液压舵机的故障分析

液压舵机的故障分析 [摘要] 众所周知，船舵的作用是用来改变船舶方向和保持航向的，它的好坏直接影响着整个船舶的航行，所以对船舶舵机的 安全检查 安全检查记录表范本安全检查记录表格安全检查记录表格式安全检查记录表范文安全检查记录表模板 是轮机人员的经常性进行的最重要的工作之一。本文希望通过对船舶舵机技术 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 的介绍以及船舶舵机容易出现的故障分析和对船舶舵机进行安全检查的重点的论述，以及对一些典型案例的介绍分析，使大家对舵机的故障分析和检修提供一些借鉴的经验，使轮机人员在进行舵机安检工作时能够有目标，有针对性的检查。这样既可以节省检查的时间，又可以全面的对舵机进行检查，提高工作效率。这样可以有效的减少甚至避免海事事故的发生，船舶故障大部分原因是认为造成的，只有提高轮机人员的技术水平，才能有效的避免因船舶故障引起的海事事故。 [关键词] 船舶;液压舵机;故障分析 I Trouble Shooting of Hydraulic Steering Gear [Abstract] As we all know, steering gear is used to change direction and maintain the course, it will have a direct impact on the entire ship's voyage, the ship's steering gear is a safety inspection of the turbines for the regular staff of the most important work . This article hope that the steering gear through the technical specifications of the ship and the ship's steering gear easy on the failure of the ship steering gear and carry out safety inspection of the focus of the exposition, and some typical cases on the analysis so that everyone on the steering gear failure analysis Maintenance and provide some useful experience and make turbines security personnel working in the steering gear to have goals, targeted inspections. This can save time for inspections, but also a comprehensive inspection of the steering gear, raise work efficiency. This can effectively reduce or even avoid the occurrence of maritime accidents, ship most of the reasons for failure is that the only improve the technological level of turbines, can effectively prevent the failure of the ship caused by maritime accidents. [Key words] Ship;Hydraulic steering;Failure analysis II 目录 0 引言-------------------------------------------------------------------1 1 液压舵机概述-----------------------------------------------------------1 1.1 液压舵机的基本工作原理--------------------------------------------1 1.2 船舶建造规范对舵机的基本要求--------------------------------------2 2 液压舵机的故障种类分析-------------------------------------------------3 2.1 无舵--------------------------------------------------------------3 2.2 跑舵——稳舵时偏离所停舵角----------------------------------------4 2.3 舵速太慢----------------------------------------------------------6 2.4 滞舵--------------------------------------------------------------6 2.5 实际舵角与操舵角不符----------------------------------------------7 3 轮机员日常维护的重点---------------------------------------------------7 3.1 检查应急舵的有效性------------------------------------------------7 3.2 检查舵角指示的准确性----------------------------------------------8 3.3 检查舵角限位器的有效性--------------------------------------------8 3.4 检查舵的液压系统的密封性能----------------------------------------8 3.5 检查液压油的品质--------------------------------------------------8 3.5.1 液压油性能指标一般应符合以下要求------------------------------8 3.5.2 液压油污染的主要原因------------------------------------------9 3.6 舵机检查的其他注意事项-------------------------------------------11 结论---------------------------------------------------------------------11 致谢语-------------------------------------------------------------------12 参考文献-----------------------------------------------------------------13 III 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 0 引言 据资料介绍:船舶能够在水中按照驾驶员的意图航行,使船舶改变航向或维持指定航向,使依靠改变安装在船舶尾部的船舵的位置来实现的。舵对于船舶的重要性是不言而喻的，当船舶航行时船舵发生故障对船舶安全的影响是巨大的。对于舵机日常比较容易出现故障的情况，主要分为两大部分。一是属于硬件类故障，二是属于软件类故障。舵机的硬件类的故障是指与舵机相关的机器，设备发生了功能性的障碍，使得舵机不能正常工作发挥作用，常见故障有:1 通信类故障，2 电力系统故障，3 液压系统故障。软件类的故障是指与舵机运行有关的 管理制度 档案管理制度下载食品安全管理制度下载三类维修管理制度下载财务管理制度免费下载安全设施管理制度下载 ，船员对舵机的操作存在问题。通常主要是船员对应急舵的操作不熟悉，在需要的时候无法启动应急舵。因此加强对舵机的日常维护与保养对工作的可靠性和延长舵机的无故障寿命至关重要，轮机员必须依照使用说明书的要求严格执行，不可因为舵机工作正常而放松对其的维护管理。 1 液压舵机概述 船舶能够在水中按照驾驶者的意图航行，使船舶改变航向或维持指定航向，是依靠改变安装在船舶尾部的船舵的位置来实现的。正如鱼儿能够在水中游动自如，是靠摆动它的尾巴一样。可以说船舵就是起着鱼尾的功用。舵对于船舶航行的重要性是不言而喻的，当船舶航行时船舵发生故障，对船舶安全的影响是巨大的。 1.1 液压舵机的基本工作原理 船舵主要由舵叶、舵杆、舵机等部分组成。船舵能够接受驾驶者的命令并按照命令改变船舵的位置是依靠舵机带动舵叶来实现的，而舵机是整个舵系统中比较容易出现故障的部位，也是船舶轮机检查人员进行船舶安检时着重注意检查的地方。 船舶舵机按驱动动力分为蒸汽舵机、电动舵机与电动液压舵机(简称液压舵机)。液压舵机具有重量轻、尺寸小、灵敏度高，工作平稳安全可靠，能缓冲风浪对舵叶的冲击，运转噪音低、振动小，而且可实现无级变速，功率的范围广。所以现代化的大中型船舶上，广泛采用液压舵机。故本文以液压舵机作为分析对象。液压舵机一般采用电动机带动油泵，因而又称电动液压舵机。液压舵机用油液作为传递能量的介质，利用油液的不 1 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 可压缩性及流量、压力和流向的可控性来实现转舵。舵机通过油泵把机械能转化为油液的压力能，然后通过转舵机构把压力能又转化为机械能，来实现舵的左、右转向。 1—电动机，2—双向变量泵;3—放气阀，4—变量泵控制杆，5 —浮动杆，6 —储能弹簧，7—舵柄，8—反馈杆，9—撞杆，10—舵杆，11—舵角指示器的发送器，12—旁通阀，13—安全阀，14—转舵油缸，15—调节螺母，16 —液压遥控受动器，17—电气遥控伺服油缸 图1-1 液压舵机工作原理图 液压舵机由三大部分组成:推舵机构、液压系统与操舵控制系统。推舵机构的作用是将液压能转换成机械能，推动舵叶偏转。液压系统的作用是向舵机提供足够的液压能(并设置所需的保护与控制装置。操舵控制系统的作用有两种:一是传递舵令，二是控制操舵精度。 1.2 船舶建造规范对舵机的基本要求 (1) 每艘船舶均应设置一个主操舵装置和一个辅助操舵装置。主操舵装置和辅助操舵装置的布置，应满足当它们中的一个失效时应不致使另一个也失效。 (2) 主操舵装置具有足够的强度并能在最大营运前进航速时进行操舵,使舵自任一舷的35?转至另一舷的35?，并且于相同条件下自一舷的35?转至另一舷的30?所需时间不超过28s。 (3) 辅助操舵装置能在最大营运前进航速的一半但不小于7kn时进行操舵,使舵自 2 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 一舷的15?转至另一舷的15?且需时间不超过60s。 (4) 驾驶室与舵机室之间,应设有通信设施。 (5) 操舵装置应设有有效的舵角限位器。以动力转舵的操舵装置,应装设限位开关或类似设备,使舵在到达舵角限位器前停住。装设的限位开关或类似设备应该与转舵机构本身同步,而不应与舵机的控制相同步。 (6) 舵装置应有保持舵位不动的制动装置。 (7) 当主操舵装置要求动力操作时,应设有一个固定贮油箱,其容量至少足以能使一个动力转舵系统包括循环油箱进行再充液。贮油箱应采用管路固定连接,使液压系统能在舵机室内便于充液,并应设有液位计。 (8) 应设置两个独立的控制系统,且每个系统均应能在驾驶室控制。但这并不要求设双套操舵手轮或手柄。若控制系统是由液压遥控传动装置组成时,除10000总吨及以上的油船、化学品船、液化气体运输船外,不必设置第二个独立控制系统。 (9) 驾驶室和舵机室应固定展示带有原理框图的适当操作说明。这些说明应表明操舵装置控制系统和动力转舵系统的转换程序。 (10) 由一台或几台动力设备组成的每一电动或电动液压操舵装置至少应由主配电板设两路独立馈电线直接供电。但其中的一路可以由应急配电板供电。 2 液压舵机的故障种类分析 2.1 无舵 该故障的根本原因是主泵没向转舵机构供油或转舵机构不能回油,撞杆无往复运动。其影响因素有: (1) 油泵电动机电源断路,油泵空转,主油路换向阀未换向,或转舵机构进回油路旁通。其中油泵空转和换向阀不换向,主要与操纵系统有关。 (2) 操纵油路的工作油压过低或建立不起油压,远操纵机构传动件的卡死或紧固件的松动、折断或脱落,追随机构的贮存弹簧张力太小,或换向阀卡住等,都会因变量机构仍在中位而导致变向变量泵空转,因换向阀不能换向而导致定向定量泵的排油直接经换向阀旁通回油箱。 (3) 影响操纵油压的主要因素是系统中的阀件,如旁通阀和限位旁通阀的开启,溢 3 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 流阀的调整压力过低或阀芯被污物硌起或节流孔堵塞等。 (4) 造成转舵机构不能回油的原因,主要是主油路上的液动单向阀不能开启,或由于未引入控制油,或是控制活塞卡死。 2.2 跑舵——稳舵时偏离所停舵角 其主要原因是: (1)主油路锁闭不紧引起。 (2)控制系统工作不稳定。 通过研究一些典型的案例，我们可以熟悉液压舵机故障运行的前兆，过程及其后果，使轮机员在使用过程中做到心中有数，有备无患，防止液压舵机故障的发生并及时发现以防止其进一步发展导致更重大的后果，下面提供一部分故障案例，以供读者参考。 某集装箱船采用HATLAPA厂家的TELERAMR4ST650型四油缸十字头撞杆式舵机，舵机油泵为主油泵和控制油泵一体式装置，选用REXTOTH厂家的A2P250型，工作流量为300L/分，舵机工作力矩为2784kN.m。某日机工在巡回检查中发现舵机间停用的备用NO.2舵机油泵管系中有异常声响，即 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 大管轮，大管轮启用NO.2舵机油泵联机工作，声响消除，工况正常，抵锚地对两台舵机进行运转和操舵试验，无异常。后正常航行时发现NO.1舵机油泵单独使用、自动舵方式情况下，发生跑舵现象。 舵机存在的故障立即引起了船舶的重视，轮机长立即组织人员对两台舵机在不同工况下进行了试舵，取得了准确的第一手资料，并将其试验结果报公司技术部门，并作了记录，如表2-1所示。 表2-1 运行舵机 航速 海况 转舵情况 左舵在15?范围内尚能转动，但舵效 NO.1舵机油泵 15kn 和风浪轻 慢;右舵能至30?但回舵在10?卡舵， 启用两台舵机恢复正常 NO.2舵机油泵 15kn 和风浪轻 正常 NO.1+NO.2 舵机油泵 15kn 和风浪轻 正常 该试验结果报安技部门后，安技部门根据故障是在大负荷情况下出现的这一现象， 4 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 怀疑是NO.1舵机系统防浪阀出现问题，另考虑到两台舵机系统主油路是连通的，为缩小故障范围，安技部门即电告船舶立即做两台舵机系统隔离情况下的试验，船舶根据要求进行了试验，试验结果如表2-2所示。 表2-2 运行舵机 航速 海况 转舵情况 NO.1舵机油泵 关闭C3/C4阀 和风浪轻 和风轻浪 正常 NO.2舵机油泵 关闭C1/C2阀 15kn 和风轻浪 正常 经过这样的试验，可以认为在两套舵机系统隔离情况下NO.1舵机油泵和NO.2舵机油泵单独运行时是正常的，防浪阀也可以认为是正常的，问题集中在非隔离情况下两套舵机系统互相影响的原因是什么,船舶在继续观察NO.1舵机油泵马达和NO.2舵机油泵马达单独使用工况中，发现NO.1舵机油泵使用，NO.2舵机油泵停用情况下马达跟转，而NO.1舵机油泵马达在相同情况无此现象，进一步观察油泵斜轴指示，并作了记录，如表2-3所示。 表 2-3 运行舵机 NO.1舵机油泵倾斜角度指示 NO.2舵机油泵倾斜角度指示 NO.1舵机泵 左10? 偏右5?振荡 NO.2舵机泵 保持为0? 正常来回摆动 NO.1+NO.2 舵机油泵 正常来回摆动 正常来回摆动 至此疑点可以集中在NO.2舵机油泵在停用时斜轴指示停留在偏右并来回振荡上。 以上疑点现象反馈到安技部门后，经讨论，该故障的现象理论上可以这样解释，在NO.1舵机油泵运转时，由于停用NO.2舵机油泵斜轴偏离零位，泵缸出现倾斜，偏离中心，在NO.1舵机油泵泵出的高压油作用下油泵逆变为油马达，马达跟转，这样NO.1舵机油泵泵出的部分压力油经NO.2舵机油泵泄漏，也就是说NO.1舵机油泵单独运转时增加了一个负荷，当船舶高速、大舵角时(即大负荷情况)时，NO.1舵机油泵不能承受如此高的负荷，出现反舵现象，至于震荡是因为负荷变化引起NO.1舵机油泵流量变化，主动带动摆缸角度变化。 5 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 2.3 舵速太慢 (1) 转舵速度的快慢取决于撞杆移动的速度, 即供入转舵机构油缸的油量。供油流量大,舵速快;反之,舵速慢。所以该故障多由主泵的排量不足引起。若不是泵的选配不当,则可能是因电压过低,泵的转速下降;或者补给油箱油位过低、吸入滤器阻塞、吸入截止阀未开足或泵的吸入管路不严密,破坏了泵的吸入条件;或泵的有关零件磨损过甚,内漏严重;或变量泵的最大排量限制调节不当。 图 2-1液压舵机控制原理图 (2) 主油管路或液压件的外漏,旁通阀和安全阀关闭不严,也会使转舵速度降低。操纵油路积存空气,换向阀关闭不及时,或换向阀的换向速度调得过慢,必然会延迟主泵开始向转舵机构供油的时间,使舵来得慢。 2.4 滞舵 滞舵是指舵的转动明显滞后于操舵动作,其主要原因有: (1)遥控系统响应迟滞 例如控制杆件间隙大，液压伺服系统混入空气，储存弹簧张力过小液动住换向阀控制腔的回油缓冲节流口部分堵塞或开度过小等。 6 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 (2)住油路混有较多气体——即使机旁操舵滞舵现象也不会消除，从系统中可以放出气体。 系统内气体的主要来源可能有:冲液和检修后放气不彻底，或工作油箱油位过低或补油压力太低，以及泵吸入气体，或从系统泄露处或油缸密封处吸入空 (3)泵控型系统主油路内部泄露或旁通较严重，这样泵刚开始小流量排油时，舵便可能不动或动的太慢。 2.5 实际舵角与操舵角不符 (1) 追随机构调节不当,以致舵转至操舵要求的舵角时,油泵的变量机构还未回中,舵就会因油泵未停止供油而继续偏转,造成冲舵;或舵还未转至要求的舵角,追随机构已把油泵的变量机构拉回中位,舵因油泵停止供油而停转,结果造成舵不足。发生这种现象,追随机构应重新定位。定位时注意两点:?舵在正中时,油泵排量的调零;?舵在正中时,保证追随杆与连接杠杆的垂直度。 (2) 对于定向定量泵电液舵机,若驾驶人员操作不熟练,易出现冲舵现象。这是由于舵转至要求的舵角时,主油路的换向阀未及时回中,舵会因油泵供油未停而继续转动,从而造成冲舵。这种情况要靠操作的熟练程度才能解决。 3 轮机员日常维护的重点 3.1 检查应急舵的有效性 按照现代船舶建造规范的要求,船舶应当具有两套以上操置。一套主推舵装置,一套为辅助(应急)推舵装置。这是为了保证在主推舵装置出现故障时,应急舵仍然可以继续保持舵的有效性,确保船舶的正常航行和安全。对应急舵的检查一般要求船方进行应急舵的实操,观察应急舵是否能够使用,运转是否正常。 在检查舵的运转倩况时,一般应有两名船舶轮机员相互配合进行。一名轮机员在驾驶台发出舵令,另一名轮机员在舵机间观察舵机对于舵令的反映。舵机在转舵运行过程中应运转平稳,无杂音无间歇性现象。从一侧满舵运行到另一侧满舵时,应反映灵敏,能够达到的时间要求。 3.2 检查舵角指示的准确性 在舵机上都安装有舵角指示器,舵角指示器是为了正确显示舵叶转动的准确位置, 7 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 其所显示的角度指数应与驾驶台操舵转向的角度度数相吻合。当舵角指示器显示不准时, 就会影响到驾驶员的对船舶的操纵,使驾驶员的判断产生误差,有可能使船舶发生触碰事故。在检查舵角指示的准确性时,是由两名轮机员相互配合进行的。一名轮机员在驾驶台观察驾驶台上的检查舵角指示器显示的读数,另一名轮机员在舵间观察舵机上舵角指示器显示的读数。二者应读数相同。 3.3 检查舵角限位器的有效性 舵角限位器是起到了对液压油缸的保护作用。当舵角转动到最大角度时,油缸的活塞继续压缩液油,而舵叶已能继续偏转,致使油缸内的压力不断增加,容易导致油缸破裂。而舵角限位器的存在就使得当舵角转动到最大角度时触动限位开关,限位开关断开电机的动力，起到了保护油缸的作用。所以轮机员在检查舵角限位器时,应让船舶驾驶员分别打满左、右舵,观察当舵角转动到最大角度时舵角限位器是否发生作用。否则应当要求船方进行修复。 3.4 检查舵的液压系统的密封性能 舵叶的转动是依靠油缸内液体传递的油液压力来实现的。所以舵机的液压系统要保证不漏油,不漏气和不积气,才能达到传递液压力的目的。液压系统的密封性能对舵机的正常工作有着非常重要的作用。轮机员在检查舵机时,应当注意观察舵机表面和内表面是否干净整洁、是否存在油污,还应当注意检查油表面是否存在生锈的痕迹。 3.5 检查液压油的品质 液压油是液压舵机正常工作的媒质, 是液压舵机保持良好性能的保证。国际海上人命安全公约认对此有规定液压操纵的操舵设备应设有能针对该液压系统的形式和设计保持液体清洁的装置。 3.5.1 液压油性能指标一般应符合以下要求 (1) 粘度适宜，并具有良好的粘温性能。粘度太大会使流阻增加，功耗增大，输出力(力矩)减小，灵敏度降低;而粘度太小，则又会使泄漏增多，容积效率降低，工作速度下降，甚至可能导致润滑不良，加快机械设备的磨损。 (2) 油的闪点要高，凝固点要低，能满足防火和在低温环境工作的要求。 (3) 化学稳定性好，即不易因氧化、受热、水解而变质。 (4) 不易与水进行乳化和形成空气泡沫。一般液压油在20?溶解8,9,的空气，并在压力降低、温度升高时析出空气。液压油中含有气泡会使工作不稳定、油液发热，产生噪音，增大功耗，严重甚至损坏油泵。 8 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 (5) 质地纯净，杂质要少，含水量不得超过0.1%。 针对液压油如此高的性能要求，对液压油及系统的使用与维护也就提出了较高要 求。在判断油液质量之前，我们还应了解导致液压油性能下降的原因是什么, 污染与氧化是导致液压油变质的主要原因。通过对液压油特性的分析，我们可知造成其质变根源主要是系统内部即液压油本身受到污染。污染源来自系统管路锈蚀、密封不良而进入空气、水分，使得液压油自身发生化学变化，诱发液压油的各种特性发生了变化，使液压油全部或部分功能丧失，从而造成故障。 3.5.2 液压油污染的主要原因 (1)固体颗粒污染引起的故障 系统中液压油污染物的主要来源有:系统初次充油前清洗不彻底而残留的杂质;工作中经油箱透气管、活塞杆等处进入;设备拆修装复时带入;因油液氧化而生成、因机械磨损而产生;在液压油生产运输或存放过程中混入等。由于液压油中存在颗粒，造成液压系统滤器堵塞、管路堵塞、元件卡死、密封件磨损、阀件关闭不严等，主要的表现形式是滤器前后压力差比正常值大，某个元件发热或不动。 化学腐蚀的情况一般是液压油的添加剂添加品种不当;液压油加入了其他油脂或轻质油类;液压元件的密封元件材料选择不当;使用时间过长等;其表现为液压油的剪切力、表面张力下降、粘度变化、燃点下降、油泥增加;有时系统出现异常响声，液压泵有响声等情况，对液压系统的工作产生不利影响。 (2)水分引起的油变质 液压油中水的来源很多:油箱盖盖不紧、透气孔被雾气侵入、密封元件密封不良，接头松，柱塞工作时自身带水进入等情况都可能使系统进水，在添加液压油时也可能使水进入。液压油中进入的水分，可能导致液压泵柱塞表面被腐蚀或产生严重锈斑。 (3)空气污染引起的油变质 空气进入液压系统最主要的表现形式是系统的噪声大，液压系统出现推力不足。因液压系统是通过液压油抽吸而工作，空气进入系统的可能性很大，空气污染液压油的情况就成了液压系统故障的常见形式，空气进入系统后能溶解到油中，这时会使液压油氧化、变浑浊，容易使油温升高，这时对功率的影响较少，当空气不能溶解时，便会使液压系统的体积模量降低、功率降低，有气蚀或产生气穴腐蚀，产生噪音。 鉴于上述几点原因可直接引起油污染，而油污染后会使舵机产生故障，反之则可根据舵的故障来判断是否是油污染。下面表3-1就由于油污染而导致舵机故障及排除方法 9 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 列表，供大家参考: 表 3-1 故障 原因 排除方法 油缸运动时有噪音 1、管路内有空气 1、转舵放气 2、液压油中有水 2、换油 舵稳不住 1、管路中有空气 1、放气 2、安全自锁阀卡死 2、拆开安全自锁阀，清洗排除脏物 转舵速度慢 1、溢流阀卡死 1、 溢流阀芯被脏物卡死则拆开清洗阀 2、油箱内过滤器有脏物堵 芯并重新调整压力 2、清洗过滤器或油太脏需更换 跑舵 液控单向阀锁不住或阀芯有脏物拆洗后并重新调整压力 卡住 要判断油液好坏，首先应采集油样。油样的采集必须要有代表性，否则会造成误判(可在回油管路的压力表接头上接上一个用汽油清洗后吹干的瓶子)。采样 前应先使设备空转一段时间，待液压油已被搅匀，油温升至正常温度后即可采样。应该注意，从采样管中最初流出的油液不宜留作油样，供化验用的油样通常约需1L。 对油样是否污染和变质的现场简易判断法:首先是作外观检查，察看颜色与新油有无差别;有无水分和沉淀;有无异常臭味;与新油比较，看摇动后泡沫消失的快慢。下表3-2列出液压油变质情况的外观判断法与处理措施，仅供参考。 表 3-2 外观颜色 气味 状态 处理措施、 透明、无变化 正常 良好 照常使用 透明，但颜色变淡 正常 混有别种油液 检查粘度，如不符合要求，则应换油 变成乳白色 正常 混有空气和水 分离除水，一半或全部换新 变成黑褐色 有臭味 氧化变质 全部换油 透明但有小黑点 正常 混入杂质 过滤后使用或换油 10 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 油样污染鉴定还可以采用比较直观简单的滤纸滴油法，即用直径为1.8mm左右的金属丝将油样沾起并滴在滤纸上，待滤纸吸干油滴后，看其所形成的滴痕。由于油液在滤纸上将从中心向周围渗透、扩散，并将固体粒子积留在中心部位，故中心部位颜色较深，而扩散部分则颜色就浅。显然，若油液并未变质，整个滴痕的颜色就应比较均匀，否则就会生成颜色明显有别的环形斑痕，而且斑痕越明显，变质的程度就越严重。如果滴痕呈现棕色或灰色，则表明油中已生成胶质、沥青或炭渣。 鉴定油中是否含水，可滴油于赤热的铁板上，如有“哧哧”声，即表示油中有水;油的酸、碱性判断可把油样与少量的水一起搅拌，摇荡，待静置分层后，再用PH试纸试验水层的酸碱性即可。 舵机液压油是否清洁对于舵机的正常运行确实很重要，国际海上人命安全公约有此类条款规定:液压操纵的操舵设备应设有能针对该液压系统的形式和设计保持液体清洁的装置。国内的船检规范也有类似的条款规定。因此保持舵机液压油的清洁是很重要，也是有船舶安全检查依据，但对液压油缺陷的处理意见值得船舶安全检查员们商榷。 3.6 舵机检查的其他注意事项 在舵机间应张贴有应急舵的使用操作说明, 并通过与机舱工人的交谈, 以了解他们是否熟悉应急舵的操作使用。通过以上的检查基本上可以完成对舵机的安检工作, 对该船的舵机系统有了比较全面的了解。 结论 通过以上的叙述，我们对该船的舵机系统有了比较全面的了解.现代船舶海事的发生原因绝大多数是人为造成的,本文希望通过对舵机的故障分析、安检要求,能够为船员日常工作和提高技能有所帮助;特别是对减少舵机故障率、保证船舶安全航行、减少甚至杜绝海事的发生有所帮助。 11 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 致谢语 在论文完成之际，我的心情非常激动。回首来时路，诸多良师益友关心我，扶持我，给我信心，促我奋进。在此谨向他们表示衷心的感谢。 首先，感谢大学指导我的老师，你们循循善诱的教导和不拘一格的思路给予我无限的启迪。能够耳濡目染老师们兢兢业业的治学态度、敏锐创新的科学思维和身体力行的工作作风是我收获的最大财富，并使我在今后的日子里受用无穷，你们是我工作、学习中的榜样。你们传授给我的专业知识是我不断成长的源泉，也是完成本论文的基础。感谢这个学校把我教育成社会的一个栋梁之材。 其次，感谢船上的兄弟们对我的帮助和指点。没有他们的帮助和提供资料，对于我一个人来说要想在短短的的时间里完成毕业论文是几乎不可能的事情。 再次，感谢我最爱的家人，正是全家人殷切的期望、长久的鼓舞和不变的关怀，才有我不断奋进的足迹，我将带着这份牵挂和鼓励风雨兼程，永不气馁! 最后，衷心祝愿所有曾经给予我关心、帮助的师长、亲人、同学和朋友顺心如意，幸福安康! 再次对所有关心、帮助我的人说一声“谢谢”。 12 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 参考文献 [1] 王永顺，张庆信.船舶轮机问答(船舶柴油机分册)[M].北京:人民交通出版社，1975.45,57 [2] 中国船级社. 钢质海船入级与建造规范[Z]. 1996.32,39 [3] 李成玉，船舶辅机[M]，大连:大连海事学院出版社，2000.135,167 [4] 王卫兵,高俊山等.可编程序控制器原理及应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社, 2002.49,58 [5] 郑士君，船舶液压系统故障诊断与维修技术[M].上海:上海人民交通出版社，1999.68,87 [6] 王福根(船舶轴舵系装置[M](大连:大连海事学院出版社，2003.71,81 [7] 杨忠良.航海技术[M].大连: 人民交通出版社，2004.112,134 [8] 杨立平.空调制冷设备安装与维修[M](北京:中国轻工业出版社，1999.87,89 [9] 费千.船舶辅机[M].大连:大连海事学院出版社，2005.138,167 [10] 朱湘.黄晓明,邓学钧.交通科技[J].交通科技报.2000.(01).21,27 [11]李华文 船舶综合液压推进系统设计[J].液压气动与密封，2008(1):25,28 [13]Yang Er-zhuang，chinese hydraulics[C]. Tribology Letters，2007，27(1):21,24. [14] Hydraulic and Electric-Hydraulic Control Systems[M]. Second Enlarged Edition, R.B.Walters, 22(3):221,225.Kuwer Academic Publisher, Dordrecht/Boston/London,1991， 13 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen 14 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations 15 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth 16 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political 17 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision 18 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and 19 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on 20 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a 21 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > 22 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years 23 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, 24 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should 25 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective 26 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts 27 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application 28 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation 29 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give 30 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental 31 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post 32 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in 33 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in 34 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management 35 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, 36 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one 37 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are 38 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < 39 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform 40 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation 41 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 42 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily 43 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres 44 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection 45 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace 46 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of 47 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline 48 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be 49 孙晋禹:轮机工程专业毕业论文 held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations. 50