物理论文 等厚干涉牛顿环实验报告

物理论文 等厚干涉牛顿环实验 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 等厚干涉——牛顿环实验报告 【关键词】牛顿环、光的干涉现象 【实验目的】 (1)用牛顿环观察和分析等厚干涉现象; (2)学习利用干涉现象测量透镜的曲率半径; 【实验原理】 通常将同一光源发出的光分成两束光，在空间经过不同的路程后合在一起产生干涉。牛顿环是典型的等厚干涉现象。牛顿环实验装置通常是由光学玻璃制成的一个平面和一个曲率半径较大的球面组成， 在两个表面之间形成一劈尖状空气薄层。以凸面为例，当单色光垂直入射时，在透镜表面相遇时就会 发生干涉现象，空气膜厚度相同的地方形成相同的干涉条纹，这种干涉称作等厚干涉。 在干涉条纹是以接触点为中心的一系列明暗相间的同心圆环，称牛顿环。 相关计算:由于透镜表面B点处的反射光1和玻璃板表面C点的反射光2在B点出发生干涉，在该处产生等厚干涉条纹。按照波动理论，设形成牛顿环处空气薄层厚度为d，两束相干光的光程差为: ?=2d + λ/ 2 = kλ 当适合下列条件时有 ? =2d + λ/ 2 = kλ ---------(1) ( K = 1，2，3，... 明环) ? =2d + λ/ 2 = (2k+1)λ/2---------(2) ( K = 1，2，3，... 暗环) 式中λ为入射光的波长，λ/2 是附加光程差，他是由 于光在光密介质面上反射时产生的半波损失而引起的 公式(2)表明，当 K=0 时(零级)，d=0，即平面玻 璃和平凸透镜接触处的条纹为暗纹。光程差Δ仅与d 有 关，即厚度相同的地方干涉条纹相同。 平凸透镜曲率半径 的测量: 22222 由几何关系，在B点可得:r=R-(R-d)=2Rd-d 因为 R>>d 所以得 administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500-1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and construction team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-92 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH3525-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2000 8 JB4730-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB150-98 2 GB50128-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6 上式表明d 与成正比，说明离中心越远，光程差增加越快，干涉条纹越来越密。 由公式:... (暗环)可知: 若测出第K级暗环的半径，且单色光的波长已知时，就能算出球面的曲率半径R 。但在实验中由于机械压力引起的形变以及球面上可能存在的微小尘埃，使得凸面和平面接触处不可能是一个理想的点，而是一个不很规则的圆斑，因此很难准确测出 的值。比较简单的方法是测量距中心较远处的牛顿环直径。以暗环为例，当测得较远的第K级和第K+M级的暗环直径 和 时，由得 若已知λ，则透镜的曲率半径R可用逐差法求得。也可 由作图法求透镜的曲率半径R ， 上式表明 与K 为线性关系，作 ~ K 图，则图的 斜率为4Rλ,若已知λ则可求出凸透镜的曲率半径R 。 【实验仪器】 读数显微镜 钠光灯 平凸透镜和平面玻璃(或牛顿环装置) 【实验内容】 1、调整测量装置 oducts mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel pr-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 8 JB4730-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-welding procedure 6 SH352592 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel -2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-rasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB5023689 steel welds manual methods of ult-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323n team injuries accident penalty provisions1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and constructio-criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500administrative leadership of the 98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231 1997 steel welded-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735-98 2 GB50128-2 按光学实验常用仪器的读数显微镜使用说明进行调整。调整时注意: 0 (1)调节45玻片，使显微镜视场中亮度最大，这时，基本上满足入射光垂直于透镜的要求(下部反光镜不要让反射光到上面去)。 (2)因反射光干涉条纹产生在空气薄膜的上表面，显微镜应对上表面调焦才能找到清晰的干涉图像。 (3)调焦时，显微镜筒应自下而上缓慢地上升，直到看清楚干涉条纹时为止，往下移动显微镜筒时，眼睛一定要离开目镜侧视，防止镜筒压坏牛顿环。 (4)牛顿环三个压紧螺丝不能压得很紧，两个表面要用擦镜纸擦拭干净。 2、观察牛顿环的干涉图样 (1)调整牛顿环仪的三个调节螺丝，在自然光照射下能观察到牛顿环的干涉图样，并将干涉条纹的中心移到牛顿环仪的中心附近。调节螺丝不能太紧，以免中心暗斑太大，甚至损坏牛顿环仪。 (2)把牛顿环仪置于显微镜的正下方，使单色光源与读数显微镜上45:角的反射透明玻璃片等高，旋转反射透明玻璃 ，直至从目镜中能看到明亮均匀的光照。 (3)调节读数显微镜的目镜，使十字叉丝清晰;自下而上调节物镜直至观察到清晰的干涉图样。移动牛顿环仪，使中心暗斑(或亮斑)位于视域中心，调节目镜系统，使叉丝横丝与读数显微镜的标尺平行，消除视差。平移读数显微镜，观察待测的各环左右是否都在读数显微镜的读数范围之内。 3、测量牛顿环的直径 (1)选取要测量的m和n(各5环)，如取m为55，50，45，40，35，n为30，25，20，15，10。 (2)转动鼓轮。先使镜筒向左移动，顺序数到55环，再向右转到50 环，使叉丝尽量对准干涉条纹的中心，记录读数。然后继续转动测微鼓轮，使叉丝依次与45，40，35，30，25，20，15，10，环对准，顺次记下读数;再继续转动测微鼓轮，使叉丝依次与圆心右10，15，20，25，30，35，40，45，50，55环对准，也顺次记下各环的读数。注意在一次测量过程中，测微鼓轮应沿一个方向旋转，中途不得反转，以免引起回程差。 224、算出各级牛顿环直径的平方值后，用逐差法处理所得数据，求出 DD,mn 直径平方差的平均值代入公式求出透镜的曲率半径，并算出误差。 ( 注意: 2000 8 JB4730-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-ium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH352592 technical specification for welding of alumin-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-B11345Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 G-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-ications, serial number a 1 GB3323n team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specif1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and constructio-administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500nd acceptance specification for lifting 698 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction a-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-acceptance of 3 JB/ T47352005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and -98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-DT 9 JB/T47442005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel N-3 (1)近中心的圆环的宽度变化很大，不易测准，故从K=lO左右开始比较好; (2)m-n应取大一些，如取m-n=25左右，每间隔5条读一个数。 (3)应从O数到最大一圈，再多数5圈后退回5圈，开始读第一个数据。 (4)因为暗纹容易对准，所以对准暗纹较合适。 ， (5)圈纹中心对准叉丝或刻度尺的中心，并且当测距显微镜移动时，叉丝或刻度尺的 某根线与圈纹相切(都切圈纹的右边或左边)。 数据记录与处理【】 (1)凸透镜曲率半径测量数据 ,4mn,,25,,5.893，10mm数据表取 ，仪器误差: 0.005 R,855.1mmmm标 环 环数 XXXXLRLR数 2222 D,DRmm() DDmn DD,mnmn2 (mm)(mm) (mm) m (mm) (mm) n (mm) (mm) 2 ()mm 55 29.765 18.931 10.834 30 28.417 20.278 8.139 51.132 867.67 50 29.526 19.110 10.416 25 28.177 20.013 7.463 52.797 895.92 45 29.263 19.429 9.834 20 27.725 20.963 6.762 50.982 865.13 51.5190.283 , 40 28.998 19.692 9.306 15 27.299 21.388 5.911 51.660 876.63 35 28.701 19.972 8.729 10 26.822 21.856 5.017 51.025 865.86 (2)确定平凸透镜凸面曲率半径的最佳值和不确定度,R 2251.519D,Dnm,874.3mm 曲率半径的最佳值 , R,,7，，，425589310,4(m-n) 22令 DDM,,mn n2()MM,,i有 ,1iS,Mn,1 22222(51.13251.519)(52.79751.519)(50.98251.519)(51.66051.519)(51.02551.519),，,，,，,，,,51, 0.283mm= RM,SS,又因为 所以有 RM sMsR, ,,0.005mm R仪M 22,,，,,Smm4.9 RR仪 mm(3)写出实验结果:=(874.34.9) R,R,Δ(mm),R -2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2004 petrochemical JB/ T4708-welding procedure 6 SH352592 technical specification for welding of aluminium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel -2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-rasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB5023689 steel welds manual methods of ult-Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 GB11345-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specifications, serial number a 1 GB3323n team injuries accident penalty provisions1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and constructio-criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500administrative leadership of the 98 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for lifting 6-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231 1997 steel welded-2005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and acceptance of 3 JB/ T4735-98 2 GB50128-oducts mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineering 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel pr-2005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel NDT 9 JB/T4744-2000 8 JB47304 RR,874.3855.1,标相对误差:2.3% ，100%,100%,E,，R855.1R标 【误差分析】 观察牛顿环时将会发现，牛顿环中心不是一点，而是一个不甚清晰的暗或亮的圆斑。其原因是透镜和平玻璃板接触时，由于接触压力引起形变，使接触处为一圆面;又镜面上可能有微小灰尘等存在，从而引起附加的程差，这都会给测量带来较大的系统误差。另外要用肉眼去观察暗条纹，误差会较大。 【进一步思考】 牛顿环利用干涉原理，可进行精密测量，具有多种用途。牛顿环装置可用于检验光学元件表面的平整度;若改变凸透镜和平板玻璃间的压力，条纹就会移动，用此原理可精确测量压力或长度的微小变化;也可将透明介质(如水和油等)注入牛顿环装置中，在平凸透镜和玻璃板间形成液体膜，进而利用空气膜的条纹直径和液体膜的条纹直径可求得液体折射率。 -ium and its alloys 5 low temperature steel welding procedure 6 SH352592 technical specification for welding of alumin-2002 industrial pipe welding engineering code for construction and acceptance of field equipment 4 HGJ222-89 steel welds manual methods of ultrasonic inspection and testing results for grade 3 GB50236-B11345Ray lighting and quality rating of 2 G-2005 steel fusion welded butt joints, welding engineering-ications, serial number a 1 GB3323n team injuries accident penalty provisions, mutatis mutandis. Eight, should perform in the construction standards and specif1000 punishment. (5) significant near miss should be attempted as the case of responsible for the accident and constructio-administrative leadership of the criticism, resulting in serious consequences, the pursuit of leadership, along with 500nd acceptance specification for lifting 698 compressor, fan and pump installation engineering construction a-2009 mechanical equipment installation engineering construction and acceptance specification for 5 GB50275-1997 steel welded atmospheric pressure vessel 4 GB50231-acceptance of 3 JB/ T47352005 vertical cylindrical steel pressure vessel steel welded tank code for construction and -98 2 GB50128-ing 1 GB1502000 steel pressure vessel products mechanical properties test of welded plate II, mechanical equipment installation engineer-DT 9 JB/T47442005 pressure vessel welding procedures of steel pressure vessel N-2000 8 JB4730-2000 of welding procedure qualification for steel pressure vessels 7 JB/4709-2004 petrochemical JB/ T47085