首页 [学习总结]新视野大学英语4课后练习答案及课文翻译

[学习总结]新视野大学英语4课后练习答案及课文翻译

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[学习总结]新视野大学英语4课后练习答案及课文翻译[学习总结]新视野大学英语4课后练习答案及课文翻译 新视野大学英语读写教程Book 4课后 Unit1课后练习答案 Section A III. 1. idle 2. justify 3. discount 4. distinct 5. minute 6.accused 7. object 8. contaminate 9. sustain 10. worship IV. 1. accusing... of 2. end up 3. came upon 4. at her worst 5. pay f...

[学习总结]新视野大学英语4课后练习答案及课文翻译
[学习总结]新视野大学英语4课后练习答案及课文翻译 新视野大学英语读写教程Book 4课后 Unit1课后练习答案 Section A III. 1. idle 2. justify 3. discount 4. distinct 5. minute 6.accused 7. object 8. contaminate 9. sustain 10. worship IV. 1. accusing... of 2. end up 3. came upon 4. at her worst 5. pay for 6. run a risk of 7. participate in 8. other than 9. object to/objected 10. at best V. 1. K 2. G 3. C 4. E 5. N 6.O 7.I 8. L 9. A 10. D VI.1. delay 2. pain 3. hardship 4. suffering 5. fever 6. defeat 7. poverty 8. treatment 9. noise 10. agony VII. 1. justify 2. glorify 3. exemplifies 4. classified 5. purified 6. intensify 7. identify 8. terrified VIII. 1. bravery 2. jewelry 3. delivery 4. machinery 5. robbery 6. nursery 7. scenery 8. discovery IX. 1. other than for funerals and weddings 2. other than to live an independent life 3. other than that they appealed to his eye 4. but other than that, he'll eat just about everything . 5. other than that it's somewhere in the town center X. 1. shouldn't have been to the cinema last night 2. would have; told him the answer 3. they needn't have gone at all 4. must have had too much work to do 5. might have been injured seriously XI. 1. The plant does not grow well in soils other than the one in which it has been developed. 2. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we may have done during the day. 3. Some people tend to justify their failure by blaming others for not trying their best. 4. We remain tree to our commitment: Whatever we promised to do; we would do it. 5. Even Beethoven's father discounted the possibility that his son would one day become the greatest musician in the world. The same is true of Edison, who seemed to his teacher to be quite dull. 6. They were accused by authorities of threatening the state security. XII. l. 出入除自己家以外的任何场所时,如果你带有宠物,一定要了解有关宠物的 规定。 2. 一些女性完全可以不待在家里,而是去工作,挣一份不错的工资。但是为了 家庭,她们放弃了工作。 3. 你怎么为这样粗鲁的行为辩护,你将会为此付出沉重的代价,因为他们己经 以低毁名誉的罪名起诉你了。 4. 批评有其重要作用;我们可能当时不喜欢它,但是它能激励我们去做更伟大 的事情。 5. 他毫不让步的行为遭到公众的反对,这使得他陷人了精神上崩溃、经济上破 产的境地。 6. 即使你失败了,也不要被失败伤害,更不要被失败左右。记住:失败是学习 过程中必要的一步;它不是学习的结束,而是学习的开始。 XIII. 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. A 11. D 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. D Section B I. 1. I was a black and was looked down on because of the ugly shadow of racism in 1976. 2. It means that the man was different from others for he was honest and paid debts. 3. The farmer's attitude toward me changed when he learned that I was the son of an honest man who was different from other blacks. 4. Because American social morality has changed for the worse. 5. Because people believe in honesty and this helps me in my life. II. 1.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.T 1 . melted 2. restore 3. initiative 4. obligation 5. induce 6. lest 7. relief 8. furnish 9. enquire 10. meanwhile IV. 1. kept his word 2. shrugged off 3. melted away 4. enquire into 5. cool off 6. pave the way for 7. hold up 8. fall apart 9. wipe away 10. on credit 新视野大学英语读写教程第四册unit2答案 Section A Comprehension o f the text 1. He lived a poor and miserable life during his childhood. 2. Because no one in Britain appeared to appreciate his talent for comedy. His comic figures did not conform to British standards. 3. Because his dress and behavior didn't seem that English. 4. It was the first movie in which Chaplin spoke. 5. He used his physical senses to invent his art as he went along without a prepared script. 6. His transformation of lifeless objects into other kinds of objects, plus the skill with which he executed it again and again. 7. She brought stability and happiness to him and became a center of calm in his family. 8. Comic. Vocabulary III. 1. coarse 2. betrayed 3. incident 4. postponed 5. execute 6. surrounding 7. applause 8. extraordinary 9. clumsy 10. sparked IV. 1. for 2. against 3. up 4. about 5. up 6. to 7. down 8. down 9. in 10. on V. l. I 2.J 3.B 4.D 5.E 6.G 7.F 8.L 9.N 10.A Collocation VI. 1. service 2. help/hand 3. influence 4. guarantee 5. visit 6. span . 7. welcome 8. spirit 9. duties 10. buildings Word Building VII. 1. artist 2. terrorist 3. novelist 4. activists 5. biologists 6. idealist 7. capitalists 8. tourist VIII. 1. terrorism 2. industrialism 3. realism 4. idealism 5. criticism 6. heroism 7. racism 8. Modernism Sentence Structure IX 1. If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport. 2. If he had tried to leave the country, he would have been stopped at the border. 3. If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life. 4. If I had caught that plane, I would have been killed in the air crash. 5. If he had been in good health, he could have written many books. X. 1. it is a wonder to find 2. It is a surprise for us to find 3. it is a waste of time to argue with him 4. It's a comfort to know 5. It is a relief for us to learn XI 1. If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous, it would have attracted a larger audience. 2. She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 3. I never had formal training, I just learned as I went along. 4. As their products find their way into the international market, their brand is gaining in popularity. 5. She could make up a story by saying she was knocked unconscious by thieves and that all her money was gone, but she doubted whether she could make it sound believable. 6. No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this brought more criticism of him. XII 1. If the characters in this comedy had been more humorous,it would have attracted a larger audience. 2. She has never lost faith in her own ability, so it is a possibility for her to become a successful actress. 3. I never had formal training,I just learned as I went along• 4. As their products find their way into the international market,their brand is gaining in popularity. 5. She could make up a story by saying she was knocked unconscious by but she doubted whether she could thieves and that all her money was gone, make it sound believable. 6. No one was certain whether he postponed the visit on purpose, but this brought more criticism of him. XII. 1.如果没有查理•卓别林,世界电影史就会不一样了。 2.令人感到宽慰的是,他的努力最终给予了他长期渴望的结果—他成功地发现了 这种疾病的原因。 3.查理•卓别林是最伟大、最广受热爱的电影明星之一。从《流浪汉》到《摩登 时代》,他拍摄了许多他那个时代最有趣、最受欢迎的电影。他最出名的是他扮 演的一个人物—年轻可爱的小流浪汉。 4.卓别林是一个才能非凡的人:自他1914年第一次在电影中出现,两年时间内 他就成了这个国家最有名的人物之一。 5.查理•卓别林对20世纪初期每个人的生活都产生了影响。与有史以来的任何人 相比,他让更多的人欢笑,改变了人们看待这个世界的方式。 6. 1977年,查理•卓别林在圣诞节那天去世了,身后留下了悲伤的家人和朋友, 以及全世界数以百万计的影迷。 Cloze XIII. 1. C 2. B 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. C 11. D 12. A 13. A 14.C 15. B 16. D 17. A 18. C 19. B 20. A Structured Writing XV. Charlie Chaplin is a great comic for his native land Britain, but even more so for the world. On the stage he often wore tiny moustaches, huge pants and tailcoats that were perhaps more characteristic of Europeans and may be not much of the British. Since more than half of the roles Chaplin played were in silent films, people throughout the world had no difficulty understanding his films. With sound movies, Chaplin created a nonsense language that sounded like no known nationality and was accepted and appreciated by people all over the world. For most of his lifetime he did not stay in his mother country; he traveled throughout the world to appear on stage for people of different nationalities. Section B I. 1. F. It is basically a fact though the sentence contains some words for opinions. Words representing opinions: a most revolutionary thing Words representing facts: six months ago; ran for mayor of Embu, Kenya, and won 2. F. It is basically a fact though the sentence contains some words for opinions. Words representing opinions: even more surprising Words representing facts: was voted in by her colleagues on the District Council, all men 3. O. It is basically an opinion though the sentence contains some words for facts. Words representing opinions: suddenly became a symbol of the increasingly powerful political force Words representing facts: thousands of women in this farming area two hours northeast of Nairobi 4. F. It is basically a fact though the sentence contains some words for opinions. Words representing opinions: many women had not been taught the basics of political participation Words representing facts: One veteran female political activist said What the veteran female political activist said was a fact. So the sentence is basically factual. 5. O. It is basically an opinion though the sentence contains some words for facts. Words representing opinions: not a new phenomenon Words representing facts: political activity among Kenyan women Comprehension of the Text II. 1.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.F 6.T 7.F 8.T Vocabulary III. 1. fierce 2. launched 3. colleagues 4. illegal 5. funded 6. jealous 7. refresh 8. substantial 9. sow 10. ridiculous IV. 1. Could we take a walk? I feel like a little exercise. 2. Ms. Mbogo had made a bold decision: to run for mayor of Embu, Kenya. 3. Some leaders in Kenya were afraid of losing their power, so they tried everything to shut Kenyan women out of politics. 4. She decided long ago that she would study the subject in earnest as soon as she left school. 5. He was arrested because he was paid to spy on our air bases. 6. After almost four hours of fierce negotiation, the President had the upper hand. 7. Victims of traffic accidents make up almost a quarter of the hospital's patients. 8. Ms. Mbogo's victory was important because all her male colleagues voted her in. 9. Two young men were originally hired to watch over the house as it was being built. 10. It is reported that government troops tried to break up the protest by firing their guns in the air. 新视野大学英语读写教程第四册unit3答案 Section A Vocabulary III. 1. raw 2. convicted 3. compensation 4. notify 5. provisions 6. receipt 7. paste 8. altered 9. thrive 10. certify IV 1. up 2. to 3. down 4. of 5. out 6. into 7. for 8. on 9. through 10. of V. 1. M 2. E 3. G 4. A 5. H 6. C 7.1 8. K 9.0 10. D Collocation VI. 1. respect 2. degree 3. money 4. living 5. prais 6. place 7. success 8. scholarship 9. job 10. reputation Word Building VII. 1. longish 2. animal-like 3. selfish 4. honey-like 5. ball-like 6. boyish 7. yellowish 8. bookish VIII. 1. politicians 2. technician 3. comedian 4. musicians 5. physicians 6. electricians 7. beautician 8. magician Sentence Structure IX. 1. The wanted man is believed to be living in New York. 2. Many people are said to be homeless after the floods. 3. Three men are said to have been arrested after the explosion. 4. The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over the wall. 5. Four people are reported to have been seriously injured in the accident. X. 1. He tried sending her flowers, but it didn't have any effect. 2. I don't regret telling her what I thought, even if I upset her. 3. The window was broken because I forgot to close it when I left. 4. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are out of stock. 5. He welcomed the new student and then went on to explain the college regulations. Translation XI. 1. Seven or eight officials are reported to have taken bribes and the mayor has decided to look into the affair in person. 2. These workers regret yielding to the management's advice and going back to work. Now they are again faced with the threat of losing their jobs. 3. You only need to fill out a form to get your membership, which entitles you to a discount on goods. 4. Their car broke down halfway for no reason. As a result they arrived three hours later than they had planned. 5. The official got involved in a scandal and was forced to resign weeks later. 6. The man living on welfare began to build up his own market, one step at a time and his business is thriving. XII 1.据报道这个男子曾在私下说:“许多救济对象在欺骗我们,因此,作为补偿, 我们有权让他们对我们点头哈腰。 2.我们考虑了你的背景与经历,很遗憾地告诉你,我们目前没有适合你的工作机 会。 3.我没能按奥斯卡的暗示去做,相反,我反驳了那个妇女,结果她竟然是我们的 新经理。 4.需要有人来充当穷人权利的捍卫者,因为这一体制太容易被滥用。 5.我的车子在高速公路上抛锚后,我打电话向警察求助,20分钟后他们赶来帮 我。 6.他热爱艺术,却经受了巨大的痛苦—贫穷与误解。 Cloze XIII. 1.B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5(B 6. A 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. B 11.D 12.A 13.C 14.B 15.D 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.B Structured Writing XV It is difficult to get a welfare client’s wheelchair repaired. Once my wheelchair needed repairing, and I notified my caseworker. She gave me a lecture that I hadn’t taken good care of my wheelchair. Then she told me that I must have the patience to wait until she had the time to report my wheelchair conditions to my medical worker. Then the medical worker called the wheelchair repair companies to get the cheapest bid and informed the main welfare office at the state capital. It took them another several days to consider the matter. When they finally got my wheelchair repaired, I had been confined to bed for more than half a month. Section B Reading Skills I. 1. "The stacks of paper" is being personified as someone who can bear witness to something. 2. "Western ears" symbolize people from Western countries. 3. "A gallery of human faces" symbolizes a gathering of people of different origins. 4. As we know a portrait does not have life. It is in a figurative way to say "a living portrait". 5. The word "like" tells us that this part is a simile, comparing hats to small crowns. 6. "Two tiny birds" are clearly a metaphor for the girl's two small hands, showing that it was with loving care that the blind man held the girl's hands. Comprehension of the Text II. 1. The stacks of paper bore witness to a huge amount of work waiting to be done, even though I had been working seven days a week. 2. I remember feeling annoyed at this dense collection of humanity. 3. Then the truth struck me. He was blind. 4. As we waited for our drinks, the blind man said, "The music seems out of tune to our Western ears, but it has charm." 5. They are motionless, waiting for the performance to start. 6. The first performance ended just as we finished dessert, and I excused myself and went to talk to the theater manager. 7. A few minutes later he was standing next to one of the dancers, her little crowned head hardly reaching his chest. 8. About a week after our trip, the chairman told me the Chinese executive had called to express great satisfaction with the trip. Vocabulary III. 1. skimmed 2. steer 3. chartered 4. angle 5. veil6. magic 7. realm 8. annoy 9. dense 10. highlighted IV. 1. Many of these poems bear witness to his years spent in India, England, and China. 2. The other players in the team are better than me, but I'm slowly catching up. 3. 1 was loaded with many parcels, unable to walk any faster. 4. The place was deserted and there was no sign of human beings living there. 5. These instruments should be switched on and checked before we start our work. 6. My friend was dressed in a black coat whereas I was in jeans. 7. All those connected with the mission were in prayer for her, but her life was not spared. 8. May I excuse myself for a while, Mr. Davis? 9. Have you ever noticed that at yesterday's concert one of the violinists was out of tune? 10. All too soon it was over and we left feeling we had just skimmed the surface of this fascinating topic. Key to Exercises of Unit 4 Section A Vocabulary III. 1. investment 2. disposal 3. condensed 4. strategic 5. revenue 6. scratch 7. utilities 8. invested 9. nowhere 10. transmission IV. 1. is lagging far behind 2. are stuck with 3. going for 4. remain in contact 5. keep pace with 6. at your disposal 7. dates from 8. scratched the surface of 9. stuck in 10. choose between V. 1.L 2.N 3.D 4.E 5.H 6.I 7.F 8.O 9.I 10.B Collocation VI. 1. exchange 2. growth 3. opportunities 4. understanding 5. benefits 6. peace 7. development 8. career 9. will 10. status Word Building VII. 1. superpower 2. superabundant 3. supermarket 4. super-speed 5. supercomputer 6. superman 7. superstar 8. super-efficient VIII. 1. auto-timer 2. auto-focus 3. autograph 4. auto-reverse 5. autobiography 6. automakers 7. autoloading 8. autocriticism Sentence Structure IX 1. Concentrate on indoor delights rather than outdoor fights and you'll be much better appreciated. 2. As a result of the development of computer technology many people may eventually be able to work at home rather than go to the office. 3. Some people say that the pupils' achievements this term will be measured by a formal test rather than their teacher's assessment. 4. They argued that their products should be developed on the basis of need rather than profit. 5. During weekends the businessmen may spend time establishing friendship and mutual trust rather than discussing any particular item of business. X. 1. Petrol now is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago. 2. Theirs is about three times as big as ours. 3. Latin American customers talk two to four times as long on the phone as people in North America. 4. the fee for cell phones is typically twice as much as for calls made over fixed lines 5. can transmit 250,000 times as much data as a standard telephone wire Translation XI. 1. Rather than invest in my education, my parents spent their money on a new house. 2. Today, people are spending twice as much on entertainment and relaxation as they did in the past. 3. In order to be successful, a business must keep pace with developments in the marketplace. 4. Her fluency in English gave her an advantage over other girls for the job. 5. For students, nowhere is better than the library, where all the books are at their disposal. 6. We should make full use of the platform to strengthen communication, expand cooperation in more areas and seek further development through joint efforts. XII. 1. 发展中国家认为信息技术是促进经济发展的途径,但一些国家在估算成本与 选择技术方面缺乏经验。 2.据说地球拥有的地下水量大约是其拥有的河流和湖泊水量的三千倍,而且地下 水要干净得多。 3.任何人都能照出好照片—问 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 只是你是否在合适的时间和地点。 4.通过在他们的学校和图书馆安装计算机,这些社区的领导们表明他们决心不在 技术上落后。 5.当他开始创办这家公司时,他想他将能在市场上与那些顶级公司并驾齐驱,可 是他现在失望了,因为他没有成功。 6.佛罗里达的一对夫妇在建造一座他们称之为未来之家的房子,它既能抵御咫 风,又与周围环境十分协调。 Cloze XIII. 1.C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. D 11.A 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.C 16.D 17.B 18.A 19.C 20.C Structured Writing XV. Compare the new welfare system with the old one and you would find a world of difference between the two. Under the new welfare system, the law encourages welfare clients to work on their own for a gradual shift away from welfare, and this is not the case in the past. Welfare clients now can develop their talents to make money. In the past, they often cheated to bleed the system for a few extra dollars. Now caseworkers will gladly help their clients find appropriate jobs rather than act like detectives to try to seek out any unreported properties. Today many welfare clients have made a choice to live a life of complete honesty and they tell the truth to caseworkers and declare any extra income they make. In cases like this, caseworkers will feel greatly relieved because they don't need to search for any cheating as in the past. Section B Reading Skills I. 1. Your home computer or TV can provide whatever you need whenever you like. 2. You can learn language easily via computer over distance. 3. Poor people must also have access to high technology as it is essential for their education, work and daily lives. 4. Some companies provide the technology of information highway to the rich first as that is business. 5. Advocates of universal access have already launched a number of projects of their own for the poor. Comprehension o f the text II. 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.T Vocabulary III. 1. transmit 2. insure 3. crucial 4. feedback 5. correspondence 6. specialized 7. tutor 8. hence 9. portion 10. files IV. 1. differ on 2. refer to 3. Compared to 4. specialize in 5. make routine 6. come up with 7. has access to 8. Some steps should be taken 9. signed up for 10. in the hands of Key to Exercises of Unit 5 Section A Comprehension o f the text I. which suggests that it is an 1. Because 22 million people live alone, overwhelming phenomenon in the United States. 2. Because they can find inspiration in solitude. 3. The more positive one is toward oneself, the less the need for staying with others. 4. It depends. If they live with their friends, the friends' temporary leaving will be received as a welcome change. However, if they live alone, the temporary absence of friends may leave them with a feeling of emptiness. 5. Because the need to talk is the most basic need of a solitary person. 6. They may call friends to tell them important things, or talk to themselves, their pets, the television, or even to strangers. 7. To stay rational, settle down in a comfortable way and find pleasure from the current life,. wait for anything happy that may happen. 8. The writer thinks that as ordinary people's solitary life differs from that of great minds (like poets and philosophers), they should cherish the thought that "since we are here, we may as well accept it and make the best of it". Vocabulary III. 1. humble 2. slippery 3. tame 4. inspiration 5. crept 6. apology 7. observation 8. dictate 9. inadequate 10. solitary IV 1. cast out 2. all by himself 3. stay up late 4. was fond of 5. at one sitting 6. filled up with 7. speaks highly of 8. set forth 9. at length 10. for the time being V. 1.K 2.H 3.M 4.B 5.A 6.O 7.J 8.D 9.F 10.I Collocation VI. 1. efficiency 2. status 3. performance 4. standard 5. coordination 6. sense 7. career 8. quality 9. supply 10. accuracy Word Building VII. 1. underestimated 2. underpaid 3. overslept 4. Underdeveloped 5. overestimated 6. overcharged 7. underweight 8. overloaded VIII. 1. simplified 2. electrician 3. recovery 4. childlike 5. autobiography 6. underline 7. terrorist 8. overreact Sentence Structure IX. 1. The distance between them is not so great as to be unbridgeable. 2. The unity of the masses with the party is never so strong as it is now. 3. The punishment was harsh because Maggie would lose her position, but it was not so bad as losing her pay. 4. I've heard the terrible noise once or twice before, but never so loud as this one. 5. Men are never so peaceful, so graceful with each other as they are now. X. 1. You might as well go there to see whether there is the information you need. 2. We might as well call it freedom. 3.You might as well ring and tell them you're going to visit them. 4. We might as well walk home. one to read. 5. We might as well find an easier Translation XI. 1. This little man is not so innocent as he appears. 2. There's nothing I can do about the problem, so you might as well turn to Professor Wang for help. 3. Both sides speak highly of the fruits in their cooperation in different areas, and hope that the cooperation can be furthered. 4. On the one hand, an image of being close to the people can get a new policy more easily accepted. On the other hand, it will "encourage people to speak their minds and come up with constructive suggestions". 5. His sense of loneliness rose and fell and he sometimes would talk at length to himself and his pets and the television. 6. After all, money is not everything. The richest people are not necessarily the happiest. XII 1.新的机制并不像他们预期的那样有效,因为数月过去了,但管理效率并没有明 显改进。 2.我不想不必要地吓唬你,可你最好还是面对事实,看看一些数字吧。 3.孤独的特点是一种与世隔绝感,而独居则是独自一人却不感到寂寞的状态,它 能引发自我意识。 4.孤独是一种消极的状态,你会感到失去了某种东西。你可能与别人在一起仍然 感到孤独—这也许是孤独最痛苦的形式。 5.独居是一种与自我相约的积极的状态。独居是值得向往的,是独自一人、享受 自我愉快而又充实的陪伴的一种状态。 6.梭罗说,一个人即使身处同伴之中,如果不对他们敞开心扉,仍会感到孤独。 Cloze XIII. 1.B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.D 8.D 9. B 10. A 11.C 12. B 13.A 14.C 15.D 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.C Structured Writing XV. Some people prefer to live alone whereas some others have to live alone for one reason or another. Those people believing in inspirational solitude argue that no companion is more companionable than solitude. Literary giants such as William Wordsworth, John Milton and Henry Thoreau enjoyed living alone on purpose. Hunters or explorers enjoy themselves as they venture out to tame the great wild areas. On the other hand, there are some other people who have to live alone due to various reasons: being divorced, widowed or never married. Many of them feel bitter to live in solitude. They have no one to talk to and as a result they talk at length to themselves and to their pets and to the television. Section B Reading skills 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C Comprehension o f the text II. 1.F 2.T 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.F Vocabulary III. 1. abstract 2. holy 3. Nevertheless 4. odds 5. complicate 6. tolerate 7. depression 8. resorting 9. exclaimed 10. disorder IV 1. When he received the admission notice from the university, he knew it was time he struck out on his own. 2. I had to keep the video camera readily accessible in case I saw something that needed to be filmed. 3. Every time she tried to argue with her identical twin Katie, she would end up crying her eyes out. 4. Serious violence has sprung from the conflict over insignificant, irritating differences. 5. There are many people who believe sincerely that you can train children for life without resorting to punishment. 6. Alan signed a dorm contract with his roommate to head off possible conflicts. 7. He was required to fill in a form before the job interview. 8. Her major concern is how she will make sure the people on the teams get along with one another. 9. Against all the odds, it has worked, and this is a measure of just how strong they both were as individuals when they came to the marriage ten years ago. 10. What I'd like to do is to help them to see that they don't need to give up on the computer, that they can actually be the master of it. Unit 6 Section A Vocabulary III. 1. Substantial 2. concerning 3. negotiation 4. exaggerate 5. withdrawn 6. commissions 7. financed 8. secure 9. impose 10. donation IV 1. by 2. in 3. of 4. to 5. up 6. on/upon 7. with 8. in 9. in 10. between V 1.O 2.E 3.G 4.1 5.J 6.B 7.K 8.N 9.M 10.D Collocation VI. 1. approaches 2. reward 3. protection 4. honor 5. advice 6. access 7. advantages 8. help 9. sympathy 10. understanding Word Building VII. 1. foresight 2. forewarned 3. foreground 4. postgraduate 5. post-race 6. foresaw 7. post-Christmas 8. post-election VIII. 1. e-shopper 2. e-merchant 3. e-journal 4. e-classroom 5. e-commerce 6. e-mail 7. e-dictionaries 8. e-cash Sentence Structure IX. 1. It's pointless to go there next Monday-there's a public holiday. 2. It is easy to talk about having high moral standards, but, in practice, what would one really do in such a situation? 3. It is interesting to see different cultures and ways of life. 4. It is really astonishing that she refuses to talk to you. 5. It is important that she come straight to me when she arrives. X. 1. Suppose you object to carrying out a particular management order and you are afraid of the manager, what would you do? 2. Suppose you have just got married and you are about to work abroad for three years, how would you explain it to your newly-married wife? 3. Suppose someone couldn't understand why you didn't arrest Harry, would you explain to remove the doubts? 4. Suppose your tenant fails to pay the rent in time, would you throw him out? 5. Suppose you are a very heavy smoker and are anxious to break the habit, where could you get help? Translation XI. 1. Suppose you found out that your colleague takes bribes, would you just ignore it? 2. We've given up on him because he is so stubborn. It is pointless to argue with him. 3. He hit upon a good method to speed up the progress of the experiment, but opinions differed among members of the group on it. 4. Today I'm able to square my profession with my interest, which I wasn't able to do before. 5. The ability to visually distinguish between red and green is essential to becoming a driver. 6. The team consisted of seven people who met on a regular basis to share their information with each other. XII. 1.假设有人向你行贿,要换取一种承诺,你会怎么做,是接受呢,还是坚持自己 的原则, 2.现在人们不会忍受那些糟糕的境况,可是在那些日子里却只能接受那样的现 实。 3.大学校园里形形色色的作弊现象越来越多,我已不记得这学期有多少学生因作 弊而被捉住了。 4.当艾奇先生被披露曾受贿时,他不得不退出州长职位的竞争。 5.虽然他原先完全支持改革政策,可后来却开始抨击这场改革运动了。 6.这位教授肯定不会同意翻译基本是在词典里查生词的观点。 Cloze XIII. 1.A 2. D 3.C 4.B 5.B 6. D 7.A 8.C 9.C 10.A 11.B 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.C 16.D 17.B 18.C 19.D 20.B XV. Typically there are two kinds of people who choose to live alone on purpose. The first group of people is artists. They believe in the inspiration in solitude. One of my friends is a writer. He enjoys the time when he is alone because he can stay up late to read and, above all, concentrate on his writing without fear of being interrupted by others. On his wall he posts a quotation from Thoreau: "I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude." The second group consists of people who are disappointed with their marriage or family life. A woman I know has been living alone since her husband left her five years ago. She is not waiting for his return but she is just disappointed with life. SECTION B Reading Skills I. 1. They act out various types of situations to bring the people in the training camp into some real life situations. 2. Because the journalists are inexperienced in deciding whom to shoot, whether or not to shoot and when to shoot. As a result, they "killed" innocent people because of mistakes of judgment. 3. They probably don't want to take on more responsibilities. 4. They want armed officers to ensure social security instead of protecting themselves by carrying guns. 5. The policeman has been so much occupied with some extra duties that they wouldn't have time even for answering questions. Comprehension o f the text II. 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.F 6.T 7.F 8.T Vocabulary III. 1. tackle 2. imitating 3. dimmed 4. fake 5. impressive 6. encountered 7. ccluivalent 8. widespread 9. priority 10. residents IV. 1. up 2. away 3. up 4. up 5. up 6. out 7. to 8. on 9. up 10. from Unit 7 Section A Vocabulary III. 1. discounted 2. biased 3. variation 4. potential 5. Confronted 6. migrate 7. descended 8. distinct 9. superficial 10. extensive IV 1. to date 2. in effect 3. nothing less than 4. As of 5. in combination with 6. In addition to 7. shed new light on 8. is... confined to 9. serve as 10. adapt to V. 1.K 2.0 3.C 4.F 5.J 6.1 7.G 8.A 9.M 10.E Collocation VI. 1. awards 2. challenges 3. component 4. advances 5. changes 6. advantage 7. influence 8. effect 9. objective 10. threat Word Building VII. 1. privacy 2. intimacy 3. frequency 4. fluency 5. secrecy 6. urgency 7. consistency 8. dependency VIII. 1. politics 2. classics 3. electronics 4. economics 5. psychology 6. methodology 7. technology 8. biology sentence structure IX. 1. Being healthy is more than a question of not being ill. 2. I was more than a little upset at not being invited to the wedding. 3. This story is more than interesting; it is educational as well. 4. Hepworth is more than a filmmaker; he had learnt to find stories that would have genuine popular appeal. 5. Compared our achievements today with what we started out to be, it is more than a miracle brought about by years of exceptionally hard work. X. 1. What was needed was nothing less than a new industrial revolution. 2. This is nothing less than a call to restore the vitality of the American Dream. 3. Their dream was nothing less than a revolutionary project to bring computers and ordinary people together. 4. The experience of sightseeing in the wonderful island is nothing less than exciting and I am moved to tears. 5. He was very concerned that she should not be tired or bored; he wanted to make sure that the holiday would be nothing less than perfect for her. Translation XI. 1. In the process of creating the genetic map, these scientists realized that cooperation was more than an attractive option; it was a responsibility. 2. Their research findings were nothing less than a miracle. As a result of their findings, new light has been shed on the history of human genes. 3. In fact, only hard work in combination with proper methods will give you an advantage over others. 4. The judge said the punishment would serve as a warning to others. 5. The risk of infection is confined to those who have close contact with the patients. 6. From such an analysis we are in a better position to understand what has happened and what to do about it. X11. 1. 作为一个负责的生产厂家,我们不仅仅关注环境;我们还积极参与环境保护。 2.当然,她最后还是离开,去结婚了,但我敢肯定的是:她对工作尽职尽责,从 不允许自己的职业重点受到影响。 3.除了学业上的成绩,你迄今为止最大的成就是什么, 4.观察和实验的目的是为了验证或阐明某些理论,只有那些被视为与任务相关的 观察才应该被 记录 混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载 下来。 5.不管现在身处何地,黑人都是非洲人的后裔,但是数百年来,由于种种原因, 他们的遗传基因已经变得多样化且非常复杂。 6.实际上,他们都同意这种观点:法律的变化引起了社会本质的变化以及社会中 人与人之间关系的变化。 Cloze XIII. D 6.C 7(B 8(A 9. D 10. C 11.B 12.A 13.A 14.B 15(D 1.A 2. B 3. C 4. D 5( 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.A 20.B Structured Writing XV. Sticking to high moral standards is easier said than done. Once, a young British car salesmanager who had just finished courses on business ethics was sent to sell cars to an African country. The negotiations had been going on for months without any real results(He was at his wits' end. Finally she hit upon a solution(One day he bought a popular novel and slipped a check of $20,000 in the book. Then he presented it to the minister in charge of transportation. This minister examined its contents,pretending he didn’t see the check at all(Then he said with a smile:"Young man,I hear London is at its best in May.” The sales manager, who was quick-witted, replied: "My company in London will be mosthonored to welcome your visit~”A short time later, the deal was approved in London~ Section B Reading Skills 1. The writer holds a doubtful attitude toward this opinion, calling it a popular myth. We can find the writer's doubtful attitude in Paragraph 1. 2. They are the supportive style and the stimulating style. We can find the information in Paragraph 4. 3. Four groups of children: one with supportive parents, one with stimulating parents, one whose parents combining both qualities and a final group who offered neither. We can find the information in Paragraph 6. 4. Eleven seconds a day in Holland and less than a minute a day in the United States. We can find the information in Paragraph 10. 5. The environmental factors such as better parenting and educational techniques. We can find the information in Paragraph 15, the last paragraph. Comprehension of the text II. 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.C Vocabulary III. 1. supervising 2. fascinate3. guarantee 4. explore 5.sophisticated 6. identified 7. steer 8. beneficial 9. demonstrate 10. implication IV 1. up 2. out 3. up 4. in 5. over 6. on 7. in5 8. into 9. from 10. in Unit 8 Section A Slavery Gave Me Nothing to Lose I 1. They hid behind their curtains and looked through them at the travelers cautiously. 2. The small town was a stage where actors were the different travelers who passed by and revealed themselves to the audience—villagers in different aspects. In a child’s eye, it was a play, bringing to her a lot of pleasure. 3. Probably there were different ways of greetings between them, so there might be some misunderstandings or some inappropriate responses. 4. She wanted to sing and dance so much that she thought the money should have been given as a discouragement rather than an encouragement. 5. After she was thirteen and left her hometown of Eatonville, and then she experienced a huge change. She was aware that she was black. 6. It expresses the author’s attitude or her state of mind that she was not emotionally disturbed by the fact that she was a descendent of slaves. She felt good about herself. 7. The author felt like a brown bag of mixed items propped up against a wall. 8. As is described, the contents revealed are nothing but common objects. It suggests that for ordinary people, no matter whether they are white or black, they share something in common. III 1. cautiously 2. bribing 3. disapprove(d) 4. tendency 5. permanent 6. depression 7. fragrance 8. guaranteed 9. exclusively 10. generously IV 1. peering at 2. be broken off 3. disapproved of 4. prop up 5. In the main 6. in company with 7. in that 8. pay the price 9. belong to 10. more or less V 1. L 2. O 3. H 4. D 5. I 6. E 7. N 8. K 9. G 10. B VI 1. plans 2. lifestyle 3. fact 4. policies 5. rules 6. concentration 7. world 8. voice 9. inheritance 10. content VII 1. devalued 2. demobilized 3. deregulated 4. decentralized 5. destablilizing 6. depersonalized 7. de-emphasize 8. decoded VIII 1. I know she isn’t really interested in window-shopping, but she doesn’t mind waiting while I have a look. 2. If people don’t mind my having no degrees, I could give a few music lessons! 3. People don’t mind paying much more for good software because they can see the benefits of using it. 4. I don't mind if people perceive me as arrogant. You need certain degree of it to succeed. 5. We don’t mind if it takes time for people to express their hopes and goals and their fears and needs in their lives. X 1. No friends came to see her; she shut herself off, in the old familiar world of bedroom and drawing room. 2. No cigarette end could give us any clue to or sign of anyone having ever been there. 3. No gas, no water and no electricity in the hospital! How could you expect the children to survive this? 4. No other information is given about the book itself, although there is a brief biographical note about the writer. 5. No effort has been made to investigate the "disappearances" that have occurred over the past three years. XI 1. I don't mind his staying out so late as long as he behaves himself. 2. I prefer his plan to others in that I think no plan is more practical than his. 3. They broke off the business relations with that company as it suffered huge losses in the last financial year and went bankrupt. 4. Now that you don't like him, why did you invite him to your birthday party in the first place? 5. Though we knew our chances to win were slim, we were more or less depressed when we lost in the game. 6. Perhaps this was the price that has to be paid for the progress in the first place— who knows? XII 1. 我不在乎他们否定我的计划,但在内心深处我仍渴望得到他们的支持。 2. 彼得宣布他不想与她们中任何一个女孩一起唱歌或跳舞,他没给任何理由。 3. 我们尊敬的是那些奉献时间、友谊和才能的人,而不是那些一心只为自己 谋求私利的人。 4. 看来我生意遭到了巨大损失,这是我不听父母忠告所付出的代价。 5. 他们只是顺便又提到了这一点:在我去那个国家旅行时,会有一位翻译一 直在我身边。 6. 即使当父母强烈反对子女的行为方式时,他们拒绝接受的是那种行为方式 而不是子女本人,澄清这一点十分重要。 Section B Why Are Women Afraid of Wrinkles I. 1. F. It is basically factual that the value of youth enabled people to make money. 2. F. It states a fact that what manufacturers claim has caused worries from doctors. 3. F. It is basically factual that a woman was doubtful about the effect of Imedeen before. 4. F. It is basically factual that a doctor questions the methods used in the sutdy. 5. O. From "it is difficult to..." we know it is an opinion. II. 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. T III. 1. appeal 2. nutrition 3. denied 4. ingredients 5. stimulated 6. perceived 7. accelerate 8. controversy 9. extracts 10. ridiculous IV. 1. look into 2. poured out 3. beat back 4. When it comes to 5. have to do with 6. specialize in 7. was tied up with 8. symbolic of 9. do the trick 10. attached (great) importance to Unit 9 Section A III. 1. violated 2. delicate 3. contended 4. invasion 5. illustration 6. attendance 7. concessions 8. unique 9. contemplated 10. excess IV. 1. made some concessions 2. putting...before 3. be untroubled about 4. take it to court 5. came into service 6. in response to 7. rather than 8. foucused... on 9. it depends 10. are based on V. 1. L 2. J 3. E 4. I 5. D 6. N 7. B 8. O 9. A 10. G VI. 1. calming 2. long-term 3. negative 4. destructive 5. marginal 6. harmful 7. disastrous 8. emotional 9. similar 10. stimulating VII. 1. endurance 2. tolerance 3. defiance 4. attendance 5. acceptance 6. admittance 7. Reliance 8. Observance VIII. 1. unanimous 2. unify 3. unicycle 4. unique 5. uniform 6. unite 7. union 8. unity IX. 1. For all the concept of the theme park closely based on the original Magic Kingdom in California and Walt Disney World in Florida, Euro Disneyland will be unique in a manner appropriate to its European home. 2. For all its American name, the theme park looked European. 3. For all the high attendance levels, the company sustained a net loss for the financial year. 4. For all the changes, the prime emphasis in the retail market, so far as movies are concerned, still seems to be on the past, and predominantly on the mainstream Hollywood past. 5. For all sharp criticism of it, the article was widely read and well appreciated. X. 1. He was compelled to spend most of the time talking to Mrs. Harlowe rather than to her daughter. 2. I believe it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to deposit the money in bank. 3. We ought to check up the results of the research project rather than just accept what he says. 4. He always prefers starting early and making necessary preparations rather than leaving everything to the last minute. 5. It ought to be your boss to sign the contract rather than you. XI. 1. For all their great efforts, the museum's daily attendance has so far still been very low. 2. In response to criticism by government inspectors, the company changed some of its practices rather than gave up its rules. The police warned the passengers aginst putting money and precious 3. things in bags lest they should be stolen. 4. Surveys ought to focus on how parents and children perceive the ways in which the school satisfies their needs. 5. In a flash, Tess changed from an innocent girl to a mature and well-educated woman. 6. I can confirm that 200 new trains are being manufactured and that first of those trains will come into service in May this year. XII. 1. 尽管他们做了解释,工会仍然认为公司的着装规定侵犯了个人自由,也违反 了劳工法。 2. 在工会的压力下,资方已同意提高10%的薪酬,但是拒绝做出进一步的让步。 3. 我们可以改革我们的公共卫生医疗体系,该体系虽然有缺陷,但仍为我们提 供了世界上最好的卫生保健服务。 4. 如果他有钱,而且没有充足的理由不偿还欠你的钱,那将他告上法庭也许是 唯一的解决办法了。 5. 直到目前,解决中东冲突的各项努力都没有任何成效,中东冲突自去年二月 以来,已造成100多人死亡。 6. 在这一章,我们集中谈论如何以论点的形式安排你所收集到的材料。 XIII. 1. B 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. C 13. D 14. A 15. B 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. D 20. A XV. Euro Disneyland is sure of its success at the beginning. Euro Disneyland manages to create a unique manner appropriate to ites European home. It is characterized by European legends and fairy tales. Besides, direcion signs in the theme park will be in French as well as in English, and some performers will speak French, Spain and English. And the convenient communications will also contribute to its success. People in Paris can reach Euro Disney by express railway in less than an hour -- from Mona Lisa to Minnie Mouse in a flash. And it takes people from any parts of Europe less than two hours by flight to enjoy Euro Disney. Section B II. 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F III. 1. adjustments 2. acceptance 3. acknowledged 4. sustained 5. Preliminary 6. excessive 7. variation 8. temporary 9. anticipate 10. confront Unit 10 Section A How to Cultivate “EQ” I 1. Because he believes that knowledge is useless until it is applied. And application of knowledge takes judgment. 2. The ability to adapt. /The adaptive skills. 3. Accept a highly personal practice to improve the four adaptive skills: raising consciousness, using imagery, considering and reconsidering events to choose the most creative response to them and integrating the perspectives of others. 4. Thinking differently on purpose. It involves noticing what you are feeling and thinking and escaping the conditioned confines of one’s past. 5. Because by doing this they can improve their performance. 6. Because your view of the world is limited by your genes and experiences you’ve had and by integrating the perspectives of others you can enlarge your senses. 7. The author believes that our ability to think and reason is not confined to the brain but is distributed throughout the body’s universe of cells and we think with our hearts, brains, muscles, blood and bones. 8. By saying this, the author means without cultivating emotional intelligence, the academic training is useless. III 1. incorporate 2. triggered 3. perspectives 4. cultivating 5. confine 6. capacity 7. Controversial 8. consciousness 9. recommend 10. application IV 1. to 2. at 3. to 4. aside 5. to 6. on/upon 7. away 8. of 9. of 10. in V 1. F 2. J 3. G 4. D 5. M 6. A 7. K 8. C 9. O 10. H VI 1. contrast 2. enormous 3. blood 4. intense 5. work 6. economic 7. international 8. personal 9. external 10. military VII 1. multicolored 2. multicultural 3. multimedia 4. multinational 5. multi-dimensional 6. multimillion 7. multiparty 8. multipurpose VIII 1. semi-permanent 2. semi-final 3. semi-automatic 4. semi-detached 5. semi-darkness 6. semi-official 7. semi-skilled 8. semi-retired IX 1. They smiled almost continuously, no matter what was said. 2. I told him to report to me after the job was completed, no matter how late it was. 3. No matter where his business took him, he always managed to be home for the Spring Festival. 4. No matter when you die, whether you’re 100 or 20 or whatever, you can get the sum that you’re assured of according to the legal document. 5. He is a very skilled and brilliant player and also a proper gentleman on the tennis court. No matter whom he plays with, whether a low ranked or a high ranked player, he has great respect for them. X 1. So advanced was his method that no one could match him. 2. So rapid is the rate of progress that advance seems to be following on almost a monthly basis. 3. So successful was he that offers flowed in from publishers and editors on both sides of the Atlantic. 4. So absorbed was he in what doing that he didn’t notice what was happening around. 5. So serious was the famine that the United Nations sent food and water supplies to the area. XI 1. No matter how high your IQ is, your view is limited by the experience you have had and so you should learn to incorporate the useful perspectives of others. 2. So interesting was the game that none of them took note of the passage of time. 3. I’ve been sorting through these old documents to see which are useful and which can be thrown away. 4. As you get older you should reflect on future plans. 5. His appearance in the show was nothing less than a sensation. 6. Every month they set aside a particular amount of money from their salary for the sake of their kid’s education in the future. XII 1. 无论你的情况多么充满希望,无论你有多大的创造力,努力工作对你的成功 总是必需的。 2. 他留下的最初印象如此之强烈,有时甚至当许多其他人不这么认为时,这些 印象也无法改变。 3. 我们的目的就是要使中国成为亚洲接受培训程度和教育程度最高的一个国 家。 4. 在国际关系方面,中国将继续发展与外国的关系,寻求一个对自己改革有利 的国际环境,继续对世界和平和发展做出贡献。 5. 不管会面临什么挑战,我都会坚持,永不放弃,直到取得成功。 6. 最新的研究似乎表明,缺乏情感成熟和自我了解这一软件,纯学术培训这一 硬件越来越没有价值。 XIII 1.B 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.C 11.A 12.D 13.C 14.B 15.C 16.D 17.D 18.C 19.A 20.B XV There are a number of reasons to explain why the leisure industry is rapidly expanding in Japan. It is a government-led leisure boom. Japanese workers labor about 200more hours per year than the average of American workers, according to figures from Japan’s Labor Ministry. Under complaint has the Japanese labor force is working too much, the government is vigorously promoting the concept of “leisure”. More leisure time is available. Some companies require employees to take longer vacations, and others are moving to eliminate the traditional Saturday workday so that people will have more leisure opportunities. More leisure centers are constructed. Hundreds of amusement park, sports centers and resorts are opening all over Japan. They are trying to provide all kinds of leisure facilities and activities for the Japanese people to enjoy. Section B EQ Plays a Role in Personal Success I 1. Those four-year-olds who had enough self-control to hold out for the second piece of candy generally grew up to be better adjusted, more popular, adventurous, confident and dependable teenagers. 2. The ability to delay reward. 3. When it comes to predicting people’s success, brain capacity as measured by IQ may actually matter less than the qualities of mind once thought of as “character”. 4. About 20%. II 1.B 2.A 3. A 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.B III 1. handle 2. interact 3. restore 4. frustrated 5. enhanced 6. adjust 7. virtually 8. ingredient 9. temptation 10. blessed IV 1. shy away from 2. counts for 3. are blessed with 4. substitute for 5. gave in to 6. When it comes to 7. on sight 8. held out for 9. interact with 10. show up 新视野大学英语读写教程Book 4 翻译 unit1A 艺术家追求成名,如同狗自逐其尾,一旦追到手,除了继续追逐不知还能做些什么。 成功之残酷正在于它常常让那些追逐成功者自寻毁灭。 对一名正努力追求成功并刚刚崭露头角的艺术家,其亲朋常常会建议“正经的饭碗不能丢~”他们的担心不无道理。追求出人头地,最乐观地说也困难重重,许多人到最后即使不是穷困潦倒,也是几近精神崩溃。尽管如此,希望赢得追星族追捧和同行赞扬之类的不太纯洁的动机却在激励着他们向前。享受成功的无上光荣,这种诱惑不是能轻易抵挡的。成名者之所以成名,大多是因为发挥了自己在歌唱、舞蹈、绘画或写作等方面的特长,并能形成自己的风格。为了能迅速走红,代理人会极力吹捧他们这种风格。他们青云直上的过程让人看不清楚。 他们究竟是怎么成功的,大多数人也都说不上来。尽管如此,艺术家仍然不能闲下来。 若表演者、画家或作家感到无聊,他们的作品就难以继续保持以前的吸引力,也就难以保持公众的注意力。公众的热情消磨以后,就会去追捧下一个走红的人。 有些艺术家为了不落伍,会对他们的写作、跳舞或唱歌的风格稍加变动,但这将冒极大的失宠的危险。公众对于他们藉以成名的艺术风格以外的任何形式都将不屑一顾。 知名作家的文风一眼就能看出来,如田纳西?威廉斯的戏剧、欧内斯特?海明威的情节安排、罗伯特?弗罗斯特或 T.S.艾略特的诗歌等。同样,像莫奈、雷诺阿、达利这样的画家,希区柯克、费里尼、斯皮尔伯格、陈凯歌或张艺谋这样的电影制作人也是如此。 他们鲜明独特的艺术风格标志着与别人不同的艺术形式上的重大变革,这让他们名利双收, 但也让他们付出了代价,那就是失去了用其他风格或形式表现自我的自由。 名气这盏聚光灯可比热带丛林还要炙热。骗局很快会被揭穿,过多的关注带来的压力会让大多数人难以承受。它让你失去自我。你必须是公众认可的那个你,而不是真实的你或是可能的你。艺人,就像政客一样,必须常常说些违心或连自己都不完全相信的话来取悦听众。 一滴名气之水有可能玷污人的心灵这一整口井,因此一个艺术家若能保持真我,会格外让人惊叹。你可能答不上来哪些人没有妥协,却仍然在这场名利的游戏中获胜。 一个例子就是爱尔兰著名作家奥斯卡?王尔德,他在社交行为和性行为方面以我行我素而闻名于世。虽然他的行为遭到公众的反对,却依然故我,他也因此付出了惨痛的代价。 在一次宴会上,他一位密友的母亲当着他的朋友和崇拜者的面,指责他在性方面影响了她的儿子。他听了她的话以后大为光火,起诉了这个年轻人的母亲,声称她毁了自己的“好”名声。但是,他真该请一个更好的律师。 结果是,法官不仅不支持他提出的让这个女人赔偿他名声损失费的请求,反而对他本人进行了罚款。他由于拒交罚款最终还被送进了监狱。更糟糕的是,他再也无法获得更多公众的宠爱。在最糟糕的时候,他发现没有一个人愿意拿自己的名声冒险来替他说话。 为保持真我,他付出的代价是,在最需要崇拜者时,谁也不理他。 奇怪的是,收获最大的恰恰是失败者。他们收获了自由~ 他们可以自由地表达,独辟蹊径,不落窠臼,不用担心失去崇拜者的支持。 失败的艺术家寻求安慰时,可以想想许多伟大的艺术家都是过世多年以后才成名,或是他们没有出卖自己。 他们也可以为自己的失败辩解:自己的才华实在过于高深,不是当代听众或观众所理解得了的。那些失败了却仍不肯放弃的顽固派也许会乐于知道,某些名人曾经如何越挫越勇,直至成功。美国小说家托马斯?伍尔芙的第一本小说《向家乡看吧,安琪儿》被拒39次后,才最终得以出版。贝多芬战胜了父亲认为他毫无音乐家潜质的偏见,成为世界上最伟大的音乐家。19世纪瑞士著名教育家裴斯泰洛齐原先干的工作没有一件成功,直到他想到去教小孩子,并研究出一种新型教育模式的基础理论。托马斯?爱迪生在四年级时被赶出了学校,因为老师觉得他似乎太迟钝。但不幸的是,对大多数人而言,失败是奋斗的结束,而不是开始。 对那些孤注一掷的追名逐利之徒,我要说:祝你们好运。但是,遗憾的是,你会发现这不是你想得到的。狗自逐其尾所得到的只是一条尾巴而已。获得成功的人常常发现成功对他来说弊大于利。所以要为真实的你、为自己的所为感到高兴,而不是拼命去获得成功。 做那些你为之感到骄傲的事情。可能在有生之年你默默无闻,但你可能创作了更好的艺术。 unit2A 他出生在伦敦南部的一个贫困地区。他穿的短袜是从妈妈的红色长袜上剪下来的。 他的妈妈一度被诊断为精神失常。狄更斯或许能创作出查理?卓别林的童年故事, 但只有查理?卓别林才能塑造出了不起的喜剧角色“流浪汉”,这个使其创作者声名永驻的衣衫褴褛的小人物。就卓别林而言,其他国家,如法国、意大利、西班牙,甚至日本,都比他的出生地给予了他更多的掌声(和更多的收益)。在1913年,卓别林永久地离开了英国,与一些演员一起启程到美国进行舞台喜剧表演。在那里,他被星探招募到好莱坞喜剧片之王麦克?塞纳特的旗下工作。令人遗憾的是,20世纪二、三十年代的很多英国人认为卓别林的“流浪汉”多少有点“粗俗”。中产阶级当然这样认为。劳动阶层反倒更有可能为这样一个反抗权势的角色拍手喝彩:他以顽皮的小拐杖使绊子,或用皮靴后跟对准权势者肥大的臀部踢一下。尽管如此,卓别林的滑稽乞丐形象并不那么像英国人,甚至也不像劳动阶级的人。 英国流浪者并不留小胡子,也不穿肥大的裤子或燕尾服:欧洲的领导人和意大利的侍者才那样穿戴。另外,“流浪汉”瞟着漂亮女孩的眼神也有些粗俗,被英国观众认为不太正派??只有外国人才那样,不是吗, 而在卓别林大半的银幕生涯中,银幕上的他是不出声的,也就无从证明他是英国人。事实上,当卓别林再也无法抵制有声电影,不得不为他的“流浪汉”寻找“合适的声音”时,他确实很头疼。他尽可能地推迟那一天的到来:在 1936 的《摩登时代》里,他第一次在影片里发声唱歌。在片中,他扮演一名侍者,满口胡言乱语,听起来不像任何国家的语言。后来他说,他想象中的“流浪汉”是一位受过大学教育,但已经没落的绅士。但假如他在早期那些短小的喜剧电影中能操一口受教育人的口音,那么他是否会闻名世界就难说了,而英国人也肯定会觉得这很“古怪”。没有人知道卓别林这么干是不是有意的,但这促使他获得了巨大的成功。他是一个才能非凡的人,他的决心之大甚至在好莱坞明星中也十分少见。他的巨大名声为他带来了自由,更重要的是带来了财富,他因此得以成为自己的主人。在事业发展之初,他就感到一种冲动要去发掘并扩展自己身上所显露的天才。 当他第一次在银幕上看到自己扮演的“流浪汉”时,他说:“这不可能是我。那可能吗,瞧这角色多么与众不同啊~”这种震惊唤起了他的想象。卓别林并没有把他的笑料事先写成文字。他是那种边表演边根据感觉去创造艺术的喜剧演员。没有生命的物体特别有助于卓别林发挥自己艺术家的天赋。他将这些物体想象成其他东西。因此,在《当铺老板》中,一个坏闹钟变成了正在接受手术的“病人”;在《淘金记》中,靴子被放在锅里煮,靴底被蘸着盐和胡椒吃掉,就像上好的鱼片一样(鞋钉就像鱼骨那样被剔除)。这种对事物的转化,以及他一次又一次做出这种转化的技巧,正是卓别林伟大喜剧的奥秘所在。他也深切地渴望被爱,同时也害怕遭到背叛。这两者很难结合在一起,有时这种冲突导致了灾难,就像他早期的几次婚姻那样。然而即使是这种以沉重代价换来的自知之明也在他的喜剧创作中得到了表现。 “流浪汉”始终没有失去对卖花女的信心,相信她正等待着与自己共同走进夕阳之中;而卓别林的另一面使他的凡尔杜先生,一个杀了妻子的法国人,成为了仇恨女人的象征。 令人宽慰的是,生活最终把卓别林先前没能获得的稳定和幸福给了他。 他找到了沃娜?奥尼尔?卓别林这个伴侣。她的沉稳和深情跨越了他们之间37岁的年龄差距。他们的年龄差别太大,以致当1942年他们要结婚时,新娘公布了他们的结婚日期后,为他们办理手续的官员问这位漂亮的17岁姑娘:“那个年轻人在哪儿,”??当时已经54岁的卓别林小心翼翼在外面等候着。 由于沃娜本人出生在一个被各种麻烦困扰的大家庭,她对卓别林生活中将面临的挑战也做好了充分准备,因为当时关于他俩有很多毫无根据的流言。后来在他那个有那么多天才孩子的大家庭中,卓别林有时会引发争吵,而她则成了安宁的中心。卓别林死于1977年圣诞节。 几个月后,几个近乎可笑的盗尸者从他的家庭墓室盗走了他的尸体以借此诈钱。 警方追回了他的尸体,其效率比麦克?塞纳特拍摄的启斯东喜剧片中的笨拙警察要高得多。但是人们不禁会感到,卓别林一定会把这一奇怪的事件看作是对他的十分恰当的纪念??他以这种方式给这个自己曾为之带去这么多笑声的世界留下最后的笑声。 unit3A 人人都觉得福利救济对象是在骗人。当我认识的许多坐轮椅的人面临与宠物猫分吃生猫食的窘境时,都会向福利机构多骗取几美元。为了能领到一点额外的福利款,他们告诉政府说他们实际上少拿了200美元的养老金,或告诉社会工作者,说房东又将房租涨了100 美元。 我选择了过一种完全诚实的生活,因此我不会那样做,而是四处找活,揽些画漫画的活。 我甚至还告诉福利机构我赚了多少钱~哦,私下里领一笔钱当然对我挺有吸引力, 但即使我挡不住这种诱惑,我投稿的那些大杂志也不会去给自己惹麻烦。他们会保留我的记录,而这些记录会直接进入政府的电脑。真是态度鲜明,毫不含糊。作为一名福利救济对象,我必须在社会工作者面前卑躬屈膝。社会工作者心里知道,许多救济对象在欺骗他们,因此他们觉得,作为补偿,他们有权让救济对象向他们点头哈腰。我并不是故意感到忿忿不平。 大多数社会工作者刚开始时都是些大学毕业生,有理想,而且思想开明。 可是,在这个实际上是要人撒谎的体制里干了几年后,他们就变得与那个叫“苏珊娜”的人一样了??一个穿运动短裤的侦探。去年圣诞节过后不久,苏珊娜到我家来了解情况,看到墙上贴着新的宣传画,便想知道:“你从哪儿弄到钱来买这些,”“从朋友和家人那儿。”“那么,你最好要张收据,真的,你接受任何捐献或礼物都要报告。”她这是在暗示我:得哀求她了。但是我却将她顶了回去。“那天在马路上有人给我一根烟,我也得报告吗,”“对不起,卡拉汉先生,可是规定不是我制订的。”苏珊娜试图就修理轮椅的问题训斥我。由于福利部门不愿意花钱好好地修理,所以它总是坏。“您是知道的,卡拉汉先生,我听说您的那辆轮椅比一般人用得多得多。”我当然用得多,我是个工作很积极的人,又不是植物人。 我住在闹市区附近,可以坐着轮椅到处走走。我真想知道如果她突然摔坏臀部,不得不爬着去上班时,会是什么感受。政府削减福利开支已经导致许多人挨饿受苦,我只是其中之一。 但它对脊柱伤残的人的影响更为突出:政府已经不管我们的轮椅了。 每次我的轮椅出问题,掉了螺丝,需要换个新轴承,或刹车不灵时,我都打电话给苏珊娜,但每次都要挨训。她最后总会说:“好吧,如果今天我能抽出时间的话,我会找医务人员的。” 她该通知医务人员,由医务人员来确认问题确实存在,然后打电话给各家轮椅维修公司,拿到最低的报价。接着医务人员就通知州政府的福利总部,他们再花几天时间考虑这件事。而这期间我只能躺在床上,动弹不得。最后,如果我幸运的话,他们会给我回电话,同意维修。 当福利部门获悉我画漫画赚钱时,苏珊娜就开始每两个星期“拜访”我一次,而不再是每两个月一次了。她寻遍每个角落,想找出我未上报的电器,或者是女仆、烤炉里的烤猪、停在房后新买的直升飞机什么的。她从来都是一无所获,但最后我总要填厚厚的一叠表格,说明每一分钱的来历。 如何逐渐脱离福利照顾,这在法律条款中没有明确规定。我是一个独立的生意人,正在慢慢建立起自己的市场。要脱离福利救济,一下子每月挣2, 000美元是不可能的。但我很想自己负担部分生活费用,不必在每次需要为轮椅买点配件时都去尴尬地求人。 真需要有一位律师来捍卫福利救济对象的权利,因为这一福利体制不仅容易使福利提供者滥用权力,也很容易使救济对象滥用权力。前几天,由于药剂师说我使用的医疗用品超出常量,于是福利部门派苏珊娜到我的住所调查。我确实多用了,因为外科手术中切的排尿孔的大小改变了,尿袋的连接处发生渗漏。 她正做着记录,我家的电话铃响了。苏珊娜接听了电话,是一位州议员打来的,这使她慌了一下。数以千计像我这样的福利救济对象,如果允许的话,可以慢慢地负担自己的一部分甚至全部生活费用,对此,我要不要在州政府的委员会里尝试着做点儿什么呢, 还用说吗,我当然要~总有一天,像我这样的福利救济对象将在一种新的福利制度下过上好日子,这种制度不会千方百计证明福利救济对象在欺骗,而是要鼓励他们自立。 他们将能自由地、毫无愧疚、毫不担忧地发挥他们的才干,或拥有一份稳定的好工作。 unit4A 一个将会大大提高发展中国家生活水准的转变正方兴未艾。一些不久前还是信息闭塞的地方正在迅速获得最新的通信技术,这将促进他们吸纳国内外投资。亚洲、拉丁美洲和东欧的许多国家也许需要10年时间来改善其交通、电力供应和其他公用设施。但是只一根直径小于半毫米的光纤电缆就可以比由铜丝制成的粗电缆承载更多的信息。由于安装了光纤电缆、数字转换器和最新的无线传输系统,从北京到布达佩斯的一系列城区和工业区正在直接步入信息时代。一个蛛网般的数字和无线通信网络已经发展到亚洲的大部分地区和东欧的部分地区。 所有这些发展中地区都把先进的通信技术看作一种跨越经济发展诸阶段的途径。 例如,信息技术的广泛应用有望缩短劳动密集型的组装工业转向涉及工程、营销和 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 的那些产业所需的时间。现代通信技术“将使中国、越南这样的国家比那些困于旧技术的国家拥有巨大的优势”。 这些国家应以多快的速度向前发展是人们争论的一个问题。许多专家认为,越南在目前急需电话的情况下,却要求所有的移动电话都必须是昂贵的数字型电话,这种做法太超前了。一位专家说:“这些国家缺乏成本估算和选择技术的经验。” 然而毋庸争辩,通信技术将是区分输赢的关键因素。看一看俄罗斯的情况吧。由于其坚实的数学和科学教育基础,它应该在信息时代有繁荣的发展。问题是,它的国内电话系统是一堆生锈的20世纪30年代的老古董。为了解决这一问题,俄罗斯已经开始铺设光纤电缆,并制定了投入400亿美元建设多项通信工程的战略计划。但是由于其经济陷于低迷,几乎没有资金来着手解决最基本的问题。 与俄罗斯相比,在未来10年中,中国大陆计划对通信设备投入1,000亿美元。从某种意义上说,中国的落后成了一种有利因素,因为这一发展正好发生在新技术比铜线电缆系统更便宜的时候。到1995年底,中国除了拉萨以外的省会都将有数字转换器和高容量的光纤网, 这意味着其主要城市正在具备必需的基础设施,成为信息高速公路的主要部分,使人们能够进入系统,获得最先进的服务。 电信工程也是上海实现其成为一流的金融中心这一梦想的关键。为了能给国际投资者提供其所期望的电子数据和无纸化交易方面的出色服务,上海计划建设与曼哈顿同样强大的电信网络。 与此同时,匈牙利也希望跃入现代世界。目前,有70万匈牙利人等着装电话。 为了部分地解决资金问题,加速引进西方技术,匈牙利将国有电话公司30%的股份出售给了两家西方公司。为进一步减少电话待装户,匈牙利已将权利出租给一家荷兰,斯堪的纳维亚企业集团,来建造并经营一个据说位居世界先进行列的数字移动电话系统。 事实上,无线方式是在发展中国家快速建设电话系统的最受欢迎的方式之一。 建造无线电发射塔要比翻山越岭架设线路更便宜。而且,急切盼望可靠服务的企业乐于花费可观的高价来换取无线电话服务??其资费通常是固定线路电话资费的二至四倍。 整个拉丁美洲对无线通信的需求和使用已急速增长。对于无线电话服务商来说,没有任何地方的业务比拉丁美洲更好了??在那里有一个营运点就好像有一堆无穷无尽供你使用的钞票。在四个无线电话市场有营运点的贝尔南方电话公司估计,来自于其每个客户的平均年收入均为2,000美元,而在美国仅为860美元。产生这种情况的部分原因是拉丁美洲客户的通话时间是北美洲客户的二至四倍。 泰国也在求助于无线通信方式,以便让泰国人在发生交通堵塞时更好地利用时间。 而且在泰国,从办公室往外打电话或发传真并不那么容易:待装电话的名单上有一二百万个名字。因此移动电话在商务人士中成为时尚,他们在交通堵塞时也能与外界保持联系。 越南正在做一个最大胆的跳跃。尽管越南人均年收入只有220美元,它计划每年增加的30万条线路将全部为有数字转换功能的光纤电缆,而不是那些以铜线传送电子信号的廉价系统。由于现在就选用了下一代的技术,越南负责通信的官员说他们能够在数十年中与亚洲的任何一个国家保持同步。 对于那些长期落后的国家来说,一跃而名列前茅的诱惑难以抵御。而且,尽管他们会犯错误,他们仍会坚持不懈??总有一天,他们将能在信息高速公路上与美国和西欧并驾齐驱。 unit5A 事实如此,我们孤独无依地生活着。据最近的统计,共有2,200万人独自生活在自己的住所里。其中有些人喜欢这种生活,有些却不喜欢。有些离了婚,有些鳏寡无伴,也有些从未结过婚。 孤独或许是这里的一种民族弊病,我们羞于承认它,甚于其他任何罪恶。 而另一方面,故意选择独处,拒绝别人的陪伴而非为同伴所弃,却是美国式英雄的一个特点。 孤独的猎人或探险者去鹿群和狼群中冒险,征服广袤的荒野时,并不需要有人陪伴。 梭罗独居在湖畔的小屋,有意疏离了城市生活。现在,这成了你的个性。 独处的灵感是诗人和哲学家最有用的东西。他们都赞成独处,都因能够独处而自视甚高,至少在他们匆忙赶回家喝茶之前的一两个小时之内是这样。 就拿多萝西?华兹华斯来说吧,她帮哥哥威廉穿上外衣,为他找到笔记本和铅笔,向他挥手告别,目送他走进早春的阳光去独自对花沉思。他写道:“独处多么优雅,惬意。”毫无疑问,如果自愿独处,感觉要好得多。看看弥尔顿的女儿们:她们为他准备好垫子和毯子,然后蹑手蹑脚地走开,以便他能创作诗歌。然而他并不自己费神将诗歌写下来,而是唤回女儿们,向她们口述,由她们记下来。也许你已经注意到,这些艺术家类型的人,大多是到户外独处,而家里则自有亲人备好了热茶,等着他们回家。 美国的独处代表人物是梭罗。我们钦佩他,并非因为他能自力更生,而是因为他孤身一人在瓦尔登湖畔生活,他喜欢这样??独居在湖畔的树林中。 实际上,他最近的邻居离他只有一英里,走路也就20分钟;铁路离他半英里;交通繁忙的大路距他300码。整天都有人进出他的小屋,请教他何以能够如此高洁。显然,他的高洁之处主要在于:他既没有妻子也没有仆人,自己动手用斧头砍柴,自己洗杯洗碟。我不知道谁为他洗衣服,他没说,但他也肯定没提是他自己洗。听听他是怎么说的:“我从未发现比独处更好的伙伴。” 梭罗以自尊自重为伴。也许这里的启示是:自我意识越强,就越不需要其他的人在周围。 我们越是感觉谦卑,就越受孤独的折磨,感到仅与自己相处远远不够。 若与别人同住,他们的小别会使你感到耳目一新。孤独将会于星期四结束。如果今天我提到自己时使用的是单数人称代词,那么下星期我就会使用复数形式。其他人不在的时候,你可以放飞自己的灵魂,让它充满整个房间。你可以充分享受自由,随意来去而无需道歉。你可以熬夜读书、大泡浴缸、一口气吃掉整整一品脱的冰淇淋。你可以按自己的节奏行动。暂别的人会回来。他们的冬季防水大衣还放在衣橱里,狗也在窗边密切留意他们归来的身影。但如果你单独居住,那么朋友或熟人的暂时离别会使你感到空虚,也许他们永远也不会回来了。 孤独的感觉时起时落,但我们却永远需要与人交谈。这比需要倾听更重要。 噢,我们都有朋友,可以把大事要事向他们倾诉。我们可以打电话对朋友说我们丢了工作,或者说我们在湿滑的地板上摔倒了,跌断了胳膊。每日不断的琐碎抱怨,对各种事情的看法和意见,积在那儿,塞满了我们的心。我们不会真打电话给一位朋友,说我们收到了姐姐的一个包裹,或者说现在天黑得比较早,或者说我们不信任最高法院新来的法官。科学调查表 明,独居的人会对着自己、对着宠物、对着电视机唠叨不休。我们问猫儿今天该穿蓝色套装还是黄色裙装,问鹦鹉今天晚餐该做牛排还是面条。我们跟自己争论那个花样滑冰选手和这个滑雪运动员到底谁更了不起。这没什么不妥,也对我们有好处,而且不像有些人那么令人尴尬:在超市付款处,排在前面的女人告诉收银员,她的侄女梅利莎星期六可能会来看她。梅莉莎非常喜欢热巧克力,所以她买了速溶热巧克力粉,虽然她自己从来不喝这东西。重要的是保持理性。 重要的是不再等待,而是安顿下来,使自己过得舒服,至少暂时要这样。要在我们自身的条件下发现一些优雅和乐趣,不要做一个以自我为中心的英国诗人,而要像一个被关在塔楼里的公主,耐心地等待着我们的童话故事迎来快乐的结局。 毕竟,事已至此,这或许不是我们所期望的局面,但眼下我们不妨称之为家吧。 不管怎么说,没有什么地方比家更好。 unit6A 商科学生有时对课程里包含商业道德课略感吃惊。他们通常没意识到在很多国家,形形色色的贿赂行为正日益增多。在某些国家,这已成为人们几百年来的一种生活方式。 假定在一场与政府官员的谈判中,贸易部长向你明确表示如能给他一大笔贿赂,那么你的商品拿到进口许可证就会容易得多,还可能避免他所说的“程序上的延误”。 现在的问题是:你是被迫掏钱呢,还是坚持原则, 高尚的道德标准说起来容易,但实际上人们在这种情况下究竟会怎么做呢, 早些时候,一家英国汽车制造商被指控利用一笔基金行贿,并进行其他一些可疑运作,如给代理商和客户高额回扣、提供额外折扣、向一些在瑞士银行开的匿名账户汇款等。这家汽车公司否认了这些指控,后来指控也被撤销了。然而,当时英国汽车业里就有人准备私下里说:“瞧,我们这一行竞争激烈,每年我们汽车的海外销售额超过10亿英镑。如果花几百万英镑能让一些客户高兴,谁会有损失呢,我们不这样干,别人也会这样干的。” 很容易产生这样的印象:贿赂以及其他可疑开支正日渐增多。的确,这似乎已成为商界的一个事实。仅举一例:美国第三大汽车制造企业克莱斯勒汽车公司透露,它在1971至1976年间共发生了250万美元的可疑开支。这一事实的披露,使克莱斯勒与其他300多家美国公司一样,向美国证券交易委员会承认自己近年曾有过某种形式的支出,像贿赂、额外打折等。 为方便讨论起见,我们可将这些支出分为三大类。 第一大类是那些为政治目的或为获得大宗 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 所付出的大笔款项。比如,有一家美国企业曾因可能违反美国商业法规而受调查,当时它捐出一大笔款项支持一位总统候选人。后来发现,这家公司也打算资助美国推翻智利政府的秘密行动。 这一大类也包括为得到武器销售或重大的石油、建筑等项目的合同而向权势家族及其身边的顾问所付出的大笔款项。在一桩涉及对伊朗武器销售的案子中,一位证人声称一家英国公司曾付给某“洽谈人”100万英镑。此人帮忙做成了一笔向伊朗提供坦克和其他军事装备的交易。据闻其他国家也是如此,向外国公司施压,要他们向党派组织的账户捐款。 第二大类包括旨在促使政府加快对某些工程项目的正式批准而作的支出。关于这一点有个有趣的例子:有个销售经理几个月来一直试图向加勒比地区一个国家的建工部长推销道路工程机械。后来,他想到了办法。了解到建工部长收藏珍本书,他买了一本书的珍藏版,在书里夹了两万美元,将其送给部长。部长看了书的内容后说:“我知道这书有两卷本的。”机敏的销售经理答道:“先生,我们公司买不起两卷本,不过可以给你弄一本带‘前言’的~”不久,这笔生意获准了。 第三大类指某些国家按照传统做法付给在交易中起作用的人的费用。中东的一些国家和某些亚洲国家的做法都属此类。 是否有可能制订一套公司法规,防止各种类型的贿赂呢,国际商会(ICC)赞成用一套行为 准则来制止行贿索贿。这一准则试图区分哪些是真正为服务所付的佣金,哪些是等同于贿赂的过高费用。已经成立了一个委员会来实际操作这一准则。 可惜的是,国际商会委员们就如何实行这一法规的意见不一。英国委员们希望这一体系有充分的法律效力以使公司 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 行事。而法国代表认为制定和实施法律是政府的事。 像国际商会这样的商业团体该做的是表明孰对孰错,而非强制实行什么。 在一家知名英国报纸上,最近有位作者指出“企业已陷入贿赂网”,人人都“贪赃枉法”。 这一说法可能有些夸张。然而,如今做海外销售的商人们常常难以做到既确保自己的商业利益,又无愧于道德良心。 unit7A 《人类基因的历史与地理分布》尽管不是严格意义上的畅销书,却是一本汇集了50多年人类遗传学方面研究成果的好书。它对人类在基因层面上的差异作了迄今为止最为广泛的调查,得出了明确的结论:如果不考虑影响肤色、身高等表面特征的基因,不同的“种族”在外表之下相似地令人吃惊。个体之间的差异远远大于群体之间的差异。实际上,那种认为某一种群比另一种群的基因更优越的理论是毫无科学根据的。 然而,此书还不仅仅是对目前的种族偏见理论的反驳。这一项目的主要倡导者,斯坦福大学教授路卡?卡瓦里-斯福尔扎,与同事一起经过16年的努力,绘制了这一世界上首幅人类基因分布图谱。此书的一大特点是提供了500多幅图,显示了相同的遗传基因所处的区域,这很像其他地图上用同样的颜色标示同样海拔高度的地区。通过测定当前人类种群间的亲缘关系,作者们勾绘了地球上早期人类迁徙的路线。他们的研究结果相当于一份全球家谱。 他们在人类血液中找到了绘制这一家谱所需的信息:不同的蛋白质就是显示一个人的基因构成的标志。作者们利用几十年来科学家们收集的数据,汇编成了近2,000个群体中成千上万个个体的数据图。为了确保种群的“纯正”,这项研究将对象限定于自1492年起,即欧洲最初的大规模迁徙之前就一直居住在现生活区域的那些群体。这实际上就是一幅哥伦布驶向美洲时期的世界人口基因分布图。 收集血样,特别是到偏远地区的古老人群中收集血样,并非总是易事。潜在的供血者通常不敢合作,或存在宗教上的担心。有一次在非洲农村,正当卡瓦里?斯福尔扎要从儿童身上采血时,一个愤怒的村民手执斧头出现在他面前。这位科学家回忆道:“我记得他说,‘如果你从孩子们身上抽血,我就要放你的血。’那个人是担心我们可能用这些血来施魔法。” 尽管有困难,科学家们还是取得了一些引人注目的发现。其中之一就醒目地印在此书封面上:人类基因变异彩图表明,非洲与澳洲分别位于变化范围的两端。因为澳洲土著和非洲黑人之间有一些共同的外表特征,如肤色、体型等,所以被普遍认为有密切的亲缘关系。 但是他们的基因却表明并非如此。在所有人种中,澳洲人与非洲人的关系最远,而与其邻居东南亚人非常接近。我们所看到的人种差异,例如欧洲人与非洲人的差异,主要是人类从一个大陆向另一个大陆迁徙时为适应气候所产生的。 结合对远古人骨的研究,这一图谱证实了非洲是人类的诞生地,因而也是人类迁徙的始发地。 这些发现,再加上现代非洲人与非非洲人之间的巨大基因差异,说明了从非洲种群开始的分支是人类家谱上最早的分支。 这一基因分布图谱对长期以来困绕着科学家的人种起源问题也做出了新的解释。南部非洲的科伊桑人就是一个例子。很多科学家认为科伊桑人是一个独立的非常古老的人种。他们语言中那种独特的短促而清脆的声音使得一些研究者认为科伊桑人是最原始的人类祖先的直系后裔。然而他们的基因却表明情况并非如此。基因研究表明科伊桑人可能是古代西亚人与非洲黑人的混血。图谱上显示的遗传轨迹表明这一混血人种的发源地可能在埃塞俄比亚或中东地区。 法国和西班牙的巴斯克人是人类家谱图上欧洲人分支的最特殊的成员。他们有几组少见的基 因类型,包括一种罕见血型的发生率在巴斯克人中也是最高的。他们的语言起源不明,也无法被归入任何标准的类别。他们居住的地区紧挨着发现早期欧洲人壁画的几个著名的洞穴这一事实使卡瓦里?斯福尔扎得出这样的结论:“在欧洲最早的近代人中,巴斯克人极有可能与克罗马努人关系最直接。”人们认为所有的欧洲人都是混合人种,有65%的亚洲人基因,35%的非洲人基因。 除了揭示人种的起源以外,基因信息对医学界来说也是最新资料。医学界希望能用人类脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)制成特别的蛋白质,这些蛋白质可能具有某种抗病药物的价值。 保护土著人权益的活动家们担心科学家可能会利用土著人:从当地人血样中提取的基因物质可被用于商业目的,而DNA 提供者却不会获得足够的报酬。 卡瓦里?斯福尔扎强调,他的工作不仅有科学意义,而且也有社会意义。他说研究的最终目的是“削弱”造成种族偏见的“传统的种族观念”。他希望这一目的会得到一直为同样目的进行抗争的土著民族的接受。 unit8A 我清楚地记得我成为黑人的那一天。 13岁之前我一直住在佛罗里达州的一个黑人小镇伊顿维尔。 小镇的居民全是黑人。 我所认识的白人都是来自佛罗里达的奥兰多或是去往奥兰多的过路人。 本地的白人骑着风尘仆仆的马匹,而北方来的旅游者则驾着汽车沿着乡下的沙土路一路驶来。 小镇的人见惯了南方人,因此他们经过时小镇的人照旧大嚼甘蔗。 但是看到北方人则是另一回事。 胆怯的人躲在窗帘后小心翼翼地偷看他们, 胆大的则会走到屋外看着他们经过,感到很有趣,就像这些旅游者看到这村庄也感到很有趣一样。 门前平台可能是镇上其他人不敢去的地方,但对我来说,那儿就像前排座位一样。 我最爱坐在门柱上。 我喜欢在那儿看人们来来往往,也不在乎让那些人知道我喜欢看他们, 通常还与他们搭几句话。 我向他们挥手,如果他们也向我挥手,我还会与他们打招呼。 骑马或驾车的人通常会停下来,我们不可思议地互打招呼之后,我可能会随着他们“颠儿几步”,这是我们佛罗里达最南边的说法,意思是跟着他们走上一小段路。 如果正巧赶上家里人来到房前看见我,他们就会毫不客气地打断我们的交谈。 那段日子里,在我看来,白人和黑人的区别只不过是他们路过小镇,但从不住在这里。 他们喜欢听我“说几句”,喜欢听我唱歌,看我跳舞,并为此大方地给我小银币这倒使我感到意外,因为我太愿意跟他们“说上几句”,太愿意为他们唱歌跳舞了,他们给我钱时我才会停下来。 只是他们不知道这一点。 黑人不会给我钱, 对我表现出的任何一点欢乐的苗头,他们都不赞同。但我仍然是他们的佐拉, 我是属于他们,属于周围的旅馆,属于那个地方,属于每一个人的佐拉。 但我13岁时,家里发生了变故,我被送到杰克逊维尔的学校去了。 离开伊顿维尔时我还是我,佐拉。 可在杰克逊维尔下了船后,原来的佐拉不复存在了。 我似乎发生了巨大的变化, 我再也不是伊顿维尔的佐拉了,我现在成了个小黑妞, 在好些方面都是。 在镜中,在内心深处,我变成了永远不黑不白的棕色人??就像最好的鞋油,抹不掉,不褪色。 身边总有人提醒我自己是奴隶的后代, 但这并没有使我沮丧。 奴隶制是60年前的事了。 解放黑奴的这场手术很成功,病人的情况也不错,谢谢。 这场使我从黑奴变为美国公民的可怕战争喊道“各就位~” 内战后的那段时期说“预备~”我的上一代人则喊“跑~” 就像一场赛跑一样,我飞速起跑,决不可中途停步,伤心回望。 身为黑奴是我为文明生活所付出的代价,而作出这一选择的并不是我。 世界上再没有什么人有过比这更大的争取荣耀的机会了。 想想将要获得的新生活,而且我们不会有任何损失。不管我做什么,都可能得到双倍的嘉奖,或是双份的责难。想想这一点,知道这一点都令人激动不已。 占据国内舞台的中心可真刺激,而台下的观众则不知是喜是忧。 我没有总是感到自己是有色人种。 甚至现在我还常常感觉自己还是伊顿维尔小镇上懵懂无知的佐拉。 比如,我可以在餐馆和一位白人坐在一起。 我们闲谈一些都经历过的平常琐事,白人会安静地坐着,兴味盎然地听我讲。 有时候我不属于任何人种,我就是我自己。 但我大体上还是感觉自己像一只靠墙立着的装满各种杂物的棕色袋子。靠墙立着的还有其他颜色的袋子,白色的,红色的,黄色的。 倒出袋中的物品,可以发现一堆或有用或无用的小杂物: 碎玻璃块,小线头儿,一扇早已朽坏的门上的钥匙,一把锈蚀的刀,一双为某条从来没有、将来也不会有的路而准备的旧鞋,一根弯曲的钉子(它所承受过的重量足以弄折任何钉子),一两支仍散发出几许花香的干花。 你手中拿的是棕色的袋子, 面前的地上则是袋中所装的那堆东西??与其他袋子中所倒出的东西几乎一模一样,如果把它们混成一大堆,再分装到各自的袋中,也不会有多大的不同。 多少有点有色玻璃片也没有什么关系。 也许当初上帝这个装袋者往我们各自的袋中填塞时正是这么做的,谁知道呢,
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