大学英语核心语法及长难句精讲讲义

大学英语核心语法及长难句精讲讲义 大学英语核心语法及长难句精讲班 第一章 动词概述 一、谓语动词 1. 英语时态 The first president of the US was George Washington, the second was John Adams, the third was Thomas Jefferson, and the sixteenth was Abraham Lincoln. Who is the president of the US? A. George Washington B. Abraham Lincoln C. Thomas Jefferson D. None of the above 某一时间某一动作所呈现的状态。 我们学英语。 我们学过英语。 我们在学英语。 我们将学英语。 一般 进行 完成 完成进行 现在 do/does is/am/are doing have/has done have/has been doing 过去 did Was/were doing Had done Had been doing 将来 will do Will be doing Will have done Will have been doing 过去将来0 would study Would be doing Would have done Would have been doing 一般现在时 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示频率的时间状语连用。 时间状语:every…，sometimes, at…，on Sunday 1 I leave home for school at 7 every morning.，twice a week:我每天早晨7点离开家去学校，一周两次 2) 客观事实，普遍真理。 The earth moves around the sun:地球绕着太阳转 Shanghai lies in the east of China:上海位于中国的东部 3) 表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例:Columbus proved that the earth is round:哥伦布证明了地球是圆的 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I don't want so much:我不想那么多 Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well:Ann Wang 的英文写得很好但说得不好 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup:现在我在杯子里放了糖 I am doing my homework now (含义:我正在做我的家庭作业) 注:用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。 5,主将从现,主句用将来时 从句用现在时表将来, ? I will tell you,When Li Ming comes (含义:当李明来的时候我会告诉你) ? I'll e-mail you as soon as I get to Beijing (含义:我一到达北京就发电子邮件给你) 注 :一般从句为时间状语从句「由When As soon as...引导的从句」条件状语从句「由If...引导的从句」 6)表示按 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 ，规定要发生的动作，但仅限于少数动词 如:begin,come,leave,go等 The meeting begins at seven:会议七点开始 一般过去时 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有:yesterday,last week,an hour ago,the other day,in 1982等。 Where did you go just now (含义:你刚才去哪里了,) 2)表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 2 When I was a kid,I often played football in the street (含义:当我还是个孩子的时候，我经常在街上踢足球) Whenever the Browns went during their visit,they were given a warm welcome (含义:布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈的欢迎) 3)句型: It is time for sb. to do sth "到某人做某事时间了" "某人该……了" It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" It is time for you to go to bed:你该睡觉了 It is time you went to bed:你早该睡觉了 would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事' I'd rather you came tomorrow (含义:我宁愿你明天来) 4) wish,wonder,think,hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 I thought you might have some (含义:我以为你想要一些) 比较: 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 Christine was an invalid all her life (含义:她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life (含义:她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. ( 含义:现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去) 注意:用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 1)动词want,hope,wonder,think,intend 等。 Did you want anything else:你还有什么事吗, I wondered if you could help me:不知你能不能帮我个忙 2)情态动词could,would. Could you lend me your bike:你能借给我你的自行车, 11(3 used to / be used to used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。 Mother used not to be so forgetful:妈妈过去不是这样健忘 Scarf used to take a walk. (过去常常散步) be used to + doing:对……已感到习惯，或"习惯于"，to是介词，后需加名词或动名 词。 He is used to a vegetarian diet:他习惯于素食 3 Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步) 典型例题 ---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it. ---- It's 69568442. A. didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't 答案(A):本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个 动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时 一般将来时 1) shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。 will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。 Which paragraph shall I read first:我应该先读哪一段, Will you be at home at seven this evening:你今晚七点在家吗, 2) be going to +不定式，表示将来。 a.主语的意图，即将做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow:你打算明天干什么, b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month:该活动在下个月举行 c. 有迹象要发生的事 Look at the dark clouds,there is going to be a storm:看那些乌云，暴风雨就要来了 3) be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday:我们下星期六将讨论这份报告 4) be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing:他要去北京 注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow,next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。 be going to / will 用于条件句时， be going to 表将来 will 表意愿 If you are going to make a journey,you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible. 如果你要去旅行，你最好尽快准备好 Now if you will take off your clothes,we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. 现在如果你愿意脱下你的衣服，我们将在镜子前为你穿上新衣服 be to和be going to be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. (客观安排) 4 明天下午我要去踢足球 I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排) 一般现在时表将来 1)下列动词:come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning:火车明天上午六点开 —When does the bus star? 汽车什么时候开, —It stars in ten minutes. 十分钟后 2)倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如: Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 3)在时间或条件句中。 When Bill comes (不是will come),ask him to wait for me:当比尔来了，让他等我 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there:当我到达那里时，我会写信给你 4)在动词hope,take care that,make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week:我希望他们下星期玩得愉快 Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room:在离开房间前要确保窗子都关闭 用现在进行时表示将来 意为:"意图"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用词为 come,go,start,arrive,leave,stay 等。 I'm leaving tomorrow:我明天就要走了 Are you staying here till next week:你要在这儿呆到下星期 现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去 但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。 比较过去时与现在完成时 1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无 5 时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday,last week，…ago,in1980,in October,just now,具体的时间状语 共同的时间状语: this morning,tonight,this April,now,once，before,already,recently，lately 现在完成时的时间状语 for,since,so far,ever,never,just,yet, till / until,up to now,in past years,always, 不确定的时间状语 3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live,teach,learn,work,study,know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish,become,get married等。 举例: I saw this film yesterday:我昨天看了这部电影 (强调看的动作发生过了。) I have seen this film:我已经看过这部电影 (强调对现在的影响，电影的 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 已经知道了。) Why did you get up so early (强调起床的动作已发生过了。) Who hasn't handed in his paper (强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。) She has returned from Paris:她已从巴黎回来了。 She returned yesterday:她是昨天回来了。 He has been in the League for three years:他在团中已经三年 (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years:他连续三年被一个团内的成员 (是团员的状态可持续) He joined the League three years ago:他三年前入团 ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) I have finished my homework now. ---Will somebody go and get Dr. White ---He's already been sent for. 句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如 yes terday,last,week,in 1960)时，不能使用现在 完成时，要用过去时。 (错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 用于现在完成时的句型 1)It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. 6 It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2)This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 典型例题 (1) ---Do you know our town at all? ---No,this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。 (2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before ---No,it's the first time I ___ here. A. even,come B. even,have come C. ever,come D. ever,have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完 成时。 注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状 态是可以持续的。 (错)I have received his letter for a month. (对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month. One in six. Believe it or not, that’s the number of Americans who struggle with hunger. To make tomorrow a little better, Feeding America, the nation’s largest domestic hunger-relief organization has chosen September as Hunger Action Month. (2012-6) Today, given the job losses of the past year, fewer unhappy couples will risk starting separate households.(2012-6) 2. 语态 我们晒太阳。 我们晒衣服。 被动语态结构: be+-ed 7 8