丈夫，孩子，还有我母亲都在隔壁的房间里，他们说我是小题大做，我也 觉得自己有点儿犯傻。所以我把手机扔进了鱼缸里。 13 那天深夜，发生了一件奇怪的事情。我听到手机在响，我到提包里去找，它 又响了起来，可我就是找不到„„可它又响了起来～我都快疯了。 14 我上班的时候，有个朋友往我的办公室打电话，担心我是不是出了什么事情。 我解释了一下为什么我没接手机。吃午饭时，每个人都把手机放在桌上，而我 则为自己已经习惯了不用手机而感到很满意。我感觉自己很大胆，生活又充满 了冒险。也许，我要走着回家，不告诉别人我在干什么～ 15 实际上，在回家的路上，我又重新体会到了独处的乐趣。没人知道我在哪儿， 我也懒得去想他们在哪儿。十足的享受～简直就像接受心灵治疗一样～ 16 第二天，我呆在家里照看两个幼小的孩子。感觉好极了～没有人打扰我的日 常生活。我给孩子换衣服或洗澡时，也没人来分散我的注意力。 17 等我把手机晾干又开机后，发现有12 条语音留言，还有几条短信。毫无疑 问，需要找我的人都已经和我取得了联系，其他人可以等着我给他们回电话。 完全没有问题。 Exercises 4 Answer the questions about the words for telephoning. handset house phone landline range signal subscriber voicemail 1 What do subscribers pay for? Subscribers pay for line rental so that they will be able to make phone calls. In other contexts, they may pay for newspapers, magazines or being a member of a club or professional association. 2 What part of the phone is the handset? The handset is the part that you hold in your hand. 3 What can you do if you’re in range of a mobile signal? If you’re in range of a mobile signal, you can make and receive calls. 4 What kind of phone is a house phone? A house phone is a landline phone (a fixed phone for the whole house). 5 If you can use a mobile anywhere, where can you use a landline? You can use a landline only where there is a wire connection (the telephone signals are carried by a line). 6 What has happened if you receive voicemail? If you receive voicemail, it means that someone has left a spoken message which has been recorded on your phone so that you can listen to it later. 5 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words and expressions in the box. You may need to make other changes. bold essential extend impact interfere with whereas 1 The businessman uses his mobile in his free time, while he mostly uses his landline at work. whereas 2 The businessman and the working mother don’t consider their mobile phones to be a basic and important part of their lives. an essential. 3 When she didn’t have her mobile, she became confident and not afraid of people. bold 4 Nothing usually gets in the way of my social life, but on this occasion, not having a mobile phone meant I spent three days alone.interferes with 5 The passage describes the strong effect of mobile phones on their lives. impact 6 Soon the mobile signal will be increased to cover the whole of London. extended 6 Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in the box. distract fuss impulse practically risky solitary speculate tedious therapy utter Information technology in general and mobile phones in particular have been important in bringing about an (1) utter change to our lifestyles. But the problem with mobile phones is that they can (2) distract you from doing your job. The businessman gives his mobile phone number to (3) practically everyone he knows. Without his mobile, he isn’t necessarily able to do things impulsively. He (4) speculates that he could give up his mobile, but life would be rather (5) tedious and dull without it. The schoolgirl has to make social arrangements on the landline at home in order to avoid having a (6) solitary life for a few days. At first the working mother thinks it’s (7) risky not to have a mobile phone, as her family might be in danger. Her first (8)impulse is to worry that they couldn’t contact her, although they think she’s making a (9)fuss about not having a mobile. Finally she feels it is like (10) therapy when no one interrupts her. 7 Work in pairs. Look at the sentences from the passage and answer the questions. 1 … I had masses of texts and voicemail to listen through. How many texts do you think is masses? This depends on the individual, e.g. how sociable someone is, how many phone calls they normally exchange with their friends. Normally, masses means a large number. 2 If I was made to switch it off for ever, I’d do it – but I’m not sure I’d survive. Will she really never switch it on again? No. It seems unlikely she will choose to switch it off forever. 3 … or if my mother has been picked up by eagles and flown away … Is this really likely to happen? No. It’s an exaggeration. 4 Then I drop the phone in the fish tank. Do you think this really happened? Perhaps she did, because she talked about drying it out later. 5 Utter pleasure! It’s like therapy for the soul. What would therapy for the soul really be like? The working mother seems to mean that she has a peaceful life without interruptions, which makes her feel better. 8 Answer the questions. 1 We asked three people to switch off for three days ... Switch what off? To switch off their mobile phones. 2 ... but these are people I don’t necessarily know ... Who does these refer to? These refers to people who call on the landline. 3 By the time I got there, they’d gone. Where’s there? Who are they? There refers to a club; they refers to the businessman’s friends. 4 ... by then it was too late. What is too late? It is too late to call people back. 5 It’s just that I don’t want to. Don’t want to do what? He doesn’t want to give up his mobile phone. 6 ... which makes me feel quite independent. What makes her feel independent? The fact that her mum couldn’t check up on her or tell her to do the housework makes her feel independent. 7 … I just feel satisfied that I’m getting used to not having it. What is she getting used to not having? She’s getting used to not having a mobile phone. 8 When I dry it out and switch it back on ... Switch what on? The baby? She switches the mobile phone back on. Not the baby! 9 Work in pairs and discuss the questions. 1 What assumption does the first paragraph make about mobile phone usage? Is it a correct assumption? The first paragraph makes the assumption that mobile phones can always be used to make calls easily from one country to another. This isn’t a correct assumption – sometimes it is difficult or impossible to make phone calls in some places. 2 Do you agree that mobile phones have been the biggest factor of change in everyday behaviour? This is a matter of personal opinion. There are many factors of change in everyday behavior including the Internet, migration, increased wealth and prosperity, education, global warming, etc. It is hard to pick out just one factor as the most important. In fact, it seems more likely that it is the combination of a range of factors that really influences everyday behavior, not just one. 3 Do you agree the size of the handset affects the number of calls you make? A smaller handset may be easier to use, which encourages people to make more calls. However, there may be a limit to the size of small handsets – you can imagine a miniature handset that is too small to use easily and then people would probably make fewer calls. 4 Does your mobile phone allow you to act without thinking about the consequences? Well, it is quick and easy to make calls or to send text messages with the mobile phone, so some people may do this without really thinking about the consequences. However, it is people who are responsible for their calls, not the mobile phone. 5 How important is your mobile phone for your social life? For most people it is quite important, but it isn’t essential. After all, not everyone has a mobile. Personally, I spend a lot of time on the mobile, making calls, sending and receiving text messages, chatting online with my friends, etc. So it is very important for my social life. 6 The passage mentions a change in lifestyles over the past 15 years. What changes do you think there will be in the next 15 years? Will a major factor in these changes be the mobile phone? Perhaps most people think that life is getting busier and faster with longer working hours, but I think in the next 15 years this will change because the present lifestyle is unhealthy and everyone will try to slow down and have a healthier work-life balance. But I don’t think the mobile phone will be a major factor in these changes because many people would become tired of phone calls and will prefer a relatively solitary life. So they might spend increasingly less time on their mobiles. I would want to get rid of my mobile phone and have more face-to-face talks. Language in use 1 Now rewrite the sentences using it + passive structure. 1 It was said that Russell Crowe couldn’t get a call out to Australia. 2 It has been claimed that mobile phones have been the biggest factor of change in everyday behaviour in Britain over the past 15 years. 3 It was reported that When told ―Have a nice day!‖, an Englishman replied ―I’m sorry, I’ve made other arrangements‖. 4 It has been suggested that you don’t need to say ―Thank you‖ in Spanish as much as you do in English. 5. It is thought that Disneyland is a typically American place. 6 It has been believed that good communication is as stimulating as black coffee. Over 2 Complete the sentences about yourself using over. 1. over the last three years or so. 2. Over the winter…every week. 3. Over the summer…went travelling to South China. 4. Over the last semester…very limited: I think I need a better study-life balance. 5. Over the last year…quite extraordinary, compared to the few I met in middle school. 6 Over the last two weeks… ―Go on, you can do it!‖ emphatic structures with what 3 Now rewrite the sentences using the emphatic structure with what . 1 Life can be solitary without a mobile phone. I rediscovered this. What I rediscovered was that life can be solitary without a mobile phone. 2 My mobile phone is an essential, not a luxury. I think this. What I think is that my mobile phone is essential, not a luxury. 3 The people who needed to, got hold of me. I found this. What I found was that the people who needed to, got hold of me. 4 People kiss each other four times. This happens in Paris. What happens in Paris is that people kiss each other four times. 5 By not saying ―Thank you‖ so often, he was perceived to be rude. He didn’t understand this. What he didn’t understand was that by not saying ―Thank You‖ so often, he was perceived to be rude. 4 Translate the sentences into Chinese. 在过去的年里，手机已成为改变英国人日常行为方式的最主要因素。1.15 据估计，目前英国手机用户 已超过5,500万，而在1997年还不足1,000万。2. 现在有消息说，伦敦手机信号的覆盖范围将拓展延伸。以后，在伦敦的 每一个角落都有手机信号，就连地铁也不例外。 3 这个研究话题激起了我的兴趣，为此，我走遍了法国各地。 4.这些插曲，事件都包含着文化碰撞，使你感到好奇，愉悦，但偶尔也会让你感到震惊或尴尬。 5(前一句若直译成―这不是了解不同文化中所有风俗习惯和礼仪的问题‖恐怕不太好懂，最好意译。后一句的从句加大了翻译的难度，可以把 句子倒转、拆分。如―但这不等于说……知识能使你……只是你不可 能……‖) 但是这不等于说我们需要悉数掌握不同文化中的风俗习惯和礼仪。丰富的 知识能使你自如地应对世界各国不同的文化，但是你不可能掌握全部必备的知 识。 5.Translate the sentences into English. 据估计，目前中国4亿手机用户中，有大约一半人的隐私受到了威胁。1 (it is estimated that …;privacy) It is estimated that today, the privacy of half of the 0.4 billion mobile phone subscribers is endangered/in danger. 人们在购买生活必需品上的花费越少，他们安排诸如旅游等娱乐活动2 就越多。(the less … the more …) The less people spend on daily necessities, the more arrangements they will make for leisure activities such as travelling. 对我来说，旅游最大的好处就是可以去不同的地方，了解于不同文化3 背景下人们的生活方式以 及传统习俗。(What I especially like about … is …) What I especially like about travelling is that I can go to different places and learn about particular lifestyles, conventions and customs in different cultures. 在大多数情况下，文化碰撞激起的是人们对不同文化的好奇心，只是4 在极少数情况下，文化碰 撞才会造成尴尬。(culture bump; on rare occasions) In most cases, cultural bumps arouse people’s curiosity about different cultures. Only on rare occasions can they cause embarrassment. 你可以保留自主选择的权利，但作为一个成年人，你做事不要冲动。5 (reserve the right; act on impulse) You can reserve the right to make an independent choice/your own choices, but as an adult, you should not act on impulse. Unit 5 节选自《呼啸山庄》 1 我把哈莱顿放在膝上摇着，嘴里哼着歌。这时，卡西小姐 把头伸进来，低声说: 2 “就你一个人吗，内莉,” 3 “是的，小姐，”我答道。 4 她进了屋，向壁炉走来。我料想她有话要说，就抬起头看着她。她脸上的表情显得既困惑又焦虑。她半张着嘴，似乎想说什么;她深深地吸了一口气，可随之而来的却是一声无语的叹息。 5 我又继续哼着歌，没有忘记她最近的所作所为。 6 “希思克厉夫呢,”她问我，打断了我的歌声。 7 “在马厩干活呢，”我答道。 8 他没有反驳我，也许他正在打瞌睡。 9 接着是长时间的沉默，其间我看见一两滴眼泪顺着凯瑟琳的面颊滴落到石板地上。 10 “她在为自己不光彩的行为感到难过吗,”我自忖。“那倒是件新鲜事，也许她自己会说出来——反正我是不会帮她的。” 11 不会的，除了自己的事，她对别的事都不太关心。 12 ―噢，天哪～‖她终于喊道，―我好难过～‖ 13 ―可惜呀，‖我说，―让你满意还真不容易，你有这么多的朋友，又没什么忧愁，可还是不知足～‖ 14 ―内莉，你肯为我保密吗,‖她缠着我，跪在我身旁，抬起她那双迷人的眼睛看着我。就算你完全有理由发火，一见到那眼神，你就没脾气了。 15 ―这个秘密值得保守吗,‖我用稍微缓和一点的语气问。 16“是的，它让我很苦恼，我必须说出来。我想知道我该怎么办。今天，埃德加? 林顿要我嫁给他，我已经答复他了。现在，我先不告诉你我是接受了还是拒绝了。你告诉我，我该怎么答复他。” 17“真有这事儿吗，凯瑟琳小姐,我怎么知道该如何答复呢,”我回答。 18“我答应他了，内莉;快点儿告诉我，我是不是做错了～” 19 ―你答应他了,那还有什么必要讨论这件事呢,你许下了诺言，就不能反悔 了。‖ 20 ―可是，告诉我我是不是应该这样做——快告诉我，‖她有些懊恼，大声喊起来。 21“要想正确地回答这个问题，得先考虑很多事情。”我 用说教的语气说。“首 先，你爱埃德加先生吗,” 22 “内莉，你从来没做过稀奇古怪的梦吗,”她说。 23 “做过，有时候会。”我回答。 24 “我也做过。我这辈子做的一些梦一直缠着我，改变了我的心思;这些梦穿 透了我的心，就像酒溶入水一样，改变了我心灵的颜色。 在一个梦里——我要讲了——你可别笑我——我梦见自己到了天堂，可天堂看起 来不像我的家;我哭得很伤心，想要回到尘世间来。天使们愤怒之极，把我扔到 呼啸山庄顶部的荒野上。我在那儿醒过来，高兴得直哭.这足以解释我的秘密。 我不该嫁给埃德加? 林顿，就像我不该去天堂一样。现在，嫁给希思克厉夫会 降低我的身份;他永远也不会知道我是多么爱他。我爱他，并不是因为他相貌英 俊，内莉，而是因为他比我更像我自己。不管我们俩的灵魂是什么做成的，我们 的灵魂是一样的，而林顿与我们的差异犹如月光之于闪电，寒霜之于烈火。” Exercises 5 Match the words in the box with their definitions. contradict deny exclaim interrupt pledge resume sigh sob weep whisper 1 to say something very quietly whisper 2 to say something suddenly and loudly exclaim 3 to cry because you feel strong emotion weep 4 to cry noisily, taking short breaths sob 5 to promise to do something pledge 6 to say that you did not do something deny 7 to stop someone from doing something, like speaking interrupt 8 to start something again, like speakin resume 9 to breathe out slowly, especially because you are sad sigh 10 to say the opposite of what someone has said is true contradict Now check (?) the reporting verbs which give most information about emotions. exclaim sigh sob weep pledge contradict 6 Replace the underlined words with the correct form of the words in the box. alter consent denial fling kneel pursue temper 1 He was resting with his knees on the ground beside her when he asked her to marry him. kneeling 2 It was traditional to ask for the father’s permission to marry the daughter. consent 3 Her feelings towards him became different as she got to know him better. altered 4 He continued with his argument, even though she didn’t agree with him. pursued 5 Her refusal to admit what had happened made him get angry. denial 6 He came home in a terrible mood and threw his bag onto the floor. temper flung 7 Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1 When you rock a baby, do you move it backwards and forwards (a) gently, or (b) violently? 2 If you are having a doze, are you (a) asleep, or (b) working? 3 If someone’s behaviour is shameful, should they (a) be proud of what they have done, or (b) feel very sorry about what they have done? 4 If you aren’t worried about anything, save your own concerns, does this mean (a) you don’t have to be worried, or (b) you’re only worried about your own business? 5 If you do something sulkily, will people notice that you are in (a) a good mood, or (b) a bad mood? 6 Is a look which turns off someone’s bad temper likely to be (a) gentle, or (b) angry? 7 If you come to the point, do you (a) come to the end of something, or (b) say what is important? 8 If something is no business of yours, should you (a) be interested in it, or (b) not be interested in it ? 9 If something degrades someone, does it make people respect them (a) less , or (b) more? 10 Does “What good is it doing something?” mean , or (a) ―Why do it?‖ (b) ―Is it a good thing to do?‖ Reading and interpreting 8 Work in pairs and discuss the questions. 1 Who is the storyteller of Wuthering Heights? Nelly, the servant of the Earnshaws’ family. 2 What is Cathy’s relationship with Nelly? Cathy is the daughter of Mr Earnshaw and Nelly is a servant. Nelly has known Cathy since Cathy was a child, so they know each other very well. 3 Why is Nelly angry with Cathy? Because of Cathy’s ―recent behaviour‖ and ―shameful conduct‖. 4 How do you think Nelly feels about Cathy’s relationship with Heathcliff? This invites speculation. Nelly does not say that she approves of Cathy’s decision to marry Edgar. She only asks whether Cathy loves him. She wouldn’t ask if she knew that Cathy did love Edgar. It is likely that Nelly thinks Cathy has a better relationship with Heathcliff. In the context of the novel, Nelly knows that Cathy and Heathcliff have been good friends for years and they love each other. 5 What evidence can you find in the passage that suggests Cathy is deeply in love? She seems disturbed, anxious and tearful. These may be signs that she is in love. However, it seems that she’s not deeply in love with Edgar, but with Heathcliff. Language in use whatever, whoever etc. 1 Now rewrite the sentences with the word in brackets. 1 I don’t know who wrote this poem, but he was very romantic. (whoever) Whoever wrote this poem was very romantic. 2 Heathcliff may be anywhere, but he isn’t in the house. (wherever) Wherever Heathcliff may be, he isn’t in the house. 3 I don’t know what to say, because she doesn’t listen to me any more. (whatever) Whatever I say, she doesn’t listen to me anymore. 4 Every time I told him a secret, he told his friends. (whenever) Whenever I told him a secret, he told his friends. 5 Anything may happen, but I will always be faithful. (whatever) Whatever happens, I will always be faithful. 6 I don’t know who sent me this parcel, but they know I like chocolates. (whoever) Whoever sent me this parcel knows I like chocolates. 7 I’m not exactly sure what I’m eating, but it’s very nice. (whatever) Whatever I’m eating is very nice. 8 You may end up anywhere in the world, but I will never forget you. (wherever) Wherever you end up in the world, I will never forget you. present participles 2 Now rewrite the sentences. 1 Since I felt concerned, I asked her to phone me the next day. Feeling concerned, I asked her to phone me the next day. 2 When Judith fell asleep she was clinging to her teddy bear. Clinging to her teddy bear, Judith fell asleep. 3 Sarah dried her eyes and tried to smile. Drying her eyes, Sarah tried to smile. 4 He took out the card and said, ―This valentine’s for me.‖ Taking out the card, he said, ―This valentine’s for me.‖ 5 I was waiting for the train when I read that poem. Waiting for the train, I read that poem. 6 Since I didn’t have much money with me, I couldn’t pay for the meal. Not having much money with me, I couldn’t pay for the meal. no more …than 4 Rewrite the sentences with no more … than . 1 I have no reason to get married, and I’ve got no reason to change my job. I’ve no more reason to get married than (I have) to change my job. 2 She’s got no reason to feel unhappy, and no reason to celebrate. She’s got no more reason to feel unhappy than (she has) to celebrate. 3 There’s no point in waiting here, and no point in calling a taxi. There’s no more point in waiting here than (there is) in calling a taxi. 4 We have no interest in starting this task, or in finishing the first one. We have no more interest in starting this task than (we have) in finishing the first one. 5 I’ve got no business to advise her about her private life, nor should she advise me about mine. I’ve got no more business to advise her about her private life than (she has )to advise me about mine. 6 I have no wish to start a new relationship, or to write another book. I have no more wish to start a new relationship than (I have) to write another book. 5 Translate the sentences into Chinese. 1 Her lips were half asunder as if she meant to speak; and she drew a deep breath, but it escaped in a sigh, instead of a sentence. 她半张着嘴，似乎想说什么;她深深地吸了一口气，可随之而来的却是一声无 语的叹息。 2 I’ve no more business to marry Edgar Linton than I have to be in heaven. 我不该嫁给埃德加•林顿，就像我不该去天堂一样。 3 Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same, and Linton’s is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire. 不管我们俩的灵魂是什么做成的，它们都是一样的，而林顿与我们的差异犹如 月光之于闪电，寒霜之于烈火。 4 I kissed with my eyes closed and opened them on her wrinkles. 我闭上眼睛 亲吻，睁开时 见她已满脸皱纹。 5 I give you an onion. Its fierce kiss will stay on your lips, possessive and faithful as we are, for as long as we are. 我送给你一棵葱头。 它那凶猛的亲吻会留在你的嘴唇上， 霸道独占而忠心耿耿 像我们一样， 只要我们活着。 6 Translate the sentences into English. 1 那位身穿红衬衫的人突然收起假笑，露出他的本来面目。(turn off; false smile; true colour) Suddenly the man in the red shirt turned off his false smile and showed his true colours. 2 妻子声称丈夫很懒，不愿做家务，丈夫对此予以坚决否认。(contradict; flatly) The husband flatly contradicted his wife’s claim that he was too lazy to do the housework. 3 经理已经做出保证，在他的任期结束之前，他不会离任。(pledge one’s word; leave office; term) The manager pledged his word that he would not leave office until the last day of his term. 4 他没有意识到，对她美貌的迷恋使他对她的缺点视而不见。(blind v.) He did not realize that his fascination for her beauty had blinded him to her faults. 5 当得知警察终于在树林里找到她的孩子时，这位年轻的太太流下了眼泪。 (shed) On hearing that the police had finally found her child in the woods, the young lady shed tears. +ever 的用法 这类由"特殊疑问词，ever"构成的单词有:whatever, whichever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however. 现将它们的用法归纳如下: 1.引导让步状语从句 这也是这类单词最常见的用法，一般译为"无论……"。如: Keep calm, whatever happens.(无论什么) Whoever you are, you can't pass this way. (无论谁) I will find her wherever she may be.(无论在哪里) Come and see me whenever you want to.(无论何时) However frightened you may be yourself, you must remain outwardly calm.(无论怎样) 2.whatever,whoever,whichever引导名词性从句 1)whatever起双重作用，相当于"anything that"或"any...that"，可引导主语从 句和宾语从句。 ?可以将其看成兼为先行词的关系代词，相当于"anything that"，在从句中作 主语或宾语。如: Whatever I have is at your service.(引导主语从句，在从句中作宾语) Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.(引导宾语从句，在从句中作 宾语) I'll just say whatever comes into my mind.(引导宾语从句，在从句中作主语) ?可以将其看成兼为先行词的关系代词，相当于"any...that ,在从句中作定 语。如: She would tell him whatever news she got.(,any news that) Whatever measures are adopted must be consistent with the rules.(,any measures that) 2)whoever起双重作用，相当于"anyone who",可引导主语从句和宾语从句。 I will give my ticket to whoever wants it.(引导宾语从句) Whoever gets the job will have a lot of work to do.(引导主语从句) 3)whichever引导主语从句或宾语从句，译为"无论哪一个"。如: Whichever of you comes in first will receive a prize.(引导主语从句) I will take whichever fits the sockets.(引导宾语从句) + no more than more than 是英语中常见的用于两者比较的结构，表示―超过，多于‖，在这里不必赘述。本文就 more than 的其它用法归纳如下，供英语学习者参考。 一、 more than 后跟形容词、副词、分词、动词、名词， more than 起强调作用，含义是 more than 后的形容词、副词、分词、动词、名词的分量不足以反应实际情况而加以说明，汉语意思是:―十分，非常，岂止，简直，不仅仅，绰绰有余‖。例如: I am more than content with what you said.我对你的讲话十分满意。 She was dressed more than simply.她穿着太朴素了。 Being a good listener means much more than just listening with ears. 做一个好的听者不仅仅意味着―用耳朵听‖。 Peace is much more than the absence of war.和平不仅仅是没有战争。 二、 more than / more … than 跟含 can 的从句，这种结构不能照字面来翻译。 more than 之后的从句里，英语里虽是肯定形式，却表示否定概念。 more than … can …的结构意为―简直不可能‖:― more … than … can …‖的结构意为―达到不可能的程度‖。例如: The beauty of the place is more than I can describe.那个地方美得我简直不可以言表。 How he manages to live is more than I can tell.他怎样生活的，我简直猜不透。 He has more money than he can spend.他有花不完的钱。 三、 more … than 通常用于比较两个不同的人物，但有时也可用来指一个人物本身的两种特性，这时其意义和 rather than 相同，肯定 more 后面的，而否定 than 后面的。汉语意思是―与其说……不如说……‖，―是……而不是……‖。例如: He is more diligent than clever.与其说他聪明，不如说他勤奋。 She is more shy than unsocial. 她是害羞，而不是不爱社交。 He is more of a fool than a knave.与其说他是个无赖，不如说他是个笨蛋。 四、 no more than 与 not more than 后跟名词所表含义的区别: no more than 后跟名词的意思是―只不过，仅仅‖，有―轻视，嫌少‖之意。例如: He is no more than a puppet.他只不过是个傀儡。 He felt no more than five dollars in the bag. 他的袋子里只剩下 5 美元(有言其少之意)。 not more than 后跟名词的意思是―不超过，至多‖，是一般的否定，或客观地说明数字。例如: They were not more than two hours from the place.他们离那个地方最多不过两个小时的路线。 I have not more than five dollars in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱不多于 5 美元(最多 5 美元，不超过 5 美元)。 五、 no more … than ( not … any more than )跟从句，表示两者皆否定的观念，意思是―不……正如……不……一样‖。例如: He's no more fit to be a minister than a school boy would be. 小学生不适合当部长，他也不适合当部长(这句话的重点在 He's no more fit to be a minister )。 A nation cannot exist without people any more than a tree can grow without roots. 一个国家不可能离开人民而存在，正如树没有根不能生长一样。 not more … than 跟从句表示两者皆肯定的观念，只是有差别而已，意思是―不及……那样‖。例如: He is not more diligent than you are.他不象你那样勤奋。 (重点在 you are diligent .他也勤奋，但不如你勤奋。) 六、 little more than; no less than little more than ，因 little 含有否定意义，因此其汉语意思是―不过，仅仅，多不了多少‖。例如: That is worth little more than one dollar.那不过值一美元。 no less than ，因― no less ‖含双重否定，因此其汉语意思是―不少于，有……之多‖。例如: There were no less than fifty killed and wounded. 死伤者不少于 50 人。 七、 more than 虽属比较结构，但可辅以一定的词汇手段，如: no， nothing， nobody， nowhere， any， anything else， hardly， scarcely 等否定句，便可表达最高级的含义。例如: Nothing is more precious than time.没有什么比时间更可贵的东西了。 No complaint is more common than that of a scarcity of money.最普通的就是说钱不够用。 George did more work this morning than anyone else.乔治今天上午干的工作比任何人都多。