初中状语从句讲解练习

初中状语从句讲解练习 状语从句 1( 时间状语从句 常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, (立即)immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, 几乎未来得及就…;刚一…就 scarcely … when 还没 就 No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. 2( 地点状语从句 常用引导词:where 特殊引导词:wherever, anywhere, everywhere 3( 原因状语从句 常用引导词:because, since, as, since 特殊引导词:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, 4( 目的状语从句 常用引导词:so that, in order that 特殊引导词: in case, for fear that， for the purpose that, to the end that(为。。。起见) The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them. The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 5结果状语从句 常用引导词:so … that, so… that, such … that, 特殊引导词:such that如此以致 , to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,在某种程度上 6( 条件状语从句 常用引导词:if, unless, 特殊引导词:as/so long as只要, only if, 只要就providing/provided that, 假如 suppose that, in case that, on condition that We’ll start our project if the president agrees. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. Provided that there is no opposition, 反对派we shall hold the meeting here. 7( 让步状语从句 常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though 特殊引导词: as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, while, 虽然whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal. 尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。 状语从句练习 单项选择 2. I would appreciate it ________you call back this afternoon for the doctor’s appointment. A. until B. if C. when D. that As far as I am concerned，就我个人而言education is about learning and the more you learn，3. ________. A. the more for life are you equipped B. the more equipped for life you are C. the more life you are equipped for D. you are equipped the more for life 5. —Is Mr. Smith in the office? —Yes，________ he is in charge of the office，he must be there. A. since B. however C. whether D. for 6. As your good friend, I will do ________help you. A. that I can to B. what I can to C. all that I can D. what I can 7.John may phone tonight. I don’t want to go out ________he phones. A. as long as B. in order to C. in case D. so that 8.Someone called me up in the middle of the night，but they hung up ________I could answer the phone. A. as B. since C. until D. before 9. —Don’t look down upon Bob. He has his own advantages. —Oh, yes. ________others are weak, he is strong. A. If B. When C. Where D. Though 10.It is ten years ________he smoked. A. that B. when C. since D. while 11.We must hurry up ________catch up with the last train. A. that B. so that to C. in order that D. in order to 12.No matter ________hard it may be，I will carry it out. A. what B. whatever C. how D. however 14. —Are you thinking about going to New York for the holiday? —No. But if I ________the time，I would definitely go. A. have B. had C. have had D. would have 15.________ you are so weak，you’d better stay at home. A. Since B. For C. Because D. Though 16. English and French are taught here. You can choose ________you like. A. no matter which B. whichever C. which D. whatever 17.I saw Mr. Smith last Sunday. We had not seen each other ________I left London. A. as B. before C. since D. till 18.I’ll be back before you ________. A. will leave B. will have left C. leave D. would leave 19.The problem won’t be settled until we ________a chance to discuss it thoroughly. A. have had B. will have C. will have had D. would have 21.They went on working ________it was late at night. A. even if B. as if C. however D. as though 25.Although he is considered a great writer，________. A. however his works are not widely read B. but his works are not widely read C. his works are not widely read D. still his works are not widely read 27.We should finish the important job，________. A. long it takes however B. it takes however long C. long however it takes D. however long it takes 28.________he made an important speech at the meeting was true. A. That B. Why C. What D. How because～as, since 和for 用法区别 A. 四个词都可以表示“因为”的意思，语气由强到弱依次为 because?since?as?for。 because表示直接原因，一般放在主句之后，也可独立存在。通常用于回答why的提问。 —Why are you late? 你怎么迟到了, —Because I missed early bus. 因为我没赶上早班车。 B. since侧重于主句，着重表达显然的或已知的现由。 Since everybody is here, let's begin. 既然大家都知道了，我们开始吧。 C( as主从句并重，从句说明原因，主句说明结果。 As it was late, I had to go. 由于太晚了，我必须走了。 D. for表明附加或推断的理由，其引导的分句不能放在句首，语气最弱。 It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚一定下了雨，地面是湿的。 Whichever与no matter which 区别 ，一是引导名词性从句(如主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句)，一、whichever的用法两个 用法 二是用于引导让步状语从句。 Take whichever you like. 哪个你喜欢你就拿哪个。 二、no matter which的用法 no matter which只能引导让步状语从句，不能引导名词性从句。如: No matter which side wins, I shall be happy. 不管哪边赢，我都会高兴。 定语从句 定语从句的概念 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。 二、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who(宾格whom，所有格whose)等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。 三、定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。 四、关系代词的用法 1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如: Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语) 2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语) 3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语) Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to,正在与李明谈话的老师是谁,(作宾语) )当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who， that， which可省略，但介词 注意:(1 在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如: This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。 Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。 (2)含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如: This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。 (3)that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如: The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。 (4)关系词只能用that的情况: a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如: He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。 b.被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如: Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop,你在商店里有什么东西要买吗, c.先行词被the only， the very(正是)， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如: This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。 d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在 那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。 e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如: Who is the girl that is crying, 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁, f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。 (5)关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况: a.先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如: 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么, What’s that which is under the desk, b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如: This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。 而不用that.例如: c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which， Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。 五、关系副词的用法 (1)when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如: This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。 (2)where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如: This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。 (3)why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如: Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。 单项填空。 2. Is this the river _____I can swim, A. which B. in which C. that D. the one 3. This is the best hotel in the city _____I know. A. where B. which C. that D. it 5. Anyone ______with what I said may put up you hands. A. which agrees B. who agree C. who agrees D. which agree 6. My watch is not the only thing ______ is missing. A. that B. it C. which D who 7. The man ______coat is black is waiting at the gate A. who’s B whose C. that D of which. 8. The girl ______ is reading under the tree _____my sister. is B. whom; was C. who; is D. who; was A. which; 9. I love places ______the people are really friendly. A. that B. which C. where D. who 10. The world ______ is made up of matter. A. in that we live B. on which we live C. where we live in D. we live in ?. 用适当的关系代词that， which， who， whom填空。 1. The first thing ______you must do is to have a meal. s Day in the west. 2. April 1st is the day _____is called April Fool’ 3. The family _____had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends. 4. The house _____we live in is very old. 5. Didn’t you see the man ______I talked with just now, be made of和be made from，be made up of的区别 be made of和be made from都表示“由……制成”，主语为制成品。 1.be made of 表示制成成品后，仍可看出原材料是什么，保留原材料的质和形状，制作过程仅发生物理变化。如: The kite is made of paper(风筝是用纸做的。 2.be made from 表示制成的东西完全失去了原材料的外形或特征， 或原材料在制作过程中发生化学变化，在成品中已无法辨认。如: The paper is made from wood(纸 是木头做的。Be made up of指由什么成分组成，一般多种成分。如:水由氢和氧构成。 live on the earth。on earth--adv.在世上, 究竟。 化学推断题部分: (一)推断题解题技巧:看其颜色，观其状态，察其变化。 1. 常见物质的颜色:多数气体为无色，多数固体化合物为白色，多数溶液为无色。 2. 一些特殊物质的颜色: 黑色:MnO、CuO、FeO、C、FeS(硫化亚铁) 2342+ 蓝色:CuSO•5HO、Cu(OH)、含Cu溶液、液态固态O(淡蓝色) 4222 红色:Cu(亮红色)、FeO(红棕色)、红磷(暗红色) 233+黄色:硫磺(单质S)、含Fe 的溶液(棕黄色) 2+绿色:FeSO•7HO、含Fe 的溶液(浅绿色)、碱式碳酸铜[Cu(OH)CO] 42223 紫黑色:KMnO 4 无色气体:N、CO、CO、O、H、CH 22224 有色气体:Cl(黄绿色)、NO(红棕色) 22 有刺激性气味的气体:NH(此气体可使湿润pH试纸变蓝色)、SO、HCl 32 有臭鸡蛋气味:HS 2 产生酸雾:HCl、HNO 3 3. 常见一些变化的判断: ?白色沉淀且不溶于稀硝酸或酸的物质有:BaSO、AgCl(就这两种物质) 4 ?蓝色沉淀:Cu(OH)、CuCO 23 ?红褐色沉淀:Fe(OH) 3 Fe(OH)为白色絮状沉淀，在空气中很快变成灰绿色沉淀，再变成Fe(OH)红褐色沉淀 23 ?沉淀能溶于酸并且有气体(CO)放出的:不溶的碳酸盐 2 ?沉淀能溶于酸但没气体放出的:不溶的碱 4. 燃烧时的主要现象 ?在氧气中:硫——蓝紫色火焰;铁——火星四射;木炭——发白光。 ?在空气中:镁带——耀眼的白光;红磷——“白烟”; 硫、氢气——淡蓝色火焰;CO、CH——蓝色火焰 4 基础推断题:(只要求思考过程) 例1:有A、B、C、D四种元素。当A元素的原子失去3个电子时，B元素的原子得到2个电子，它们形成的微粒，电子排布都跟氖原子相同。C元素原子在第三层上的电子数比第二层上的电子数少一个。D元素的单质在空气中燃烧时发出耀眼的强光，生成白色的固体物质。 (l)写出这四种元素的符号:A是______，B是______，C是______，D是______。 (2)氢气在C单质中燃烧，发出______色的火焰，生成物的名称是______。 (讨论略。) 【投影】二、现象推断型 例2:白色的粉末A，加入B后变成蓝色溶液。向其中加入试剂C，生成白色沉淀硫酸钡。过滤后向滤液中加入试剂D，得到蓝色沉淀E。再次过滤，滤液是氯化钠溶液。根据以上现象判断:A______，B______，C______，D______，E______。 【投影】例3:如图所示，某学生用装置甲(瓶的内壁附有不溶于水的碳酸钙)，作为制取氢气的发生装置。先在瓶内放入锌粒，然后通过长颈漏斗加入稀盐酸。 ?甲瓶内各物质间反应的化学方程式是______。如何得到干净的氢气,, 【投影】三、计算辅助推断型 例4:某不纯的二氧化锰粉末，其中含氧38.5,，且只含一种杂质。这种杂质可能是 [ ] ?铜粉 ?铁粉 ?二氧化硅 ?氧化铜 【投影】四、图示或列式转变推断型 例5:A、B、C、D、E都是无色气体，F是无色液体，它们之间有如下反应关系: ? A+BF; ? A+ClC;将C通入F，能使石蕊试液变红。 2 ? B+DE;将E通入澄清石灰水，能使石灰水变浑浊。 试判断(用化学式表示) A是______，B是______，C是______，D是______，E是______，F是______。 强化推断题:(给出 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 ) 7 8 9. 10 ++2+-2-- 甲乙两车间的废水中含有Na、Ag、Cu、CO、OH、NO 六种离子: 33 (1)乙车间的废水呈蓝色，其中的阴离子 为 _______,如果加入足量的铁可以回收的金属有______; (2)甲车间的废水含有的三种离子是_________; (3)如果将甲乙两车间的废水混合,可以使废水的某些离子转化为沉淀,经过滤后的废水中含有_______; -(4)写出检验其中一车间废水中含有OH的方法。 从实验可判断出，该粉末中一定含有,,,,，一定不含有,,,,。 11有一包固体粉末, 可能含有炭粉、氧化铜、氧化铁、碳酸钙中的一种或几种。进行如下实验: ?取样, 加热至高温产生一种气体, 该气体能使澄清的石灰水变浑浊。?把适量稀盐酸滴入冷却后的固体残渣中, 残存固体全部溶解, 同时产生一种可燃性气体。试推断: (1) 该固体粉末中一定含有 , 一定没有 。 (2) 该固体粉末中可能含有 , 为证实该物质是否存在, 可选用的试剂是 。