[DOC]-英语笔译_7

[DOC]-英语笔译_7 英语笔译_7 英 语 笔 译 外语系:史清玲 第一部分 英 汉 语 对 比 研 究 语音 第一讲 汉语的音系特征:(1)元音优势。汉语没有辅音可以成字，没有元音，则不能成字。这就使汉语音素组合具有优 美的音乐感、实质感;(2)声调系统。由于汉语的字都必须有元音构成基本音素，具有充实的音量，因此，汉语的字都有声调，构成了汉语特有的声调系统(四声);(3)平仄分类。汉语声调系统又有平仄的分类，平仄分类使汉语极富节奏感;如“光明正大”、“谦虚谨慎”是平平仄仄，“异口同声”、“快马加鞭”是“仄仄平平”，因此读起来非常顺口悦耳。(4)组词灵活。汉语属于单音文字，非常便于组成不同音节的词或词组。词与词搭配时也不必使用联结音素，这就使得汉语得语音流纯净、清晰，优美悦耳。上述汉语得语音特征充分表现在杰出的汉语文学作品中，显示出汉语因素的独特的风格美。如诗歌， 白日依山尽， 黄河入海流。 欲穷千里目， 更上一层楼。 句中平仄交替，上下句平仄对立，排列非常整齐。 散文当然不必像诗歌那样讲究平仄，但适当注意句内平仄的搭配，对美化语音的声调，增强艺术的感染力量，也有很大作用。正像老舍先生在《戏剧浅谈》中所指出的那样: “即使写散文，平仄的排列也还该考究。‘张三李四’好听。‘张三王八’就不好听。前者二平二仄，有起有落;后者是四字皆平，缺乏抑扬。四个字尚且如此，那么来说几句就该好好安排一下了。” 下面这段散文，平仄搭配很有规则，声调显得十分和谐悦耳。 曲曲折折的荷塘上面，弥望的是田田的叶子，叶子出水很高，象亭亭的舞女的裙。层层的叶子中间，零星地点缀些白花，有袅娜地开着的，有羞涩的打着朵的;正如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星，又如刚出浴的美人。微风过处，送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。 第二讲 浅谈英汉翻译中音韵与节奏的处理 语言是以语音作为物质外壳的。一篇好的文章读起来总是琅琅上口,音调悦耳,因此人们常常使用“声情并茂”这四个字来评价这样一类的好文章。所谓 “声”就着重语音方面讲的,它跟作品的语义内容即“情”紧密结合，相得益彰。文学作品之所以不朽,关键在于其审美价值。作者通过写景、抒情、叙事、说理或创造形象传达他的意图，同时，作品的审美价值通过语言的声响和节奏表达出来。因此，如何在翻译中体现语言的声响与节奏，保持和再现文学作品语言审美价值，就成了一个值得探讨的问题。 一般说来，词语声音方面的修辞现象，涉及到谐调和节奏两方面的问题。下面就从这两个方面来谈谈英汉翻译中音韵与节奏的处理这个问题。 一、 谐调 谐调是指字音组合的和谐优美。要使词语的声音谐调，应该注意三个方面的问题: 1、声响 在文章中,如能恰当使用“双声词”、“迭音词”和“摹声词”,可以使字 词声音组合和谐优美，悦耳动听。古人这样形容双声、迭韵的语音美:“迭 韵如两玉相扣，取其铿锵;双声如贯珠，取其婉转。”意思是说两个韵母相 同的字放在一起，声音特别响亮，铿锵悦耳;两个声母相同的字放在一起， 发音部位一样，说来自然顺口。如， 举例说明 真的猛士，敢于直面惨淡的人生，敢于正视淋漓的献血。 其中“惨淡”是迭韵，“淋漓”、“鲜血”是双声。这些双声迭韵词的使 用,使句子的声调十分和谐悦耳。 拟声词的作用，在于加强语言的直观性、形象性和生动性。汉语中拟声词 特别发达，如“关关雎鸠”、“车辚辚，马萧萧”、“青青河边草，郁郁园 中柳”、“寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚”等。它们共同的特点是使 用同一音节重迭的迭音词，既美化了声音，又创造了意境，从而创造了中国 古典诗文的典范。在散文中也可经常见到词的重迭运用，如“高兴”往往可 以说成“高高兴兴”，“唠叨”说成“唠唠叨叨”等。 On some October morning there is a heavy hoar-frost on the grass and along the tops of the fences; and at sunrise the leaves fall from the trees of our avenue without a breath of wind, quietly descending by their own weight. All summer long they have murmured like the noise of waters; they have roared loudly while the branches were wrestling with the thunder gust„ 十月的早晨,有时候草地上,篱笆顶上就有浓浓的霜。黎明日出，我们林荫 道上的树叶就纷纷落下，一丝风都没有，只是被地心引力吸下来了。回想夏 日，树叶总是沙沙的响，宛如流水一般;雷雨之时，树枝和狂风肉搏，树叶 也呼呼作响„„ 上文出自霍桑《古屋杂译》里描写秋天的一段文字，作者从着重从声音和 色彩两方面刻画秋天的萧杀景象。译者夏济安先生用优美、传神的中文传递 了原文的精神，其中一个重要的原因就是迭音词的使用:浓浓、纷纷、沙 沙、呼呼。 Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him. 译文1: 译文2:欢迎他的只有几下轻轻的、零零落落、冷冷淡淡的掌声。 2( 声调 汉字的声调除了具有辨义的作用，在词语组合时，如能适当交替配合，还可以增强语言的音乐性。现代汉语有四个声调，即阴平(第一声)、阳平(第二声)、上声(第三声)、去声(第四声)。这四种声调在按照声调的长短变化概括分为平仄两类。平声字听起来高昂平直，仄声字听起来婉转低沉，两者适当交替搭配，就能使声调发生抑扬顿挫的变化，产生悦耳动听的音乐美。 译文中如能做到句内平仄的搭配，对美化语音的声调，增强艺术的感染力，也有很大的作用。 举例。 3( 韵脚 在每句或隔句末了的位置上，使用韵母相同或相近的字，叫做韵脚。韵脚一般使用平声字，间或也有用仄声字的。这种语音的修辞方式叫压韵。压韵可以使音节回环应和，优美动听，并且有助于思想内容的表达。朱自清说:“压韵使得同一个音在同一个位置上不断重复，这种声音的回环复沓，可以帮助情感的强调和意义的集中。”(《诗韵》)所以，在民歌、谚语的翻译中，应该注意押韵。如， An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一个果儿，不用去诊所儿。 There‟s no pot so ugly that it can‟t find a lid. 罐儿再丑，配个盖儿不发愁。 Out of sight, out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。 散文一般不压韵，但抒情散文也经常会使用一些压韵的句式，使语调和谐 畅达，并能助长文章的情思。 二.节奏 节奏是指语音的起落停顿,整齐匀称。好的译文不仅要忠于原意，而且还 应该能够传达原作的风格情趣。注意语句的节奏也是译文不可忽视的一个方 面。 1( 音节配合 汉语属于单音文字，一个汉字代表一个音节(儿化音节除外)，词与词之 间组词灵活，中间不使用联音音素。因此,在遣词造句中要求音节匀称平衡 就尤为重要。在英汉翻译中，为了音节平衡和节奏美，我们可以将单音节词 与单音节词组合形成双音节词，双音节词与双音节词配合以便形成偶字结 构。 But there had been too much publicity about my case. 译文1:但我的事已经搞得大家都知道了。 译文2:但我的事已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。 比较以上两个译文，译文2采取了两个四字格结构，念起来顺口，有节奏 感，文字因此而显得生动活泼，增强了修辞效果。而译文1则采用了大白 话，效果也就逊色得多了。 2、句式整齐 The days of his youth appeared like dreams before him, and he recalled the serious moment when his father placed him at the entrance of the two roads--- one leading to a peaceful, sunny place, covered with flowers, fruits and resounding with soft, sweet songs; the other leading to a deep, dark cave, which was endless, where poison flowed instead of water and where devils and poisonous snakes hissed and crawled. 青春时代梦幻般地浮现在他眼前。他回想起那个庄严的时刻，父亲把他领 到两条路的岔口——一条路通向和平安宁、阳光明媚的世界，那里有遍地鲜 花，满园果实，四处洋溢着柔和悦耳的歌声;另一条路则通向黑暗的无底深 渊，那里流淌的是毒浆而不是清水，那里有张牙舞爪的恶魔和嘶嘶蹿动的毒 蛇。 可以看出，这段文字的鲜明的节奏感是和词语音节的整齐，句式匀称有密 切关系。这里使用的双音节词很多，形成比较整齐的双音节拍，并且又使用 了对偶和排比的句式，句子和句子之间具有均衡一致的停顿和间歇，使语言 具有很强的节奏感，保存了原文散文诗的特点。 Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, too seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt stuidia in mores. 读书使人充实,讨论使人明智,笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特 强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人 庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善变;凡有所学，皆成性格。 从译文中，我们不仅可以看出译者是多么自然、多么熨贴地将文言句式织 入了现代白话，而且可以听到一种和谐的音律。这段译文，有长句，有短 句，有排比，有对偶，整齐中有参差，参差中有整齐。读起来，抑扬顿挫， 节奏铿锵;听起来，和谐悦耳，韵味十足，充分再现了原文古香古色的风 格。 第三讲 “的的”不休 1、 The explanation is pretty thin. 这个解释是相当不充实的。 这个解释相当空洞。 2、 His refusal is not final. 他的拒绝不是不可改变的。 他的拒绝并非不可改变。 3、 They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. 他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。 不出所料，他们压根儿就没答复。 音节单一，欠奇偶对照 1( Suddenly the line went limp. 引爆电线突然搭拉下来。 引爆线突然搭拉下来。 2( If he should venture to forecast the results of this event. 如果有人敢于预言此事的结果?????? 如果有人敢语言此事的结果?????? 3( But shortly afterwards they heard that?????? 可是不久以后他们听说?????? 可不久之后他们听说?????? 尾字谐韵，平仄不分 1( On April 2, 1942 Hornet put to sea escorted by cruisers, destroyers and a flee oiler. 大黄蜂号于1942年4月2日出航，由若干巡洋舰，驱逐舰和一艘舰队油轮护航。 1942年4月2日，大黄蜂号在若干巡洋舰，驱逐舰和一艘舰队油轮护航下起锚出航。 词/字、词义 第一讲 一、汉字: 象形性:“人”分腿站立，顶天立地的人的形状 “雨”四点表示水滴 “伞”字的形状就象是一把撑开的大伞 日、月、从、山?????? 直观性强:短发(bobbed hair)，娃娃头(pageboy style)，百褶裙(pleated skirt)，假发(wig)，硬币(coin)，连衣裙(overall skirt)，橡皮奶头(dummy/comforter)，高跟鞋(stilettos)，灯笼裤(puffed sleeve) 汉字形象鲜明生动，而相应的英译文绝大多数只说明功能，极少具备原文的形象性。 汉语:音、形、义 汉语是表意文字，词的基本构造单位——词素大都具有本身的词义，“因形见义” 英语:(音、形、义) 英语词的形与义没有必然的联系，变化的词义并不见诸于变化的词形，因此词义有广阔的发展余地。 二、大学生在英语学习中出现的种种错误，这些错误之所以产生，我们认为，其原因来自两个方面:学习者和教授者。 从学习者来说，他们都是以汉语为母语的成年人，他们所使用的文字都是表意文字。表意文字与它们所记录的语言的对应关系和英语词汇与英语的对应关系是大不相同的。在我们学生的认知结构中，由于从小就熟悉这种方块 字，看到一个汉字，马上能反应出它的声音和意义，他们习惯把汉字的形体和它的声音以及所表示的意义有机地统一起来，并联系在一起考虑。但是英语却不同，字母与单词之间只有声音上的联系，字母的形体与单词的意义毫不相关。学生从母语学习中得来得经验用在英语学习中难以奏效，难怪学生容易出由于母语负迁移而造成的错误。 与此相关联的，学生在学习中的另一障碍是对词汇的构成缺乏理性的了解。,, 至于因为意义相关而造成的错误，则在另一个侧面反映了学生的学习英语时的弱点，这同样与他们的认知特点和知识结构有关。由于汉语属于一种单音文字,字与字之间组词灵活,所以汉语复合词具有可分性，汉字可以分开记忆。但英语不同，词汇一般都是多音节的，需要整体理解、整体记忆。如要用记忆汉字的 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 去学习英文词汇，那结果是学到的语言不地道，也不自然。如前文提到的read a book, draw a picture等。 从教授者这方面来讲，忽视了已经是成年人的学生在认知结构所固有的模式是问题之一。作为已经熟练掌握母语的学生，他们已经培养起了一套完整的认知模式，他们的思维活动、心里活动都是成熟的、理性的，要让他们学好外语就必须指导他们改换自己头脑中固有的认知模式，充分了解英语的特点，培养起一套适合于英语学习的认知模式。可是，从事外语教学的教师往往忽视这一点，只注重知识的传授。这样，就很容易形成学生在英语学习中的误区，从而增加学习的困难，达不到预期的效果。 第二讲 英汉语词义的差异 (一)多义性 一般说来，英语词义比较灵活，词的涵义范围比较宽，比较丰富多变，词义对上下闻的依赖形比较大，独立性比较小。汉语词义比较严谨，词的涵义范围比较窄，比较精确固定，词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖形比较小，独立性比较大。如，uncle――伯父、叔父、姑夫、姨夫、舅父等。 英语一向被认为是一种适应性、可塑性很强的语言。英国语言学家Eric Patridge说，英语中有一句话:“词本无义，义随人生”(words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words)。美国语言学教授Robert A. Hall在谈到英语词义时说:“人们在特定情况下赋予一个词的 任何词义理所当然地是这个词的实际词义”(any meaning people give to word is automatically its reaal meaning under those a circumstances)。只要出自自然，无需字典来认可，也没有什么真伪好坏之分，一切取决于“听者的感情态度”，语言应当听其自 然。??????由于科技的发展和各种思潮及政治势力的此起彼伏，各行各业和各种集团的人都在尽 可能利用英语的常用词汇来表达各自的专业知识和概念，这就更扩大了词义的范围。 汉语不同于英语。汉语源远流长，有其特殊的民族文化和历史传统，用词将求词义精确、规范、严谨，历来以词义多流变、重晦,为不发，诫绝生造词义。如荀子在《正名篇》中提出著名的“约定俗成”论，主张正名言实，力倡词义的规范化、社会化。汉语词义的严谨、精确、稳定，实与历代名家所作的规范工作有很大关系。但由于汉语词义比较固定，往往流于执着、凝滞，确实给翻译带来一定的困难，故而严复有“一名之立，旬月踟躇”之慨。 英语词义灵活，突出表现为一词多义。英语的词义在很大程度上视词的联 立关系而定。词的联立关系不同，词的涵义也就不同。而就整体而言，汉语同一个词的词义在不同的上下文中的差别就比较小，一词多义现象远不及英语。例如英语story，汉语的词义是故事，但在英语中，不同的上下文可以使它有许多不同的词义: 1) 事件、事情、情况、情形 This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. 这场战争似已成为这代人的最重大的事件。 It is quite another story now. 现在情形完全不同了。 2) 报道、消息、电讯 Last December, the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story. 去年十二月，《邮报》首先报道侦查工作已在那些城市里进行，但官员们 拒绝证实这条消息。 3) 内容、内情、真相 some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. 有些没有参加那次会议的记者把内情捅出去了。 4) 传说、说法 He‟ll be very happy if that story holds up. 如果这话当真，那他太高兴了。 5) 热门、故意的渲染 the story about him became smaller and faded out from the American television by and by. 报道中对他的渲染少了，不久他就从美国电视上销声匿迹了。 6) 身世、遭遇 the Rita Hayworhth story is one of the saddest. 丽泰?海华丝的遭遇算最惨了。 7) 情节、案情 a young man came to Scott‟s office with a story. 一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。 汉语词的独立性比较大，涵义比较精确;英语词的独立性比较小，涵义比 较广泛。 近几十年来，汉语词汇正经历着由单音节词发展为多音节词的变化过程，汉语词汇的双音词化是这一发展的显著特征。单音词词素单一。不受组成词素意义的限制。因此单音词词义比较灵活。一词多义现象也比较多，如单音词“人”在古汉语中有七个词义，但“人”与“民”结合后，词义受到制约，立即变得偏窄，精确、严谨起来，成了单义词。显然，汉语合成此比组成这个词的词素以单音词出现时的词义范围缩小的原因，就在于组成词素在合成词中的相互制约作用。这是从词的构造上 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 汉语词义的偏窄、严谨，不易变通的基本原因、 (二)抽象与具体 “我们所谓名词，和英语所谓Noun，范围广狭稍为不同。我们的名词，就普通说，除了哲学上的名词之外，只能指具体的东西，而且可以说五官所能感触的。” “英语从形容词构成的名词，如kindness, wisdom, humility, youth, 从动词形成的抽象名词，如invitation, movement, choice, arrival, assistance, discovery等，中国字典里可以说是没有一个词和他们相当的。” ——王力 英语表达比较抽象。汉语表达比较具体。而导致英语表达抽象划的重要原因，是因为在英语句子中，大量使用抽象名词。这类名词涵义抽象笼统，往往给人以一种“虚”“暗”“曲”“隐”的感觉;而汉语用词倾向于具体，常常以实的形式表达虚的概念，以具体的形象表达抽象的内容，给人以一种“实”“明”“直”“显”的感觉。 英语的抽象名词多，主要由于英语有丰富的虚化手段。其中最重要的虚化手段是有虚化功能的词缀，特别是后词缀。如， -ness fruitfulness/greatness -ion realization/dicussion -dom freedom/kingdom -ment movement/argument 以上后词缀大多是表示抽象的性质、状态、程度、特征、行动过程、身份、技能等词汇，译成汉语通常要加上范畴词 “化”“性”“论”“品”“度”等。 Abstraction(抽象化) necessity(必要性) relativity(相对论) commodity(商品) Jealousy(嫉妒心理) 英语介词多，在英语理十分活跃，可以用来表达虚泛的意义。 He is not in it.他并未参预此事。 We talked on over fresh tea. 我们一面喝新泡的茶，一面谈话。 If your mother sees your torn trousers, you‟ll be in for it.你妈要是看到你的裤子破了，你准得挨骂。 句法 第一讲 这药吃了准好。 家里的事不用你管，有我呢。 我的法语看报很吃力。 这茶才喝出点味儿来。 看电视没用。 城里有许多许多的事他不明白，听朋友们在茶馆里议论更使他发糊涂。 苹果太好吃了。 “主语和谓语的关系可以是动作者和动作的关系。但在汉语里，这类 句 子的比例是不大的??????因此在汉语里，把主语和谓语当作话题和说 明来看待，比较适合。” ——赵元任 《汉语口语语法》 英语的主谓:支配与被支配，具有明确的形式结构特征 汉语的“话题，说明”:陈述与被陈述、说明与被说明，语义上的结合 He got his haberdashery at Charvet‟s, but his suits, his shoes and his hats in London. 普通的服饰买自夏费商店，可衣服鞋帽总要在伦敦买。 You don‟t grow the grain you eat and you don‟t make the clothes you wear. 你吃的粮食不是你自己种的，你穿的衣服也不是你自己做的。 The girl was used to this kind of dialogue for breakfast and more of it for dinner. 这类话不仅早餐有，午餐也有，这姑娘早就习惯了。 The constant sunshine and mild climate of southern California made it an ideal site for shooting pictures. 加利福尼亚南部阳光充足，气候宜人，是拍摄影片的理想场所。 Tact must be used in requesting permission. 征求同意，应注意方式方法。 Mere chance seemed to determine who lived and who died. 究竟谁死谁活，似乎只由一种偶然性决定。 We prattle about scientific discoveries, but we have made scant use of them foe our benefit. 科学上的新发现我们谈了不少，但怎样利用它们为我们服务却做得很不 够。 We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity. 我们驾驶的飞机几乎每一个部件上都有国籍的某种标记。 I thought about that quotation from Emerson for a long time, and until my heart healed, I left it where my mother had written it. 这句引自爱默生的话我琢磨良久，并把母亲写的这句话一直留在那儿， 直到我的心灵创伤得以愈合。 (But I never stopped imagining who the anonymous giver might be „) My mother contributed to these imaginings. (但是，我对匿名送花人的猜测从未停止过??????)冒出这许多遐想，有我母亲的一 份功劳。 第二讲 词组堆迭句 •我们村上种地种菜，每年每日，春夏秋冬，风里雨里，那里有个坐着的 空儿, •整座山头，全是牡丹，这时正值春风送暖，牡丹花开，红白相间，香飘 万里。风过处，千姿百态，溢光流彩～ •再次面对我们时，他已变得身材魁伟，相貌英俊，心高气傲，冷酷无 情。 •绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱。蜜蜂无言， 春花不语，海波声咽，大地阴沉，这日子是如此宁静。 •词组堆迭句:针对 一个话题，运用数个简短的词组疏散排列而成的句式。其特点如下: •整个句子宜从语义结构“话题，说明”的角度加以分析，和英语的主谓 结构大相径庭。 •简短词组或是整齐排列(如均为四言)或是不整齐排列，亦或和较长的 词组结构混合排列，均可造成一种韵律简劲、起伏有致的效果，体现出句法 和修辞的有机结合。 •词组讲多呈意合连接，极少使用连接词语。 •She was a tall silent woman with a long nose and grey troubled eyes. •她是一个沉默的高个子女人，有着长长的鼻子和忧郁的神情。 •她个子挺高，长长的鼻子，一双灰眼睛，流露出忧郁的神情。 •The emphasis was helped by the speaker‟s mouth, which was wide, thin and hard set. •说话人那又阔又薄又紧绷绷的嘴巴，帮助她加强了语气。 •说话人的嘴巴，又阔又薄，绷得紧紧的，更加强了她的语气。 •continuing at Hartfield---the more she contemplated it the more pleasing it became. His evils seemed to lessen, her own advantages to increase, their mutual good to outweigh every drawback. •他的这种提议，这种结婚与继续停在哈特飞尔德的计划——她越想越高 兴。他的不幸似乎在减少，她自己的礼仪似乎在增加，他们共同的好处似乎 超越了任何障碍。 •他提出的既能结婚又能留在哈特菲尔德德主意，她越思量越觉得妙。对 他既无害，对她也有益，两全其美，尽可为之。 •Her manner was gentle, and while she was pretty in a freckle-faced, red-haired little girl sort of way, she would turn few heads in the street. •她举止文雅，面有雀斑，满头红发，像个小女孩那么可爱，但走在大街 上引不起多少人的注意。 •The morning of June 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green. •六月二十七日上午，天气晴朗，阳光明媚，鲜花盛开，绿草如茵，充满了盛夏之日的清新和温暖。 第三讲 静态的名词词组与动态的动宾或主谓词组 ——英汉句法对比与翻译 •词组:词组是由若干词构成的造句单位，是语义上和语法上都能逐层搭配起来的没有一个语调的一组词。 •名词词组:以名词为中心词的词组。 •动宾词组(述宾词组):动词加上其宾词构成的词组。 •主谓词组:由被陈述与陈述两部分构成的词组，即词组的两部分之间有主谓关系。 •英语句法名词化现象普遍，即偏重使用名词词组，“名词优势于动词”。 •You can rectify the fault if you insert a wedge.(嵌入一个楔子就 可以纠正误差。) •Rectification of this fault is achieved by insertion of a wedge. •He failed in this exam, so he felt disheartened. •His failure in the exam made him disheartened. •英语的名词化优势往往使表达比较简洁，造句比较灵活，行文比较自然，也便于表达较为复杂的思想内容。 •名词化使表达科学思想的一种工具，用在政论文体或科技文体中具有庄 重感和严肃感，更能体现哲理性和科学性。(叶斯泊森) •His support for Portugal‟s occupation of Goa has turned the Asian peoples against his government all the more. •他支持葡萄牙占据果阿，使得亚洲人民更加反对他的政府。 •Built for hard pulling, the Husky has a deep wild chest, thick neck and iron-hard legs. •爱斯基摩狗胸部宽厚，脖子粗大，腿脚壮实，生来适于拖拉重载。 •His weariness and increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade. • 他疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热，于是他下决心一碰到舒适的阴凉处就坐 下休息。 •His action was prompted by the fear of being attacked. •他所以这样做是由于害怕遭受攻击。 •Shortness of time has required the omission of some countries. •由于时间不够，他不能访问某些国家。 第四讲 静态vs动态 英语倾向于多用名词，因而叙述呈静态;汉语倾向多用动词，因而叙述 呈动态。 英语常用用抽象名词表示行为和动作(如realize-realization, complete-completion) 发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 ，要解 放世界上被压迫的民族。 One after another, speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploitation of man by man, liberation of the oppressed of the world. 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。 Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 英语还常用含有行为和动作意义的普通名词代替动词。 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。 The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing. 从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。 A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 走过市区的时候，他们看到一起车祸。 On the walk through the city, they saw a traffic accident. 从这里可以看到泰山的全景。 A panoramic view can be obtained here. 他一想到这场灾难，两腿就像又千斤重，再也挪不动一步了。 At the thought of this mishap, his legs stiffened under him,and could not move a step further. 她不耐烦地咒骂了一两声，把头发从眼睛上拨开，才看到了他。 After an impatient oath or two, she got her hair away from her eyes, sufficiently to obtain a sight of him. 英语中常用名词表示施事者(agentive noun)，以代替动词。也就是 说，大量由动词派生(如以er或or结尾)的名词既表示施事者，又保留原 来动词的意义。这类名词常常与前置形容词构成静态结构。而汉语中由动词 加后缀构成的名词(如读者、教师、打字员、观察家、修理工)用来指人， 不再表示行为或动作，因而英语这类名词往往要转换成汉语动词。 You must be a very bad learner, or else you must be going to a very bad teacher. 你一定不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人很不会教。 He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt; and a partiality for the tavern. (Vanity Fair”) 他是个聪明人，很好相处，可是学习不肯用功;他老是东挪西借，又喜 欢上酒店喝酒。 我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。 I am afraid I can‟t teach you swimming. I think my younger brother is a better teacher than I . 在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。 Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man‟s past wrong doings. 他能吃能睡。 He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他是个笔头快的年轻人。 He is a young and rapid writer. 他常来。 He was a regular visitor. 他既不抽烟，也不喝酒。 He was a nonsmoker and a teetotaller. 我所认识的人当中，她最会记仇，她怎么变得这么恨我呢, She is the best hater I‟ve ever known. How she got to hate me so much. 他热爱中国画。 He is a lover of Chinese painting. 可能扮演这种角色的有好几个人。 There were various possible players for the role. 过去我常常有点喜欢胡思乱想。 I used to be a bit of a fancier myself. 那男孩子可真会捣乱。 That boy is a master complicator/ troublemaker. 你们今天老是看着钟表等待下课啊～ You are all clock-watchers today. 他失业以后，就很不合群了。 Since he lost his job, he‟s been a loner. 计算机比人检查得更细心、更勤快。 The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings. 每个国家需要什么来保卫国家安全，只有它自己才能做出最好的判断。 Every country is the best judge of what is required to safeguard its national security. 不幸，他必须拉洋车。 Unluckily, he must(had no choice but to be) a rickshaw puller. 用名词代替形容词，构成标题式短语。 Sino-American Trade Review Talks Start 中美贸易回顾会谈开始 January Crude Oil Output Beats Target 一月份原油产量超过指标 500-Meter-Long Flood Prevention Dyke Built 五百米长的防洪坝建成 这种名词连用的短语结构简化，表达方便，词数少而信息量大，其使用范围已大大超出了报刊标题。 Generation gap Figure control problem 保持优美身材的问题 Job opportunity discrimination (因种族或性别而异的)就业机会歧视 Space shuttle fight test program 航天飞机试飞计划 Satellite communication ground station equipment repairer 卫星通信地面设备修理人员 中国建设银行 China Construction Bank 中国人民保险公司 People‟s Insurance Company of China 介词的语言 He is at his book. 他在读书。 He has someone behind him. 有人给他撑腰。 The machine is in operation. 机器正在运行。 Is this train for Chicago? 这趟汽车是开往芝加哥的吗, Shall we go to the theater? 咱们到剧场看戏，好吗, With these words she went away. 说完这些话，她便走开了。 They immediately set out in pursuit of the enemy. 他们立即主动去追击敌人。 用形容词(动词的同源形容词如support-supportive, thank-thankful, create-creative, sleep-asleep)或副词表达动词的意义 我怀疑他是否还活着, I am doubtful whether he is still alive. 学生合作得很好，老师向学生表示感谢。 The teacher thanked her pupils because they are very cooperative. 医生同情他的病人。 The doctor felt sympathetic with his patients. 恐怕布朗先生出去了，但是他很快会回来的。 I‟m afraid Mr. Brown is out, but he‟ll be in soon. 他将在半小时内到家。 He‟ll be home in half an hour. The newspaper was down at six yesterday. 昨天报纸六点付印。 Down with the old and up with the new 破旧立新 动词的弱化和虚化 英语中最常用的动词正是动作意味最弱的动词——to be, 其各种形式(包括must be, may be, should have been等)都缺乏动感。由it 或there 与be构成的句子，其静态意味更加明显。另外，还have, become, grow, feel, go, come , get, do等也是英语常用的弱势动词。 There was a tropical storm off the coast of Florida. 弗罗里达东海岸有一场热带风暴。 A tropical storm lashed the east coast of Florida. 一场热带风暴袭击了弗罗里达东海岸。 英语还常常把动词转化或派生成名词，置于虚化动词(have, make, take, do)之后作宾语，如have a look, take a walk, make attempts, pay visits, do some damages, put up a proposal等。这类动词短语往 往显得虚弱而平淡无味。 After he had a quarrel with his boss, Jack quit./ after he quarreled with his boss, Jack quit. 我等着要上路，越等越不耐烦，哪里是等一会儿，一等就是老半天。 I waited with growing impatience to get on my way, not for one minute but for quite a considerable time. 我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到旅程，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况—— 谈到一切，只是不谈我们的男女主人。 We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other---of everything but our host and hostess. 党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时 间的工作。 Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps. “来啦～”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台 阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。 ,coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. 他们沿着大街走去，经过许多商店，穿过一个大广场，然后进入了一座 大厦。 Up the street they went, past many stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building. 时过午夜，我们驱车回家。先过了河，又穿过了这个在酣睡中的古老儿 可爱的城市。 We drove home a bit after midnight, over the river and through the lovely old sleeping town. 我们深信，社会主义制度终究会倒替资本主义制度。 We are quite sure that the socialist system will replace the capitalist system in the end. 他们不满足与他们现有的成就。 They are not content with their present achievements. 如果我们不知道原子的结构，我们就不能研究核子物理学 It we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics. 第五讲 形合与意合 形合:指得是句中的词语成分或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来，表 达语法关系和逻辑关系。 关系词:关系代词、关系副词、连接代词、连接副词，如who, whose, that, which,what, when, where, why, how 等，用来连接主句和定语从句，主语从句、宾语从句或 表语从句。 连接词:并列连词和从属连词，如and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, either„or, when, while, as, since, until, so„ that, unless, lest等，用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句。 介词:简单介词(with, to, in)、合成介词(inside, onto , upon)、成语介词(according to, along with, apart from)，用来连接词、或从句。 其他连接手段:如形态变化，包括词缀变化，动词、名词、代词、形容词和副词的形态变化(如性、格、时、体、语态、语气、比较级、人称等)及其保持前后一致的关系的关系。 意合:指的是词语或成分之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。汉语的意合法往往采用以下手段。 语序 她不老实，我不能信任她。 Because she is not honest, I can‟t trust her./ I can‟t trust her,because she is not honest. 人不犯我，我不犯人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked. 说是说了，没有结果。 I‟ve made proposals, but they proved futile. 抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。 Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved. 反复、排比、对偶、对照。这些句式词句整齐、匀称，往往不用关联词。 他不来，我不去。 If he won‟t come here, I‟ll not go there. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。 As you sow, so will you reap. 不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜, If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey? 东边闪电出日头，西边闪电必有雨，南边闪电天气热，北边闪电有雷 雨。 If it lightens in the east, it will be sunny; if it lightens in the west, it will be rainy; if it lightens in the south, it will be sultry; if it lightens in the north, it will be stormy. 紧缩句:这类意合句是由复句紧缩而成的。“所谓,紧‟，就是紧凑，是 取消各分句之间的语音停顿，让它们紧紧地挨在一起;所谓,缩‟，就是压 缩，是略去原来分句的一些词语，让它们简约一些。”这类句式简明紧凑， 分句之间的语法关系和逻辑关系往往是隐含的。 有饭大家吃。(如果有饭的话，那就让大家吃吧。) Let everybody share the food if there is any. 不到黄河心不死。 Until all is over, ambition never dies. 狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。 However sly a fox may be, it is no match for a good hunter. 狼披羊皮还是狼。 A wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheep‟s clothing. 问遍千家成行家。 Learn from numerous advisers, and you‟ll become a master. 上梁不正下梁歪。 If the upper beam is not straight, the lower ones will go aslant./ when those above unworthily, those below will do the same. 四字格 不进则退。 He who does not advance falls backward./ move forward, or you‟ll fall behind. 玩火必焚。 Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire. 欲盖弥彰 The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed. 王一地同志从1957年就当了中国少年儿童出版社的编辑，我们在多次 “儿童文学”聚会中早就认识了。 Comrade Wang Yidi became an editor of the China Children Press as early as 1957 and we came to know each other at the meetings held by “Children‟s Literature”. 罗马是建在七山之上的城市，拥有大小500座教堂，我几乎都去过了。 Rome was located on seven hills with 500 churches, big and small, and I visited nearly all of them. ??????可供养鱼的稻田670万亩，利用率仅为15,。 About 6.70 million mu of rice fields can be used for fish breeding, but the utilization rate at present is only 15 percent. 虽然世道不同，我想历史古迹总该依旧吧。 Times are different, but the historic sites, I presume, must have remained the same. 他在国内旅游过的地方，出了井冈山以外，都是我没有到过的。 In china, he has been to many places which I have never visited, with the exception of the Jianggang Mountains. 如同旧梦重温一般，我回忆起1936年在伦敦的三个星期，在昼夜看不 到日、月、星三光的浓雾之中，参观了大英博物馆、敏纳斯特教堂——访问 了一些英国朋友。 Just like going through old dreams, I remembered the three weeks I had spent in London in 1936. During that time, when the sun, the moon and the stars were hidden behind the thick fog day and night, I visited the British Museum and the Westminster and called on my English friends. 他到过的国外地方，我在半个世纪以前就到过了，如伦敦、巴黎、罗 马、佛罗伦萨等欧洲城市。 Overseas, he has been to places such as London, Paris, Rome and Florence in Europe, which I had visited half a century ago. 目前，农业科技在中国农业增产中的贡献率约为35,，世界上农业发达国 家在60,以上。 At present, the contribution made by science and technology to agriculture accounts for about 35 percent of the agricultural production increase, while it exceeds 60 percent in the agriculturally advanced countries. 燕子去了，有再来的时候;杨柳枯了，有再青的时候;挑花谢了，有再 开的时候。但是，聪明的你，告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢, Swallow may have gone, but there‟s a time of return; willow trees may have died, but there‟s a time of regreening; peach blossom may have fallen, but they will bloom again. Now you the wise, tell me, why should our days leave us, never to return? 中国将努力促进国内粮食增产，在正常情况下，粮食自给率不低于 95,，净进口量不超过国内消费量的5,。 China endeavors to increase its grain production so that its self-sufficiency rate of grain under normal conditions will be above 95 percent and the net import rate 5 percent, or even less, of the total consumption quantity. 那对年轻夫妇当时非常穷，买不起价钱如此昂贵的彩电。 The young couple were so poor that they could not afford such an expensive color TV set. 我不想同她见面，就朝另一方向走去。 Because I did not want to meet her, I took the other direction, 这里，我想就以下方面谈些看法，希望有助于诸位对中国的了解。 Here, I would like to make some observations on the following aspects, which I hope will help you know China better. 我帮助他，他也帮助我。 I help him and he helps me. 早期的电影是无声的，你既听不到演员的对话，也听不到动作所发出的 响声。 The early films were silent, you could neither hear the dialogues between characters, nor the sounds and noises made by action. The early films were silent; you could not hear the dialogues between characters, nor could you hear the sounds and noises made by action. 不是他没有讲清楚，就是我没有听明白。 Either he did not speak distinctly or I did not hear well. 计算机刚一启动，就发现病毒。 Hardly had the computer started working when viruses were found. 杨小姐郑重地递给我一张名片表示希望和我交个朋友，于是便开始和我 低声交谈。 Miss Yang, who had presented a name card to me in hopes of making friends with me, began to converse with me in a gentle voice. 句 型 翻 译 第一讲 修饰成分 独立主格 1( He looked over Tom‟s head, his glance going through the window to the far strip of horizon. 他从汤姆得头上看过去，目光穿过窗户，直达远方的地平线。 2( He sat cross-legged before his wife, his big hand idle, his expression unstirred. 他盘腿坐在妻子面前，两只大手空闲着，表情木然。 3(She lifted her position on the wagon‟s seat, her hand gently patting the baby who was a little cross from the heat. 她在车座子 上移动了一下身子，手轻轻地拍着因炎热而有点烦躁的婴孩。 分词 1(And the body lay white and still beneath the pines, all bathed in sunshine and in blood. 这具尸体苍白而安静地躺在松树下，浴于阳光中，浴于血泊中。 2(Hester watched him cross the square and come toward her, walking slowly with his shoulders squared. 赫斯特看到他穿过广场向她走来，步子很慢，可挺着胸。 3(Sun struck the windows on the north side of town, setting up a brilliant explosion of light. 太阳直射在镇上北面的窗户，返照得煞是耀眼。 名词 A sometime rock drummer, he liked the music with lyric which expressed violence towards women. 形容词 1( They, weary but game, decided to take a break. 他们人已疲倦而兴致甚高，决定先休息一下。 2(Stephen came out of the hot mill into the damp wind and cold wet streets, haggard and worn. 斯蒂芬形容憔悴，筋疲力尽，从闷热的工厂里走出来，到了凄风冷雨的街 道上。 3(They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness. 他们最后看了铁麦克一眼——它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。 4(The next news bulletin, short than usual, made no mention of the demonstration. 下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。 5. A jeep, full, sped fast, drenching me in spray. 一辆坐满人的吉普车疾驶而过，溅了我一身水。 6(She hid in a stand of maple trees, all red and orange and deep yellow. 7(She watched him carefully, so curious to know how it had happened. 她仔细打量着他，很想知道这是怎么回事。 8(The children came up, hot and weary and full of excitement. 两个孩子回来了，又热又累，又是十分兴奋。 9(I found Jim, unconscious, a few hours later. 几个钟头之后，我找到了吉姆，这时他已失去知觉。 10. I met Sally, angry at me as always, at the party. 在晚会上我碰到莎利，她还像平常那样对我很生气。 11(Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable. 他们乐观、能干、热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。 12. Conscientious and eager, she took down what was said, careful not to miss a word. 她认真热情，把说的话一字不漏记了下来。 第二讲 倒装句的翻译 There +动词，主语 凡说到事物或人的有无时，在主语所喊文字较长的情形下，为引起听者对主语的注意，在应说主语的位置上，用there一词充数，而将真正的主语移到后面去说，如 桌子上有一本书 There is a book on the desk. 后来他却知悔悟了。 There came a time when he did repent. 人们看到了一个奇异的光景。 There was seen a strange sight. 从前有一位大王名叫阿尔弗雷德。 Once there lived a great king whose name was Alfred. 一切寂静无声。 There fell a deep silence. 副词，动词，名词或副词，代名词，动词 枪声啪地一响，那鸟就掉下来了。 Bang went the gun, and the bird fell. 啪的一下有时一声枪响。 Bang came another shot. 皮鞭重重地抽去。 Crack goes the whip. 副词(短语)，动词，主语 一个女孩和一条狗来到了街头。 Down the street came a girl and a dog. 名单上还可加入下列名字。 To the list may be added the following names. 在房间的当中，枝形吊灯下面，站着老家长乔。 In the center of the room, under the chandelier, stood the head of the family, old Joe. 天花板掉下来了。 Down came the ceiling. 他走下去了。 Down he went. 老鼠都跳进去了。 In plunged the rats. 我们象一阵风似地走了。 Off we went like the wind. 笛声一再高扬。 On and on went the piper. 那对夫妇一下就冲出去了。 Out rushed the man and his wife. 他们冲出去了。 Out they rushed. 马车驶过去了。 Over went the carriage. 他拿着盘子走过去了。 Over he went with the dish. 他们上去了。 Up they went. 汤姆来了。 Here comes Tom. 他来了。 Here he comes. 这是你的上衣。 Here is your coat. 这就是的。 Here it is. 那是你的手套。 There are your gloves. (上述各项以外的)副词(短语)，助动词，主语，动词原形 我们对于这个决定深为后悔。 Bitterly did we repent our decision. 那情景我记得很清楚。 Well do I remember the scene. 我们再也见不到他的面了。 Never shall we see his face again. 这种光景我以前只见到过一次。 Only once before have I seen such a sight. 补语，主语，动词 罗杰始终是一个坏脾气的家伙。 Bad-tempered chap Roger always was. 他们非常感谢我对他们的帮助。 Very grateful they were for my offer of help. 幸而我们知道她的名字。 Lucky it is that we know her name. 我的懊恼是痛苦而无益的。 Bitter but unavailing were my regrets. 我采取正当 措施 《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施 极为有效。 So effective it is that I have taken the right measures. 第三讲 before 1. He reached into the stocking and pulled out a toy tractor trailor that looked a lot like his rig and wounded how many stores his mother had to go to before she found such a close match. 他把手伸进长袜里，拿出的是一个玩具牵引式挂车，看上去很像他的那辆 货车。他不知道母亲是去了多少家商店，才找到如此相像的模型车的。 2. In those days, before television brought the United States almost nightly into British homes, Americans seemed very foreign indeed to their British allies. 那个时代，还没有电视每晚把美国生活带入英国家庭，美国人对于他们的 英国盟友来说的确显得很陌生。 3. Only “gentlemen” could visit the Museum and then they had to buy tickets. They also had to make two or three journeys to the Museum to ask for the ticket, and then they had to wait weeks or months before it came. ??????只允许“绅士们”参观，而且他们必须买门票，他们得跑两 三趟博物馆，然后还得等上几个星期，甚至几个月，票才能拿到手。 4(The guerrillas would fight to death before they surrendered. 游击队员宁愿战斗到死，也决不投降。 5. Before Doug could respond, the door opened and in walked a woman he thought to be about Esther‟s age. 道格还没说话，门开了，走进来一位妇女，道格猜测她和埃丝特年龄仿 佛。(道格猜测她的年龄和埃丝特不相上下) 6. The stranger had already gone before he hurried to the hotel. 他还没赶到宾馆，陌生人就已经离开了。 7(I‟ll do it now before I forget it. 趁还没有忘记，我这就把事情办了。 8(It was three days before he came back. 他3天后才回来。 9(We had scarcely left our school before it began to rain. 我们刚离开学校，天就下雨了。 10(I‟d die before I‟d tell. 我宁死也决不泄密。 第四讲 There be •There is a lamp on the desk. •桌子上有一盏灯。 •There stands a typewriter on the desk. •桌子上放着一台打字机。 •There are different elements in nature. •自然界有各种不同的元素。 •There are three main laws of mechanics, or three laws of Newton. •力学有三大定律，即牛顿三定律。 •There are about seventy metallic elements. •金属元素有七十种左右。 •There are 3 ways of heat transfer:conduction, radiation and convection. •传热的方法有三种:传导、辐射、对流。 •Where there is a will, there is a way. •There‟s sure to be some rain tonight. •今晚肯定要下雨了。 •There may have been an accident. •可能发生了事故。 •There‟s going to be a storm. •要刮大风了。 •There was expected to be more discussion. •希望有更多的讨论。 •There are good friends and bad friends. •朋友有好的，也有坏的。 •There is no come and go with him. •他很固执，毫不变通。 •There is not a moment to be lost. •分秒必争。 •There being nothing else to do we went home. •没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 •There is no room for doubt here. •这毫无怀疑余地。 •There is no telling what will happen. •未来的事无可奉告。 •一个女孩在湖上划水。 •There was a girl water-skiing on the lake. •There were no footsteps to be seen. •看不见足迹。 •在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮。 •In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. •At the end of each successful investigation, there comes over each tiny face an expression of pure heart-felt pleasure. •每当探 险以成功结束，一种由衷的喜悦便会浮现在他那小小的面容上。 •There will come a day when people the world over will live a happy life under the sun of socialism. •全世界人民在社会主义阳光下过幸福生活的一天是会到来的。 •许多人要看这个电影。 •There are many people who want to see the film. •另外一个人似乎胸有成竹，那就是麦克纳马拉。 •There was another man who seemed to have answers, and that was Robert McNamara. •在那群人中,有些人每天站在那里, 站了一个月. •there were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month. •楼下有人要见你. •There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. •There were also indications that intelligence, not politics was Helms‟ primary concern. •而且也有种种迹象表明，喝尔姆斯主要关心的是情报，而不是政治。 第五讲 名源动词 1( 将带有特征形象的词译成该形象所代表的概念的词。 1) In fact, the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout eht 1920s that Hitler‟s storm troops goosestepped into power in Furth in 1930„ 事实上，在整个二十年代，纳粹党在巴伐利亚一带已博得公众好感，以至 于在一九三零年，希特勒的冲锋队员就耀武扬威地夺取了菲尔特镇的权利。 2) see-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the nest four weeks was never distinct. 在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点儿不妙，两 种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。 2( 转译成名词 英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不 易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。 名词派生的动词 1) Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。 2)as the war progressed, he would symbolize their frustrations, the embodiment of all evils. 随着战争的进行，他成了他们受挫的象征，成了一切坏事的化身。 3)to them, he personified the absolute power. 在他看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。 名词转用的动词 1) in the early dawn, the guard towers were silhouetted against the sky. 黎明时，填空映出瞭望塔的轮廓。 2)most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth‟s atmosphere after completing their missions. 美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。 3)some of them were already planning to staff a Humohrey Administration in the event the Democratic candidate won an election. 他们中间有些人，已经在为民主党候选人一旦获胜后的汉弗莱政府计划人 事安排。 She promptly shepherded them out of the crowed living room and into the privacy of the library. 她立即把他们领出拥挤的客厅，带到了没人注意的图书馆里去。 翻 译 技 巧 练 习 (一) 自从五月份创造了这个记录以来，人们一直认为它是很容易被打破的。 他戴黑眼镜，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花。 一些美国人越过国境线，只是为了吃点可口的墨西哥食物，喝点墨西哥啤酒。 但是他每冲一次，不是让人一脚踢了回去，就是让人一棍子打了回去。 一所以搞科研为重点的医院 以人为本的政策 我们提了一口袋玩具和书籍，在晨曦中穿过了花园。 为了迷惑别人，他机灵地说些自我挖苦的笑话。 一辆坐满人的吉普车疾驰而过，溅了我一身水。 我因事进城去了。 Because I have something to do, I went to the town. I went to the town on business. Business took me to the town. 你吃了这些药就会好些。 If you take this medicine, you will feel better. This medicine will make you feel better. 他有钱什么都可以做。 He can do anything because he is rich. His wealth enables enables him to do anything. 一见到那孤儿，我就想到她的父母。 Whenever I see the orphan, I remember her parents. The sight of the orphan always reminds me of her parents 天气太坏，我们无法动身。 We could not start because of bad weather. Bad weather prevented us from starting. 你只消仔细比较一下，就可以发现不同。 If you compare them carefully, you will see the difference. Careful comparison of them will show you the difference. 天气太坏，我们无法动身。 We could not start because of bad weather. Bad weather prevented us from starting. 你只消仔细比较一下，就可以发现不同。 If you compare them carefully, you will see the difference. Careful comparison of them will show you the difference. His work made it impossible for him to get home oftener than every other weekend. 他因工作关系，只能隔周在周末回家。 Machinery had made the products of manufactories very much cheaper than formerly. 因为机械关系，工厂的出品比以前便宜多了。 汉语对于每个句子，差不多都是用人做主语，很少使用无生物的。英 语也可以用人作主语，但用无生物作助于，却使得 英语的气味更加浓厚。与无生物主语同用的动词主要有: make,enable,remind,prevent,show,bring,keep等。 (二) 1( 火箭已经用来探索宇宙。 2( 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的声音，令我感到特别神往。 3( 一周快结束时，敌人彻底崩溃了。 4( 从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。 5( 我未必会教你游泳，我想我的小弟弟比我叫得好。 6( 与儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年青人过去所干的坏事。 7( 他们最后看了这个雕塑一眼——它依然安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。 8( 下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。 9( 党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间工作。 10. “来啦～”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。 11(他跑出去时,忘记穿鞋子了。 12.. 那天他在日出以前就起来了。 13. 他们之间的关系,有一个特点,就是以礼相待。 14. 在他们看来,他就是绝对权威的化身。 15. 黎明时,天空映出了瞭望塔的轮廓。 16. 美国绝大多数间谍卫星,按其设计,是在完成使命后,在大气层中焚毁。 17. 由于他的观点,他受到了迫害。 18.他有口才,有风度,但很软弱。 19. 他全家都是虔诚的教徒。 20. 他们被认为是伪君子。 (三) 1( 她脸色苍白，清楚地表明了她当时的情绪。 2( 房间里很温暖也很安全，好极了。 3( 他对这城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能够给他必要得帮助。 4( 对立思考对学习是绝对必需的。 5( 这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。 6( 总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。 7( 他显然属于少数派。 8( 只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的美丽和风趣将这个人争取过来。 9( 新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。 10(但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。 11(他身体虽弱，但思想健康。 (四) 1. In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final commnique. 2. 头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。 3. 他每天来干活——扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。 4. 他是一个性格复杂的人——喜怒无常，反复多变，有些忧郁寡欢。 5. 一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。 6. Profanity was tacitly given up. 7. He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. 8. The very earth trembled with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 9. 一钩新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云彩里去了。 10. 一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到江里去了。 11. The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 12. Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion。 13(中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊～ 14(飞机在下面螺旋下降，拖着浓烟烈焰掉了下去。 15(人群渐渐散开了。 16(他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个每完。 17(他两手蒙着脸，一屁股坐了下去。 18(他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。 19(朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。 20(记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。 21(我呢，从一开始就不赞成。 22(那双眼睛啊，像海水一样的颜色，愉快，毫不沮丧。 23(For mistakes had been made, bad ones. (五) •I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries. •He was still more surprised at the singularity of the stranger‟s appearance. •We found difficulty on solving this complicated problem. •She promptly shepherded them out of the crowded living room and into the privacy of the library. •So the rehabilitation of the cabin became a necessity •Warm discussions arose on every corner as to his achievements. •We place the highest value on our friendly relations with developing countries. •“yes,”he said with a slow nod or two. •He then acted as a reluctant interpreter. •They regarded him as a potential adversary. •He didn‟t succeed in ringing her up, for he dialed the wrong number. •At last, he whispered a hurried goodbye to the host and darted toward the door. •I‟ve often wondered, in the years since, whether I made the right choice. •The sun rose thinly from the sea. •He was deeply impressed by what they did in the critical moment. •“ I suppose boys think differently from girls,” he said. •He had the kindness to show me the way. •I had the fortune to meet him. •I have the honor to inform you that„„ •Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them. •He was a frustrated man at that time. •The music is a gas. •We have known a similar past of humiliation and exploitation. •The improbable pregnancy was big news for the woman‟s family. •Securities laws require companies to treat all shareholders reasonably equally. (六) Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations. They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemy. It is our duty to rebuild and defend our homeland. He became an oil baron, all by himself. This has been our position,but not theirs. John is your friend as much as he is mine. The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients. The story of Jurgis is a story of groans and tears, of poor human beings destroyed by the capitalist industrial machine. They have staged demonstrations and sit-ins and distributed petitions which inevitably find their way to foreign correspondents posted in Moscow. This maple grove grew beside a waterfall whose mist blurred the trees‟ outline. All of these arrangements were a prelude to the ball, the hostess‟ ultimate prize. The blow hurt not only his hands but his shoulder too. For a good ten minutes, he cursed me and my brother. They covered the 19th century foreign intervention in china, Mao‟s Long March in the mid-1930s, the French and American revolutions. We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other—of everything but our host and hostess. And the body lay white and still beneath the pines, all bathed in sunshine and in blood. He no longer dreamed of storms, nor of great occurrences, nor of great fish, nor fights, nor contests of strength. But his wife kept dinning in his ears about idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family. Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears. Happy families also had their own troubles. Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized. Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside. 我们能够去掉不良作为，保持优良作风。 We can get ride of a bad style and keep the good. 我们的民族将再不是被人侮辱的民族了，我们已经站起来了。 Ours will no longer be a nation subject to insult and humiliation. We have stood up. 你答应了帮助他就应当帮助他。 You should help him since you have promised to do so. 中国人是勇敢的，中国共产党也是勇敢的，他们一定要解放全中国。 The Chinese people are brave, so is the Communist Party of China, and they are determined to liberate all China. 那时将不要军队，也不要 兵船，不要军用飞机，也不要毒气。 Neither armies, nor warships, nor military aircraft, nor poison gas will then be needed. 中国人民历来是勇于探索、勇于创造、勇于革命的。 The people of China have always been courageous enough to probe into things, to make inventions and to make revolution. 踢足球的，踢足球去了，打篮球的，打篮球去了。 Some played soccer and others played basketball. 他和他的过去断绝了一切联系，和旧社会的各方面也断绝了一切联系。 ,He broke all connections with his past, and with the old society in every way. (七) , 正说与反说之间的转换是一种陈述方式的转换。双语在概念命名、话题 表述、情态表达、侧重面、着眼点、描摹方式等方面存在差异，因此，正说 与反说一般不涉及概念内涵问题。比如，汉语的“无人售书处”(反说 式)，着眼点在对客观现状的描述，英语的同义对应语式“self-service bookstore”(反说式)，着眼于主观行为过程。 肯定式与否定式的转换可能导致情态色彩的改变。一般说来，正说是一 种认可式的、无异议的陈述，语气是肯定的、平铺直叙的;反说是从方面进 行陈述的，有时可以获得较婉转、较灵活、较少“单刀直入”的认定效果， 因而具有余味或弦外之音。如: 可惜他不能来。I wish he would come. (原语余味较多，译语比较平淡) 悔不该听他的话啊～Oh that I had listened to him. (译语对应为感叹句，力求不失余味) He couldn’t be more honest. 他够老实了。 (译语正说较质直，原语较为委婉) He’s a good riddance. 他还是不在场的好。 译语语气比较婉转。 The world today is far from peaceful. 今天的世界还很不安宁。 我们的人民解放军无愧于伟大的人民军队的称号。 Our PLA is worthy of being called a great army of the people. 他尽力克服技术资料的不足。 He tried his best to overcome the lack of technical data. 窗户打不开。 The window refuses to open. 昨天他没准时到校。 Yesterday he failed to get to school on time. 他们不准小孩入内。 They excluded children from getting in. 他常常心不在焉。 He’s often absent-minded. 干这事我力不胜任。 To do this is beyond my ability. 雷锋的高尚行为是赞扬不尽的。 Lei Feng’s noble deeds are above all praise. 该做这工作的是我，而不是你。 I, rather than you , should do the work. She refrained from laughing. 她忍住了，没有发笑。 She was refused admittance by them. 他们不许她进去。 An opportunity is not likely to repeat itself. 良机不再。 Slips are scarcely avoidable when you are new to your work. 工作没有经验，出点差错，在所难免。 那家伙很不老实。 That fellow is far from being honest. But all men are not born to reign. 并非人人生来就是帝王。 But for the workers’ help, we should not have succeeded in this experiment. 没有工人们的帮助，我们这个实验便不会成功。 危楼 我没有得到这样的一个机会。 我们这样说万无一失。 不出所料，颠覆活动证明毫无效果。 无知 动荡不安局势 无权 他们宁愿战斗到死，也决不投降。 这问题我不懂。 岛民发现自己远远没有做好作战准备。 茫然不知该怎么办。 我们相信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。 一次得手，再次不愁。 他75岁了。可是并不显老。 我的猜测并不比你的高明。 决定还没有作出。 揭开、解开、卸货、复员、使人生气 疑团仍然存在。 马马虎虎、丢面子、优柔寡断、露骨的 据说有人在他们中间挑拨离间。 赶快把这封信寄出去。 调查结果清清楚楚说明病人死于癌症. 挑拨离间 今天下午学生统统要交作业。 第五章 一 分句、合句 Every British motorist will tell you that radar is used most unfairly by the police to catch drivers who are accidentally going a little faster than the speed limit. 每一个驾驶汽车的英国人都会告诉你，警察非常不公平地使用雷达来抓 那些只是偶尔稍微超速行驶的驾车人。 每一个驾驶汽车的英国人都会告诉你，警察 用雷达来抓那些只是偶尔 稍微超速行驶的驾车人，这种做法很不公平。 如按原语语序在目的语中 作同步对应转换，那在目的语中势必造成行文上的不自然。 They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all. 他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。 Incidentally, I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get in the United States. 顺便提一下，我希望能在这些国家得到比我在美国这里所能得到的更好 的治疗。 he had sound feeling that idiom was the backbone of a language and he was all for the racy phase. 他认为口语是语言的支 柱，因此极力主张用生动活泼的口语。这种看法很有道理。 翻译时要进行此类转换，因此引起伴随的变通。这时最好的办法是拆出 原搭配，令作处理，否则即可能形成行文阻梗。 I walked back into dismantled apartment. It stinks of departure. 我回到公寓，家具都已收拾一空，到处弥漫着离情别绪。 原语“障碍点”本身需要阐释，如同步转换可能形成累赘，不如拆离。 He had long been held in cordial contempt by his peers; now that contempt was no longer cordial. 长期以来，他的同僚虽然看不 起他，却还是对他有些亲切。现在，除看不起之外，亲切感也没有了。 She treated that lady with every demonstration of cool respect. 她对于那位夫人不冷不热，不错规矩。 She had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own. 她心地厚道，性格温柔可疼，器量又大，为人又乐观。 There was in the old library at Queen‟s Crawley a considerable provision of works of light literature of the last century, both in the French and English language. 在女王的克劳莱大厦的书房里，有不少18世纪的文学作品，有英文 的，也有法文的，都是些轻松的读物。 二 被动语态的译法 为了强调接受动作的人或事务的重要性。 我国各族人民每年都要热烈庆祝十月一日的国庆节。 National Day is enthusiastically celebrated on Oct. 1 by the Chinese people of all nationalities every year. 中美已经建立了外交关系。 Diplomatic relations have been established between China and the U.S.A. 一群人立刻把他围住了，向他提出一个又一个的问题。 Very soon he was surrounded by a crowd and was snowed under with questions. 为了强调上下文的连贯性。 他出现在台上，观众给予热烈的掌声。 He appeared on the stage and was applauded by the audience. 口试时，问了十个问题，她全答对了。 She was asked ten questions in the oral exam and answered every one of them correctly. 为了使措辞得当，语气委婉,多见于讲话，通知或请贴中。 请你给我们表演一个节目。 You are requested to give a performance. 来宾请出示入场券。 Visitors are requested to show their tickets. 三 定语从句的译法 区别: •从所处位置看，英语的定语置于中心词前后均可，通过独特的方式(如形容词词尾或关系代词等)把定语与中心词连接起来。现代汉语的定语一般 置于中心词之前，靠结构主词“的”(有时可省略)把定语与中心词连接起来。 •从长度看，英语的定语长短不一，视表达需要而定。现代汉语的定语则讲究轻快，不宜过长。 •从充当定语的成分上看，汉语主要为名词、代词、形容词和一些动词性结构等。英语除了名词、介词、形容词和类似汉语动词性结构的分词以及动词不定式外，还有定语从句。 •从表意功能上看，汉语的定语是对中心词的修饰或限定，英语的定语(从句)在意义上有时不一定是定语(修饰或限定)还可以表示主谓、动宾等关系(代词或名词所有格以及个别介词等作定语时)，以及“原因”、“条件”、“让步”、“目的”等意义。 •前置法 •I was, to borrow from him, the spy who who was to stay out in the cold. •借用他的话说，我成了一个被打入冷宫的间谍了。 •The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. •在他手下工作的人对他怕得要命。 后置法 They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives. 他们正在为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲自己的生命。 译成并列分句，重复英语先行词。 •有些定语从句可能很长，也可能并不长，但与前面结合得并不紧，往往是对前面得补充说明。这种情况在汉语里一般是用并列谓语或并列分句来顺着说下去，或者另起一句。 •He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighted up to two pounds each. •他居然种出了二百格奇迹般的西红柿，每个重达两镑。 •It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle. •是他接到那封信，说你的叔叔去世了。 •He saw in front that haggard white-haired old man, whose eyes flashed red with fury. •他看见前面那个憔悴的白发老人，眼睛里愤怒地闪着红光。 •When she was lost to his view, he pursued his homeward way, glancing up sometimes at the sky, where the clouds were sailing fast and wildly. •直到看不见她了，他才向家走去，有时望望天空，乌云在翻滚奔驰。 •One was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective. •有一次是暴风骤雨，猛烈的程度实为我生平所仅见。这阵暴风雨遮住了 我的目标。 •溶合法(p.132) •兼有状语职能的定语从句。 •The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from.(表“因”) •大使只宴请了几个人，因为他特地想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。 •There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.(表“果”) •这个 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 富于创造性，独出心裁，很有魄力，所以使他们都很喜欢， •He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for. (表“让步”) •他坚持要再造一幢房子，尽管他并无此需要。 •The imperialist states maintain enormous armies and gigantic navies which are used for oppressing and exploiting the people in distant lands.(表“目的”) •帝国注意国家维持了庞大的陆海军，用以压迫和剥削远地的人民。 •men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.(条件) •人们极其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活 就行。 第六章 一 习语的译法 习语(idioms):俗语(colloquialism)、谚语(proverbs)、俚语 (slang expressions) 特点:人民智慧的结晶、语言中重要的修辞手段、形象鲜明、富于浓厚 的民族色彩和地方色彩等。 National characteristics of idioms: Different historical background with different legends and anecdotes about historical figures;三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮;孙悟空 跳不出如来佛的掌心;every Caesar has his Brutus; Different social systems, cultural heritage, science and technology: 清明时节雨纷纷，to win his spurs，清官难断家务事，卖狗皮膏药，a red-letter day,三头六臂等 Different geographical conditions: to take French leave; to set the Thames on fire; to carry coals to Newcastle, 不到黄河心不死 Different living experiences: 狗 直译法:在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起错误的联想的条件下，在译文中保留英语习语的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩的方法。 好处:保留了原文鲜明形象、丰富译文语言 Packed like sardines Sour grapes An olive branch The Trojan horse Blood is thicker than water A rolling stone gathers no moss. 套用法:两种语言在内容和形式上都相互符合，双方不但有相同的意义和修辞色彩，并且有相同的或大体相同的形象比喻。如: (一)双方有完全相同的形象比喻 To praise to the skies 捧上天去 To fish in troubled waters 混水摸鱼 To add fuel to the fire 火上浇油 To be on thin ice 如履薄冰 Walls have ears 隔墙有耳 Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁 (二)双方有大体相同的形象比喻 A drop in the ocean 沧海一粟 To laugh off one‟s head 笑掉牙齿 To shed crocodile tear 猫哭老鼠 To be out at elbows 捉襟见肘 To spend money like water 挥金如土 At sixes and sevens 七颠八倒;乱七八糟 Six of one and half a dozen of the other 半斤八两 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。 As strong as s horse 力大如牛 She is really a duck. 她是只可爱的小鸟。 意译法 如果不可能或没有必要用直译法保留英语习语的表达形式，就得用意译 法配合上下文把英语习语的含义表达出来。 The teenagers don‟t invite Bob to their parties because he is a wet blanket. Among so many well-dressed and cultured people, the country girl felt like a fish out of water. She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth; she thinks she can do what she likes. But the die was cast, he could not go back. 注意P163。 It takes two to tango. 译文1:一个巴掌拍不响。 译文2:两个人才能跳得探戈舞。 My wife and I are longing to see Yan‟an---Mecca in our minds. 我妻子和我渴望去看一看我们心目中的圣地——延安。 译文2:妻子和我渴望去看看我们心目中的麦加——延安。 Cicero‟s Waterloo was a woman. 西赛罗毁在一个女人身上。 西赛罗的滑铁卢是一个女人。 He is a Napoleon of finance. 他是金融界的巨头。 他是金融界的拿破仑。 The pen is mightier than the sword. 文字的力量大于武力。 笔比剑更有力。 二 拟声词的译法 翻译下列各句，注意拟声词的译法。 我们能听到飞机螺旋桨的呼呼声。 We can hear the whirr of an airplane‟s propeller. 屋顶又滴答地漏个不停。 Water dripped steadily through the leaky roof. 房顶上响起了噼里啪啦的雨点声。 Rain started to patter on the roof. 人群里发出一片“啧啧啧”的赞叹声。 The audience murmured it approval There were clucks of admiration from the crowd. 嗡嗡的，低沉的纺车声，传出家庭的温暖，母亲的抚爱。 The low whirr of the spinning wheel spoke to him of the warmth of home and his mother‟s love. 忽然他听到门“吱”地一声开了，他弟 弟走了进来。 Suddenly he heard the door creak and saw his brother enter. 她把平锅当啷一声摔在地上。 She clashed the pan down on the floor. 她刚走到大门口，听见里面“踢通踢通”响。 As she draw near the gate, she heard a clanging-ti-tung-ti-tung. 他耳朵嗡嗡乱响。 There was a roaring in his ears. 在步枪声中还断断续续夹杂着机关枪声。 The crack of rifles was punctuated with the rattle of machine-guns 他咕噜咕噜地喝起啤酒。 He let the beer gurgle down his throat. 一颗晶莹的泪珠啪地落在信纸上。 A crystal tear-drop plopped down on to the letter. 她穿一双黑皮鞋,在柏油路上发出嗒嗒的声音. She wore a pair of black leather shoes that clicked against the asphalt as she walked along. 翻译下列各句，注意在译文中省略拟声词。 这老头正在吧嗒吧嗒地抽一个小烟袋。 The old man was sucking vigorously at a pipe. 她心里噗通噗通地跳个不停。 Her heart was beating fast. 他连鞋也没顾得上穿，嗖地一下从窗口跳了出去。 Without troubling to put on his shoes, he jumped through the window. 他的话刚完，砰、砰、砰，连着三声清脆的枪声滑过寂静的夜空——这是 发现敌人的信号。 Barely had he finished when three shots rang out sharp and clear—the signal that an enemy had been spotted. 他把茶碗在桌上一 顿，伸手拍拍头顶。 He slammed his cup down on the table and slapped the top of his head. 有几辆马拉的大车在大街走过。 Some horse-drawn carts were creaking along the street. 小孩扑通落到水中去了。 The child fell into the water. 孩子们在哇哇大哭。 The kids are crying loudly. 汉英拟声词对照表 一、 走兽吼叫声 飞鸟、家禽的叫鸣声 昆虫爬虫的鸣叫声 模拟客观事物或动作的声音 语 篇 练 翻习译 05年烟师 Reading is a pleasure of the mind, which means that it is a little like the sport: your eagerness and knowledge and quickness make you a good reader. Reading is fun, not because the writer is telling you something, but because it makes your mind work. Your own imagination works along with the author‟s or even goes beyond his. Your experience, compared with his, brings you to the same or different conclusions, and your ideas develop as you understand him. Reading can only be fun if you expect it to be. If you concentrate on books somebody tells you you “ought” to read, you probably won‟t have fun. But if you put down a book you don‟t like and try another till you find one that means something to you, and then relax with it, you will almost certainly have a good time --- and it you become as a resulting of reading, better, wiser, or more gentle, you won‟t have suffered during the process. 阅读足以怡情，此点和运动相似:求知热情、知识水平以及快捷思维造就 优秀读者。阅读足以自娱，不是因为作者有事相告，而是因为读书可以开启 智慧、运转思维。你可以充分发挥想象，和作者并驾驰骋，亦可超越作者， 任其海阔天空，自由翱翔。拿你的经历和作者的两相比较，你会得出相似的 或不同的经验。随着理解的不断深入，你的思想也在发展。 只有心向往之，读书才可成为赏心悦事。假如有人命令你“应该”读此 书，那么阅读此时就会变得索然无趣，味同嚼蜡。但若将其暂置一旁，专攻 其他，找一本感兴趣的，然后心情放松，阅读此书，便可体会到其中的无穷 乐趣。一旦尝到读书的甜头，你就会变得日趋完善、英明智慧、风度翩翩， 此时读书对你来说，就不会再是一件苦差事。 Mankind (04年烟师) Two or three million years ago in East Africa a new species of primate began to evolve. Over millennia his brain became larger, he began to walk on his hind legs, his hands became flexible, he developed an opposable thumb, he evolved a language, his brain and his hands enabled him to become a toolmaker in short, he become Man. Nature began a new experiment. Instead of adapting to a specific environment, man acquired the capacity to adapt himself to any specific environment, man acquired the capacity to adapt himself to any specific environment; he spread throughout the globe changing as he moved, until he became the most widely-distributed species on earth. Man adapted physically as well as culturally to the new surrounding into which he moved. Those who stayed in or moved to equatorial climates developed dark skin to protect them from the rays of the sun. Those who moved to colder climates developed light skin to take advantage of the sunlight for the synthesis of vitamin D. people in cold dry climates became stocky, to conserve heat. People in hot dry climate tended to become tall and thin, to dissipate heat. Popularly and simplistically, most of the people of the world fall into three generally acknowledged racial groups --- Mongoloid, Negroid and Caucasoid. This grouping is based on rather arbitrary characteristic --- skin color, eye form, and hair form. In temperate river valleys, agricultural developed about 10,000 years ago. It became necessary for large groups of people to cooperate in order to distribute the waters of irrigation equitably. With irrigation came surplus food, which meant that large numbers of people were freed from the land to pursue nonagrarian specialties --- technological development, scholarship for its sake, and war. These were the seeds of “civilization”. Human society became complex under these circumstances. 人类 二三百万年以前在东非，一个原始物种开始逐步形成。又过了几千年，他 的大脑体积增大，开始用后腿直立行走，手变得更加灵活，大拇指与其他四 指可以分开。他运用大脑和手可以制造出工具——总之，他成为了人。 大自然开始了一项新的实验。人获得了适应于任何而不是某一特定环境的 能力。他的足迹遍布全球，随时进行自我调整，以求适应环境，直到成为地 球上分布最为广泛的物种。 人类不但从自身进行调整而且还从文化上进行调整来适应他所居住的环 境。那些居住在或迁移到赤道地区的人衍生出黑色的皮肤，用以阻挡太阳强 烈的光线。那些迁移到较冷的气候里去的人则肤色较淡，这样可以充分利用 阳光，合成维生素D。在干冷气候里生活的人变得低矮结实，可以保持热 量。在干热气候里生活的人则变得又高又瘦，可以挥发热量。众所周知，世 界上的人可以分为三个种群——这是最常见也是最简单的分法——蒙古人 种，黑色人种和白色人种。这种分类主要基于其外部特征——肤色、眼睛以 及头发的形状，但是这种分法比较主观臆断。 大约一万年前，在温暖湿润的大河流域，农业开始发展。为了合理分配灌 溉水源，集体合作成为必需。灌溉使得粮食生产有了剩余，这就意味着许多 人可以离开土地从事其他非农业生产——发展科技，研究学问以及进行战 争。这些都是“文明”的种子，在这种情况下，人类社会变得越来越复杂。 Translate: Guernica is the most powerful invective against violence in modern art, but it was now wholly inspired by the war: its motifs ---- the weeping women, the horse, the bull --- had been running through Picasso’s work for years for extreme sensation--- as John Berger has remarked, Picasso could imagine more suffering in a horse’s head than Rubens normally put into a whole Crucifixion. 格尔尼卡是在现代艺术中对暴力最强有力的鞭挞, 不过，它完全受到这场 战争的启发(或它的灵感全部来自战争)，哭泣的妇女、马群和公牛这个主 题多年来始终贯穿于毕加索的作品中, 正如约翰.伯杰所言，毕加索能从马 头上想象出老百姓遭受的苦难，而且比鲁宾斯画耶酥受难图时的想象还要 多。 The spike tongue, the rolling eyes, the frantic splayed toes and fingers, the necks arched in spasm: these would be unendurable if their tension were not braced against the broken, but visible, order of painting. 长舌头, 提溜乱转的眼睛, 胡乱伸展的脚趾和手指, 脖子痉挛成拱形，如 果他们紧张的神情不是 ， 所有这些是难以忍受的。 „ it is a general meditation on suffering, and its symbols are archaic, not historical: the gored and speared (the Spanish Republic), the bull (Franco) louring over the bereaved, shrieking women, the paraphernalia of pre-modernist images like the broken sword, the surviving flower, and the dove. . . 以下是常见的对苦难的想象, 其象征手法古老, 但无任何历史一意 义:被抵伤和刺伤的马(指西班牙共和国), 公牛(指佛朗哥将军,) 怒目而 视因丧失亲人而放声痛哭的妇女，象断箭一样的前现代派形象的装备、残花 与和平鸽。 Apart from the late Cubist style, the only specially modern elements in Guernica are the Mithraic eye of the electric light, and the suggestion that the horse’s body is made of parallel lines of newsprint like the newspaper in Picasso’s collage a quarter of a century before. 除后立体主义风格以外，《格尔尼卡》中唯一特别现代的因素(或成分) 是这个象密特拉神的眼睛似的电灯，它表示这匹马的身躯以平行线构成，就 象25年前毕加索所在的大学的报纸那样。 Otherwise its heroic abstraction and monumentalized pain hardly seem to belong to the time of photography and Heinkel 51s. 否则，对它英勇的抽象表达和极度痛苦看似不属于摄影和Heinkel 51时 代。 Yet they do; and Picasso’s most effective way of locating them in that time was to paint Guernica entirely in black, white and grey, so that despite its huge size it retains something of the grainy, ephemeral look one associates with the front page of a newspaper. 恰恰相反，那个时期毕加索的最有效的表达方式是全部用黑、白和灰色绘 出了《格尔尼卡》， 这样，尽管画幅巨大，但它仍保留了某些细微的、短 暂的眼神，人们可以由此联想到报纸的首页。 Rubens (?姓氏 ?Peter Paul, 1577-1640, 荷兰画家) 论科学研究 (烟师04年) 何谓科学研究,如何看待科学研究中的意见纷争,如何对待科学研究中的 赞同和反对意见,这是每一个科学工作者应该思考的问题。 科学研究就是探求真理。在探求真理 的道路上，人们对客观规律的认识 要经过艰苦曲折的过程。常常会有这样的情形:由于研究的角度不同，掌握 材料的差异，认识方法的不同，就会出现“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不 同”的情况，以至引起学术上的争论。因此，有作为的科学工作者都把反对 的意见看作对自己的莫大帮助，把对自己的批评当作最珍贵的友谊。正如德 国诗人歌T.W VonGoeth)所说，“我们赞成的东西使我们处之泰然，我们 反对的东西才使我们的思想获得丰产。”这是因为，赞同的意见未必正确， 反对的意见未必错误。退一步说，即使错误的反对意见，对自己的科学研究 也是很有好处的。可见，在科学研究中，一个科学工作者应该拓宽视野，心 胸开阔，充分容纳和吸取各种意见，以求更快地达到对客观规律的正确认 识。 On Scientific Research What is scientific research? How to take the contending opinions concerning it? And how to deal with its agreement and disagreement? These are three issues worth of taking a serious consideration by all scientific researchers. Scientific research is the exploration of truth. To observe the laws in the universe, one is sure to experience many hardships, to walk a long and twisted way. There is always such the case: the differences of perspectives, the collected date and the approaches lead the scientific workers to different opinions, which cause the arguments in the particular field. Therefore, the promising scientist deems the approval beneficial to himself, and treasures the critic against him as one of the best friends. Just as what Goeth, a well-known German poet, said, “ what we approve will dull our mind, while what we disapprove will enrich our mind.” The reason lies in the fact that what we look with favor is not always right, and what we look with disfavor is not always wrong. Moreover, even the wrong opinion, different from ours, is of great help to our scientific study, where one should keep him well-informed and open-minded in order to discover the principles in the universe as fast as possible. 1 (外交学院) 内心深处，我对给别人的书写序有点犯嘀咕。不久前刚听一位大师说，一 个人落到为别人写序的地步，就表明自己的想象力不行了，观察力不够了， 表达力下降了，这次为丁孝文《在美国看热闹》写序，倒是自愿自觉，而且 自信能够写出几句话。原因是我和他有共同点:我也看热闹，而且和他在美 国看过一些热闹。丁孝文毕业于中国外交部所属的外交学院，是一位年轻、 内向、刻苦、好学的外交官。他的家乡海安和我家乡都有个说法:“外行看 热闹，内行看门道。”粗粗翻一翻这本书我发现，我只是看热闹的时候居 多，而他在看热闹的同时也常在观察门道儿。这是我和他的不同点。他能从 人们熟视无睹的许许多多事情中选出和记下这么多有意思、能给人以启迪的 东西，便可以证明这一点。就说“名片”吧，谁没见过名片,听说某省有个 乡镇企业厂长的名片就写得很“别致”，它从中共中央、国务院、写到省、 县、乡，最后才落实到他的尊姓大名; 有一位同志的名片在“副处长”职衔 后加括号，注明“正处长长期不在”:一位“副局长“的名片在括号内注明 “享受正局级待遇”。„..丁孝文在美国呆的时间不算长，见到美国的名片 不会太多，却发现并勾勒出美国人名片简单，明了，突出所在机构或企业形 象等特点，值得玩味。 In my heart, I am rather nervous to write prefaces for some book, for I was told before long that, if one degrades himself by writing prefaces, he is sure to have poorer imagination, duller insight and worse expressiveness. This time, however, I am in earnest to write a preface for Ding Xiaowen’s book, entitled What I saw in U. S. A, and I also feel very confident to write it well, because I and Ding have so much in common: I am, too, fond of seeing the world, and we had been in America, enjoying a lot. Ding Xiaowen, graduated from Foreign Affaires College attached to the Diplomatic Department in China, is a quiet, diligent and hard-working young diplomat. There is an old saying prevailing both in his hometown and mine, “the novices are keen to watch the excitement, while the experts appraise and admire the skill.” The first glance at his book enables me to come to the conclusion that for the most of time I am only a layman, he, however, is always managing to find the skills, while enjoying the excitement. This is where we are different from each other. The difference can be further proved by the fact that Mr. Ding has included so many interesting and inspiring things others might ignore. Take the name card for example. It is so common in our life that on one denies it. It is said that a card from a factory manager in a township writes very special. Starting from the Central Committee, the State Council, then the province, the county and the township, finally comes to his respected name. There is another man, who annotates his official tile, vice director, “the director is long absent”. And there is also another vice director who adds notes on his name card that he is treated the same as the director. „„ Ding Xiaowen, having been in America for not long and having not seen many name cards, find the name cards of Americans brief and simple, characterizing their organizations and enterprises. The phenomenon calls for a serious consideration. 2 中埃是亚非两洲的大国,不但在地区中发挥着独特的作用,在国际事务中也 发挥着重要作用.人类进入21世纪后,虽然人民要和平,国家要发展是时代的 主旋律,但也是面临着不少问题:关于世界格局问题,广大发展中国家要求有 一个多极的世界,而不是单极的世界,以实现国际关系的民主化, 使它们能有 效地参与国际决策进程。经济全球化使多数发展中国家处于不利地位，其经 济安全甚至主权正面临严峻挑战。布什政府上台后，在中东对以色列支持依 旧，但对和平进程采取超脱立场;在亚洲，美售台武器，公然声称要保卫台 湾，美侦察机在中国近海撞落中国飞机，这些作法将给国际形势带来什么影 响。联合国须进行改革并发挥应有作用。中埃这两个文明古国，对当前的国 际文体有着广泛的共识，在这种复杂的国际形势面前，中埃作为友好的、负 责任的国家，有必要保持密切联系，进行磋商，协调对一些问题的看法和立 场，是符合两国共同利益的。 China and Egypt, as two large countries in Asia and Africa, play a special and significant role not only in their neighboring regions but also in the international affairs. After the world enters into the 21th century, the demand for peace and development of the country is becoming the basic concept of the time, while numerous problems still remain to be dalt with: as for the structure of the world, most developing countries want to have a multi- polar structure of the world rather than a single one in order to realize democracy of the international relationship, which enables them to effectively participate in the decision-making process in the world. Economic globalization puts a lot of developing countries under a serious/great disadvantage. Their economic security, even their sovereignty is confronting with serious challenges. Since Bush administration came into power, the U.S. government, indifferent in the peace process, has been supporting Israel in the Middle East; In Asia, it sold weapons to Taiwan, claiming protection to the island. The American patrol aircraft knocked down China’s plane in the near sea. What a bad influence the misbehaviors of the U.S government bring to the world! The UN should undergo reformation and exert its due influence in/on the world stage. As two civilized and ancient countries, China and Egypt share an extensive understanding concerning the current international issues. In the complicate international situation, it is of great necessity for China and Egypt, as two friendly and responsible countries, keep in a close contact with each other, exchanging views and positions about some issues. This is beneficial to both China and Egypt. 3 处今时势，外须和戎，内须变法。??????自秦政变法而败之，后世 人君遂以守法取容悦。今各国一变再变而蒸蒸日上，独中土以守法为兢兢， 即败之灭绝而不诲。天耶,人耶,恶得而知其故耶, Today we should be on good terms with foreign countries, and carry out reformation at home. Since Qin Dynasty came to an end after reformation, the people in the following generations had been clinging to the settled rules in order to make their emperors happy. Now the countries throughout the world become increasingly prosperous for the through reforms one after another, while China take great care in observing the rules and regulations. If the country was defeated by the west countries, the Chinese would not feel regretful. Oh, my God, why do the people come to know the reasons after the country perished? 夜的眼 王蒙 大汽车和小汽车。无轨电车和自行车。鸣笛声和说笑声。大城市的夜晚才 最有大城市的活力和特点。开始有了稀稀落落的、然而是引人注目的霓虹灯 和理发馆门前的旋转花浪。有烫了的头发和留了的长发。高跟鞋和半高跟 鞋，无袖套头的裙衫。花露水和雪花膏的气味。城市和女人刚刚开始略略打 扮一下自己，已经有人坐不住了。这很有趣。 Everywhere, there were heavy vehicles, cars, trolley-buses, bicycles, and the hooting, voices and laughter typical of a big city at night,full of life. He saw occasional neon lights and barber‟s poles. Also permed hair, long hair, high-heeled shoes and frocks. In the air hung the fragrance of toilet water and face cream. Though the city women had just began to pay a little attention to their appearance, they had already outraged certain people. This was interesting. He saw trucks and cars, trolley buses, and bicycles. He heard the shriek of whistles and the high-pitched din of voices talking and laughing. To Chen Gao, the city truly showed its peculiarities and vitality at night. He noticed people with permanent-waved hair and naturally straight hair, women wearing sleeveless dresses and shoes with spiked heels or pumps. He smelled the strong scents of perfume and face powder. Chen Gao was interested in everyone he saw. Vans and cars. Buses and bikes. Hooting, chatting and laughing. A big city reveals the most of its vigor and character only in the night. There have appeared some neon lights and barber‟s poles, sparse but striking. Permed hair and long hair. High heels and semi-high heels, sleeveless dresses. Smells of toilet water and face creams. The city and women are just beginning to dress themselves up a little bit, and some people have already been upset. That‟s interesting. One Saucer More I have been told an anecdote by a friend of mine. Zhen Zhifan, a professor of electrics, was going to leave USA for a new job at Hangkong Chinese University. Before departure, he and his wife were packing for the trip at home. They kept a beautiful tea set. However, she had one cup broken carelessly during the process of preparation. People would feel sorry for it in this situation. What a perfect set! Where to find one to match it? Prof. Chen, however, took this matter very differently instead. He smiled and said, “oh nice! We have one saucer more.” This attitude of approaching things in the perspective from the brighter side really benefits one in his life. Prof. Chen is not only a distinguished scientist, but also an excellent essayist. Some of his essay collections, fresh and expressive, once filled me especial longings. What I admired him, now I think, is his intelligence and witty imagery as well as his beautiful language. As the proverb says, “ life means frustration eight or nine times out of ten ”. It is too old to be repeated. However, one in his journey of life, long and repeated, is certain to encounter frustration one after another. When frustrated, one always finds others more fortunate. Look around. There are people who are running successful businesses. And there are people who are becoming senior officials. Some people are wealthy, and others are enjoying their prosperity and achievements. In the contrast, he, like an shabby cart pulling by an old oxen, is plodding on the dirt road in the graying dusk. Is it true? As to a cup half filled with water. There are people who exclaim cheerfully, “good. The cup is half filled.” At the same time, there is also some people who grunt gloomily, “oh! The cup is half empty.” 大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。所以人们对于大自然，全部一 致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。 种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，除草和栽花，在周末去教堂祈 祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌;往日的田园依旧是今日的温 馨家园。这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。(某年英 语八级试题) The bounty of nature is equal to everyone, rich or poor, and therefore all men are strongly attached to her. This is particularly true in the rural areas, where people have kept the same lifestyle for a millennium or so. They plant crops and grapevines, brew wine to drink, feed cows to milk, and weed the gardens to grow flowers. They go to church at weekends, and they meet in the square on holidays, playing the violin, singing and dancing. The age-old land remains the same as their family hearth. Hence, each place boasts its folklore and thereby social customs go down.. 济南大学05 为鼓励外商加大向中西部地区投资的力度，进一步促进西部地区经济发 展，自1999年以来，国家已经制定了一系列鼓励外商向中西部投资的优惠 政策。中国加入世贸组织后，中国政府在几个方面采取了积极措施，吸引更 多的外商投资西部，鼓励外商投资西电东送、西气东输、南水北调、青藏铁 路等国家骨干工程，以加快西部地区基础建设步伐。坚决制止对外商投资企 业的乱收费、乱检查、乱摊派和乱罚款等，打破地区保护和行业垄断，为外 商投资企业创造统一开放、公平竞争的市场环境。 In order to encourage the foreign businessmen to invest in the western region，and to speed up the economic development in this region, Chinese government has carried out a series of preferential investment policies since 1999. After the entry into WTO, effective measures have been adopted in several aspects, attracting the foreign investors to invest the major projects as the diversion of national gas, transmission of electricity from the western to the eastern regions, and water from the south to the north regions and Qinghai-Tibet Railway, so as to make faster the speed of infrastructure development in the west. It is forbidden to impose the foreign-funded enterprises with arbitrary charges and checks, fund-raising quatos and fines. Great efforts should be made to break regional blockades and trade monopolies to create an open, free and fair market environment for the foreign investors. 中国人寿保险公司英文宣传口号 The Publicity Mottos of People’s Life Insurance Company of China 1( 情洒九州，中国人寿。 The country is thoroughly bathed in the affectionate care of PLICC. 2( 福泽天下，爱满人间。 PLICC brings her blessings and love to everyone. 3( 厚德博爱，真诚永远。 With great virtue and profound love, PLICC presents you forever sincerity. 4( 托付一生，百年无忧。 With the help of PLICC, you can take life easy. 5( 风雨人生，国寿相伴。 PLICC will never desert you when you are cornered in life. 6( 岁月沧桑，国寿护航。 PLICC will escort you to weather the difficulties in your life. 7( 爱心承保，真情呵护。 PLICC insures you with her genuine love. 8( 走向世界，博爱天下。 PLICC targets going global, devoting her love to the people throughout the world. 9( 追求卓越，爱无止境。 PLICC strives for the perfect, and her care is endless. 10( 至爱至诚，保障永恒。 With genuine love, PLICC will take good care of you all your life long.