英语四六级作文模板 4级 6级

英语四六级作文 模板 个人简介word模板免费下载关于员工迟到处罚通告模板康奈尔office模板下载康奈尔 笔记本 模板 下载软件方案模板免费下载 4级 6级 一、说明原因型模块 Currently, XX has been the order of the day. This does demonstrate the theory —— nothing is more valuable than XX It is clear that (1). If you (2), as a result, your dreams will come true. On the contrary, if you (3).Failure will be following with you. It turns out that all your plan falls through. No one can deny another fact that (4).You don't have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know (5).It will exert a profound influence upon (6).With reference to my standpoint, I think (7). 注释: 1、XX的第一个优点 2、支持XX的做法 3、不支持XX的做法 4、XX的第二个优点 5、举例证明优点二 6、说明XX优点三的影响 相应作文: The importance of self-confidence Currently, self-confidence has been the order of the day. This does demonstrate the theory —— nothing is more valuable than self-confidence. It is clear that (self-confidence means trust in one's abilities). If you (are full of self-confidence, it will bring your creative power to play, arouse your enthusiasm for work, and help you overcome difficulties), as a result, your dreams will come true. On the contrary, if you (have no confidence in yourself, there is little possibility that you would ever achieve anything ). Failure will be following with you。It turns out that all your plan falls through. No one can deny another fact that (self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismayed).You don't have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know (the secret of MMe. Curie lies in perseverance and self-confidence, the latter in particular). It will exert a profound influence upon (the achievement of one's ambitions). With reference to my standpoint, I think (he that can have self-confidence can have what he will). 二、说明原因型模块 In recent years, XX has caused a heated debate on (1). The factors for (2).First of all, (3).Then, there comes a case that (4). Moreover, (5). Especially when (6). Indeed, these unique points can be collected the remind people that (7).In this way, we should behave just like (8). 相应作文: The impact of Television In recent years, with the development of science and technology, 80 percent of all homes in China have satellite TV, offering as many as 50 channels. It has caused a heated debate on (the impact of television on children). Many parents are worried about the impact of so much television on children. The factors for (parents' worry is that children are indulge in television and spend too much time on it.).First of all, (with so many programs to choose from, children are not getting as much exercise as they should ).Then, there comes a case that (some studies have show that excessive watching of television by millions of children has lowered their ability to achieve in school ). Moreover, (the effect on children's minds are more serious than the effect on children's bodies). Especially when (the children are too small to judge what programs are suit to them).Indeed, these unique points can be connected to remind parents that (they should pay close attention to and responsibilities for supervising their children's TV viewing).In this way, children will not be influenced too deeply. 三、说明原因型模块 For most of us today, (1). From above, we can find that the reasons why (2)are as follows.The primary reason, I think, is (3).Second, (4). The third reason, actually, is (5). The significance for (6). Therefore, (7). 注释: 1、人们针对XX的态度和举措 2、归纳现状 3、第一个原因 4、第二个原因 5、第三个原因 6、重申造成现状的最重要原因 相应作文: Pollution Most of us today (recognize that environmental pollution has been a greatly serious problem. lots of plants trees corps are destroyed by bad air. many fish die of poisonous water. thousands of people die from eating poisoned fish or b reathing in gas. therefore, environmental pollution should be responsible for these diseases that are disabling, or bringing death not only to human beings, but also to wild life.)From above, we can find that the reasons why (environment are polluted more and more seriously)are as follows. the primary reason, I think, is (the reason of harmful substances into environment. for example, to prevent insects, farmers make use of great amounts of insecticides, so as to have bumper harvests. however, they pollute air, water and land ).Second,(the gas coming from the car engines and factories also make environment polluted badly ). the third reason actually is (the result of a growing population in the world. everyday, so much litter and waste are poured out from houses, also pollute the environment ). The significance for (controlling pollution) noted that it's high time that more effective measures should be taken. Therefore, (new laws should be passed to limit the amount of pollutants from factories. moreover, in the households, there is an obvious need to reduce litter and waste. let's make our good efforts, and the world will be a safer place to live for us). 四、说明原因型模块 These days we often hear that (1).It is common that (2). Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing, (3).For another, (4). What is more, since (5),it is natural that (6).To solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worth trying. We should do something such as (7) to improve he present situation, and I do believe everything will be better in the future. 注释: 1、提出论题 2、说明现状 3、理由一 4、理由二 5、理由三 6、理由三引起的后果 7、解决方法 相应作文: Pollution of environment These days we often hear that (our living conditions are getting more and more serious because of the destruction of our environment ).It is common that (many trees and animals are near extinction, and the all-important food chain has been destroyed.). Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing, (the population of the world is increasing so rapidly that the world has been so crowded. ).For another,(the overuse of natural resources has influenced the balance of natural ecology ). What is more, since (the industrial revolution ),it is natural that (a great number of factories have been springing up like mushrooms. The smoke and harmful chemicals released from factories also pollute the environment). To solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worthing. We should do something such as (planting more trees, equipping cars with pollution-control devices and learning to recycling natural resources )to improve the present situation, and I do believe everything will be better in the future. 图表式作文写作模板 It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as X varies). At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of……(多少). What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are…… (多少)reasons behind the situat ion reflected in the graphic/table. First of all,……(第一个原因). More importantly,…… (第二个原因). Most important of all,……(第三个原因). From the above discussions, w e have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势). 提纲式作文写作模板 1、对立观点式 A. 有人认为X 是好事，赞成X，为什么, B. 有人认为X 是坏事，反对X，为什么, C. 我的看法。 Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。However, other pe ople stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。 2、批驳观点式 A(一个错误观点。 B(我不同意。Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对 这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。(Accordin g to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误 观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响)。 There might be some element of truth in these people's belief. But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief. (以 下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。 3、社会问题(现象)式 A(一个社会问题或者现象 B(产生的原因 C(对社会和我们生活的影响 D(如何杜绝。(如果是问题的话) E(前景的预测。 Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem. (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public). According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。(或者是一个例子)。 There are a couple of r easons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面参照辩论式议论文写法。 X has cause d substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。 A dozen of measures are suppos ed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm. 同上Based on the above dis cussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will…… 辩论式议论文模版(一) Some people believe (argue, recognize, think)that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea. There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3. In summary, 总结观点。 As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心。 或From above, we can predict that 预测。 辩论式议论文模版(二) People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1. While others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2. Last but not the least, 论据3. To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心。 或From above, we can predict that 预测。 辩论式议论文模版(三) There is no consensus of opinions among people about X(争论的焦点)。Some people are of the view that 观点1. While others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. First of all, 论据1. Furthermore, 论据2. Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3. A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that 总结观点。As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心。或 From above, we can predict that 预 测。 作文经典句型总结 作文经典句型总结 一至七条为图表句型. 一( 上升增长 1(…add up to… 增加了 eg. The total amount of … added up to 14 billion pounds(14%) in 1994. 2( to jump to / to soar to.. 一跃达到/ 猛增到… eg. The total working days lost soared to 10 million in 1979. 3(…an increase of about…percent as compared with.. 与…相比大约增加了… eg. In August as many as 39 car accidents were reported, indicating an increase of about 79% as compared with the number of January. 4(…to experience an increase/incline …有了增长 eg. Tobacco consumption is experiencing an incline. 二( 下降，减少 1(…to sink/drop/reduce to… 减少到… eg. The rate of strikes sank/dropped to the lowest point in 1979. 2(…to experience a decrease/decline …有了减少 eg. Tobacco consumption is experiencing a decrease. 注意: 修饰上升/减少的副词有: rapidly slowly dramatically respectively 表达上升/减少的最后状态的词有: the highest peak the lowest point 10 million 10% 三( 起伏 1(…to go up and down …起伏不定 eg. The strike rate went up and down during the period from 1952 to 1967. 2(There be ups and downs …有起有伏 eg. Between 1972 and 1979, there were several ups and downs in (某方面). 四( 稳定 1(…to remain steady/level/unchanged …保持稳定，几乎不变 eg. The rate of …remained steady (fairly level/almost unchanged) during the four years from 1963 to 1967. 2(…to level off (vi.) eg. After a steady decline for a whole decade, the …rate shows signs of leveling off. 注意: 修饰起伏或稳定状态的副词有: almost fairly 可以用于表达起伏，稳定状态的句子中的词组或句型: the general situation was not worsening show indications of improvement it can be predicted that… eg. The rate of …remained steady during the four years from 1963 to 1967,and it can be predicted that the general situation was not worsening. eg. The rate of …remained steady during the four years from 1963 to 1967,showing signs of improvement in … 五( 成正比，反比 1(…be in direct /inverse ratio to/with 与…成正比/反比 eg. Male illustrations are in direct ratio to /with the advancement of grades, while female illustrations are in inverse ratio. 六( 占百分之几，几分之几 1….to form/comprise/make up/constitute ….percent …占百分之… eg. Women comprise more than 50% of the US.population. eg. Females make up only 24% of the illustrations whereas males constitute 76%. 2(…to form/comprise/constitute a half/third/fourth of……占…的1/2,1/3,1/4 eg. Female illustrions form less than a fourth of the total. 3(…account for…percent 占百分之几 eg. ……, accounting for approximately 20 percent of… 七( 倍数 1(A be …times as much/many as B eg. The annual rainfall of Hunan is 5 times as much as that of Sichuan. 2(A doubles/is half/triples B A是B的两倍，一半，三倍 eg. The annual rainfall of Jidda doubles that of Janta, but is only half the amount of rain Kuwait receives each year. 附一 圆盘比例型图表 例: 一个圆盘显示了大学生在food, books, transportations, entertainment, clothes, unknown中的开销，它们各自占的比例依次是 60%,3%,5%,10%,10%,12%，要求你描叙这个圆盘图。 描述: 2005-12-23 01:34 回复 61.174.147.* 2楼 The above pie chart consists of 6 segments, the largest one representing food, which accounts for 60% of the total. Clothes and entertainment each takes up 10%. 5% goes to transportation and 3% books. All the rest expenses, 12% of all ,is spend on unknown items. 总结写作模式: …pie chart consists of…segments, the largest one representing…,which accounts for …of the total.…each takes up….…goes to….All the rest…, …of all,……. . 八.原因结果 1….(结果)…, owing to (原因) [owing to 为分词结构] 2….(结果)…, attributable to(原因) [attributable to为形容词短语] 3….(结果) lie in the fact that(原因) [ 同位语从句 ] 4….(结果)result from(原因) [句型一般] 5. It is precisely because (原因)…that (导致结果)… [强调结构] 6. …, as a result, …(导致结果)… [as a result做插入语] 7. (原因)be responsible for(结果) [常见句型] 8. (原因)，which in turn(结果) eg. They give rise to unfair competition, which in turn throws original businesses into a commercial panic. 九(采取措施，提出建议 1. My suggestion to deal with/solve/relieve the problem are as follows. In the first place,…. Secondly,…. Finally,… [常见句型] 2. If we let the situation go as it is, …. By that time, …. 如果让这种情况继续发展下去，那 么……。到那个时候，……。[比较好的句型] 3. More and more people are realizing the importance of…[进行时态， more and more比 many好] 4. Great efforts/More measures/Due attention must be taken/paid to do …[ 被动语态，due attention 和be paid to 搭配] 5. If……, will there be anything that can make me even happier? 如果(我们怎么怎么做)， 那将没有比这令我更高兴的了。[条件句，反问句] 6. It is important/necessary/urgent/desirable(希望)/advisable(明智) for sb. to do sth. [It is …for …to do…句型] 7. enhance the awareness of people that… 8. The first nut for us to crack is… 我们首先要解决的是……。 [比The first thing we should do is … 句型 高级的多，精彩的多，生动的多] 9. ……as soon as possible [常见句型] 10. sth. be of the utmost importance [ be of n. 结构， 比sth. be much important好] 十(方式，比较 1. (Just) as …, so… 正如… [ 比较句型 ] eg. Just as water is the most important of liquids, so air is the most important of gases. 2. in much the same way/manner that… 正如…, 和…一样 eg. The Americans spend Christmas Day in much the same way that the Europeans do. 十一. 让步 1. now that …… 既然…… [让步从句] eg. Now that the decision has been made, we must try our best to carry it out. 2. unless…not… [ 让步从句] eg. It is a vicious cycle and unless you consider these social, economic and environmental problems in one context, you are not serious about meeting the challenges. [注意例句中的 consider sth. in one context句型:把什么事情放在一起加以综合考虑] 十三. 强调句 1. only [既是强调句,又是倒装句] eg. Only in this way can you hope to improve the present situation. 2. It is …that… eg. It is because he was too careless that he failed in the exam. 3. nothing but 只不过;只有… 2005-12-23 01:34 回复 61.174.147.* 3楼 eg. If what we have been striving for is nothing but pleasure-seeking, our nation will be deprived of the right to rise.(这里nothing but 可以去掉,不影响句意,但有了nothing but,就 强调了后面的名词) 十四. 假设 1. Supposing……, it is likely that…. 假设…, 那么很可能… [假设, 虚拟语态] eg. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc. from an advertisement. 十五. 反问 1. What else can …? ……..还能做什么呢? eg. What else can the poor parents do but obey? 这些可怜的家长除了听从外还能做什么 呢? 2. How could ……? 怎能…. eg. How could I put the English books aside to read pastime books? 十六. 比较 1. A is to B what X is to Y. A对于B 就象X对于Y eg. Food is to man what oil is to machines. 2. ……more…, less… eg. The closer to Christmas, the crazier they get; they become more agitated, less patient. 十七. 否定 1. 双重否定 not uncommon = common 平常的,普通的 not unusual = usual 平常的，通常的 not inevitable=evitable 可以避免的 (尽量把要强调的普通的形容词改成双重否定, 为文章多增加亮点) 2. by no means 并没有;当然不 3. no longer/more 不再 eg. I am no longer that ignorant girl. 十八. 程度 1. all the more 更加 eg. That makes London all the more fascinating, doesn’t it? eg. It is all the more surprising therefore that… 2. more than 做副词, 意为 “多过…”, “比…以上”, “比…更” eg. I am more than happy to hear from you. 3. more than you can… 远超过你… eg. The situation is very abominable more than you can stand.环境非常恶劣,你无法忍受. 十九. 论相互关系 1. A have much(nothing) to do with B 2. A be closely related to B 3.A be directly bound up with B 4. a definite link between …and… 二十一.直陈观点 1. more than…can 简直不,无法,难以… eg. The beauty of the city is more than I can describe. 2. beyond description 无法描述 eg. The beauty of the city is beyond description. 3. There is no point(use) in doing… …是没有任何意义的. 4. The first nut for us to crack is … 我们首先要解决的问题是… 5. short-sighted policy 眼光短浅的政策 6. while ……with one hand, ……with the other. 当(我们)一方面…., 而另一方面… eg. While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other. 7. far from 远离,远远不,非但不 eg. Far from taking exception(take exception:反对), no one is even mildly surprised. 8. be bound to eg. Any discussion of this topic is bound to question the aims of education. 9. (or) vice-versa 反之亦然 10. sth. be measured in terms of … sth.用…来衡量 eg. “success” is measured in terms of freedom from insecurity. 11…. (现象)…, upon which views vary from person to person. 12.A be more essential to B. 对B来说, A是尤为关键重要的. 13.Distinguished scientific accomplishment is a matter of opportunity and of continuous and concentrated effort over long years. (很优美的句子,值得借鉴) 14. from the …point of view 从…角度来看 2005-12-23 01:34 回复 61.174.147.* 4楼 eg. From the health point of view 从健康的角度来看 15. ……must be rooted out in order to …. …必须根除以… eg. Moral corruption must be rooted out in order to preserve the integrity of the state. 为了 使国家健康发展,必须根除腐败. 16. …represent only the tip of the iceberg. …….只是冰山一角 eg. The most famous stars represent only the tip of the iceberg. 17. The rapid progress in science and technology has given a powerful shove-ahead to the productive forces of the world and the economic and social development of humanity. 科技的快速发展带给世界生产力和人类经济和社会的发展一个强劲的推动力(2001年****的 七.一讲话). 18. ….stand tall and aim far, broaden one’s vision and give full play to one’s intelligence and wisdom on the broad arena of reform, opening-up and the modernization drive. 站的 高看的远,开扩自己的视野,在改革开放和现代化建设的大舞台上充分发挥个人才智(2001年 ****的七.一讲话). (句中很多的词组都是作文中可以运用到的,比如改革开放:reform (and) opening-up等) 19….demonstrate the value of one’s life and work hard to achieve feats that will live up to the expectations of the people and the times. 证实自己的人生价值,努力的工作取得成就, 而不辜负人民和时代的期望. (出处同上) 20.When asked about…, the overwhelming majority of people say that ….But other people think of … as…. / But I think quite differently. (对报刊上某一问题(已有不同的人发 表了不同的观点)发表自己的观点) 21.It is generally believed/accepted/held that… 通常认为…. 22 It is no denying the fact that…. 无可否认… 23….. , so…that… eg. The river is very clear, so clear that you can see the fishes coming and going in it. eg. Everything is covered with a thick layer of dust, so poisonous that all the grass, trees, vegetables and flowers gradually die. 二十二. 辨证分析 1. Just as the popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides”. From one side,…. from the other side,…. 正如一个谚语所说的, “每个硬币都有两面(事物都是一分为二的)”.从一方面 看….. 从另一方面来看….. 二 十三. 比喻,拟人 1. They are taken prisoners by fame and their achievements turn into a bar to further advance. 2. True and deep love of life is the spring from which flow courage, confidence and power. 二十四.副词 1. admittedly 应当承认: Admittedly, a few governments have taken timid measures. 2. simply 简而言之: The answer is simply money. 3. discreetly 小心谨慎地: point out discreetly that… 4. conceivably 可以想象地: Smoking may, conceivably, be harmful. 5. surely 肯定地: This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine. 6. eagerly 渴望地 7. increasingly 不断增长地 While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other. 8. honestly: 诚实地: the government is honestly concerned about the welfare of its people政府真心实意地关心它的人民的福利 9. certainly: 当然地 As individuals we are certainly weak, but if …作为个人,我们当然是弱小的,但是如果… 结束语 下面是经典古文名句赏析～～不需要的朋友， 可以下载后编辑删除～～谢谢 经典古文名篇(一);1.陋室铭刘禹锡(唐)字梦得《刘梦得文集》;山不在高，有仙则名;2(马说韩愈(唐)字退之《昌黎先生集》;世有伯乐，然后有千里马;马之千里者，一食(shí)或尽粟一石(dàn);策之不以其道，食(sì)之不能尽其材(才)，鸣之;3(师说韩愈(唐);古之学者必有师;嗟乎～师道之不传也久矣～欲人之无惑也难矣～古之圣;圣人无常师;李氏子蟠，年十七 经典古文名篇(一) 1. 陋室铭 刘禹锡(唐)字梦得 《刘梦得文集》 山不在高，有仙则名。水不在深，有龙则灵。斯是陋室，惟吾德馨。苔痕上阶绿，草色入帘青。谈笑有鸿儒，往来无白丁。可以调素琴，阅金经。无丝竹之乱耳，无案牍之劳形。南阳诸葛庐，西蜀子云亭。孔子云:何陋之有, 2(马说 韩愈(唐) 字退之《昌黎先生集》 世有伯乐，然后有千里马。千里马常有，而伯乐不常有。故虽有名马，只辱于奴隶人之手，骈死于槽枥之间，不以千里称也。 马之千里者，一食(shí)或尽粟一石(dàn)。食(sì)马者不知千里而食(sì)也。是马也，虽有千里之能，食(shí)不饱，力不足，才美不外见(现)，且欲与常马等不可得，安求其能千里也, 策之不以其道，食(sì)之不能尽其材(才)，鸣之而不能通其意，执策而临之，曰:“天下无马～”呜呼～其真无马邪(ye),其真不知马也。 3(师说 韩愈(唐) 古之学者必有师。师者，所以传道受(授)业解惑也。人非生而知之者，孰能无惑,惑而不从师，其为惑也，终不解矣。生乎吾前，其闻道也固先乎吾，吾从而师之;生乎吾后，其闻道也亦先乎吾，吾从而师之。吾师道也，夫庸知其年之先后生于吾乎,是故无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。 嗟乎～师道之不传也久矣～欲人之无惑也难矣～古之圣人，其出人也远矣，犹且从师而问焉;今之众人，其下圣人也亦远矣，而耻学于师。是故圣益圣，愚 益愚。圣人之所以为圣，愚人之所以为愚，其皆出于此乎,爱其子，择师而教之;于其身也，则耻师焉，惑矣。彼童子之师，授之书而习其句读(d?u)者，非吾所谓传其道解其惑者也。句读之不知，惑之不解，或师焉，或不(fǒu)焉，小学而大遗，吾未见其明也。巫医乐师百工之人，不耻相师。士大夫之族，曰师曰弟子云者，则群聚而笑之。问之，则曰:“彼与彼年相若也，道相似也，位卑则足羞，官盛则近谀。”呜呼～师道之不复，可知矣。巫医乐师百工之人，君子不齿，今其智乃反不能及，其可怪也欤～ 圣人无常师。孔子师郯(tán)子、苌(cháng)弘、师襄、老聃(dàn)。郯子之徒，其贤不及孔子。孔子曰:三人行，则必有我师。是故弟子不必不如师，师不必贤于弟子，闻道有先后，术业有专攻，如是而已。 李氏子蟠，年十七，好古文，六艺经传皆通习之，不拘于时，学于余。余嘉其能行古道，作《师说》以贻之。 4.爱莲说 周敦颐(北宋) 字茂叔《周元公集》 水陆草木之花，可爱者甚藩(fán)。晋陶渊明独爱菊。自李唐来，世人甚爱牡丹。予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染，濯清涟而不妖，中通外直，不蔓不枝，香远益清，亭亭净植，可远观而不可亵玩焉。 予谓菊，花之隐逸者也;牡丹，花之富贵者也;莲，花之君子者也。噫～菊之爱，陶后鲜有闻。莲之爱，同予者何人,牡丹之爱，宜乎众矣～ 5.得道多助，失道寡助 《孟子?公孙丑》(战国)名轲 字子舆 天时不如地利，地利不如人和。 三里之城，七里之郭，环而攻之而不胜。夫还而攻之，必有得天时者矣，然而不胜者，是天时不如地利也。 城非不高也，池非不深也，兵革非不坚利也，米粟非不多也，委而去之，是地利不如人和也。 故曰，域民不以封疆之界，固国不以山溪之险，威天下不以兵革之利。得道者多助，失道者寡助。寡助之至，亲戚畔(叛)之。多助之至，天下顺之。以天下之所顺，攻亲戚之所畔，故君子有不战，战必胜矣。 6(生于忧患，死于安乐 《孟子?告子》 舜发于畎亩之中，傅说(yua)举于版筑之间，胶鬲举于鱼盐之中，管夷吾举于士，孙叔敖举于海，百里奚举于市。 故天将降大任于是人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱其所为，所以动心忍性，曾(增)益其所不能。 人恒过，然后能改;困于心，衡于虑，而后作;征于色，发于声，而后喻。入则无法家拂(bì)士，出则无敌国外患者，国恒亡。然后知生于忧患，而死于安乐也。 7(鱼我所欲也 《孟子》 鱼，我所欲也，熊掌，亦我所欲也，二者不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生，亦我所欲也，义，亦我所欲也，二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。生亦我所欲，所欲有甚于生者，故不为苟得也。死亦我所恶，所恶有甚于死者，故患有所不避也。如使人之所欲莫甚于生，则凡可以得生者何不用也,使人之所恶莫甚于死者，则凡可以避患者何不为也,由是则生而有不用也;由是则可以避患而有不为也。是故所欲有甚于生者，所恶有甚于死者。非独贤者有是心也，人皆有之，贤者能勿丧耳。 一箪食，一豆羹，得之则生，弗得则死。呼尔而与之，行道之人弗受;蹴尔而与之，乞人不屑也。 万钟则不辨礼义而受之，万钟于我何加焉～为宫室之美，妻妾之奉，所识穷乏者得我欤,向为身死而不受，今为宫室之美为之;向为身死而不受，今为妻妾之奉为之;向为身死而不受，今为所识穷乏者得我而为之:是亦不可以已乎,此之谓失其本心。 8(劝学 《荀子》(战国)名况 君子曰:学不可以已。青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝;冰，水为之，而寒于水。木直中(zh?ng)绳，以为轮，其曲中规。虽有(又)槁(gào)暴(pù)，不复挺者，使之然也。故木受绳则直，金就砺则利，君子博学而日参(cān)省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。 吾尝终日而思矣，不如须臾之所学也;吾尝跂(qí)而望矣，不如登高之博见也。登高而招，臂非加长也，而见者远;顺风而呼，声非加疾也，而闻者彰。假舆马者，非利足也，而致千里;假舟楫者，非能水也，而绝江河。君子生(性)非异也，善假于物也。 积土成山，风雨兴焉;积水成渊，蛟龙生焉;积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉。故不积跬步，无以至千里;不积小流，无以成江海。骐骥一跃，不能十步;驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折;锲而不舍，金石可镂。蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强，上食埃土，不饮黄泉，用心一也。蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇鳝之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。 9(问说 刘开(清)字明东、方来 号孟涂 君子学必好问。问与学，相辅而行者也，非学无以致疑，非问无以广识。好学而不勤问，非真能好学者也。理明矣，而或不达于事，识其大矣，而或不知其细，舍问，其奚决焉, 贤于己者，问焉以破其疑，所谓就有道而正也。不如己者，问焉以求一得，所谓以能问于不能，以多问于寡也。等于己者，问焉以资切磋，所谓交相问难(nàn)，审问而明辨之也。《书》不云乎,“好问则裕。”孟子论“求放心”，而并称曰“学问之道”，学即继以问也。子思言“尊德性”，而归于“道问学”，问且先于学也。 古之人虚中乐善，不择事而问焉，不择人而问焉，取其有益于身而已。是故狂夫之言，圣人择之，刍荛(ráo)之微，先民询之，舜以天子而询于匹夫，以大知而察及迩言，非苟为谦，诚取善之弘也。三代而下，有学而无问，朋友之交，至于劝善规过足矣，其以义理相咨访，孜孜焉唯进修是急，未之多见也，况流俗乎, 是己而非人，俗之同病。学有未达，强(qiǎng)以为知，理有未安，妄以臆度(duo)， 如是，则终身几无可问之事。贤于己者，忌之而不愿问焉，不如己者，轻之而不屑问焉，等于己者，狎之而不甘问焉，如是，则天下几无可问之人。人不足服矣，事无可疑矣，此唯师心自用耳。夫自用，其小者也;自知其陋而谨护其失，宁使学终不进，不欲虚以下人，此为害于心术者大，而蹈之者常十之。 不然，则所问非所学焉:询天下之异文鄙事以快言论;甚且心之所已明者，问之人以试其能，事之至难解者，问之人以穷其短。而非是者，虽有切于身心性命之事，可以收取善之益，求一屈己焉而不可得也。嗟乎～学之所以不能几(jī)于古者，非此之由乎, 且夫不好问者，由心不能虚也;心之不虚，由好学之不诚也。亦非不潜心专力之敌，其学非古人之学，其好亦非古人之好也，不能问宜也。 智者千虑，必有一失。圣人所不知，未必不为愚人之所知也;愚人之所能，未必非圣人之不能也。理无专在，而学无止境也，然则问可少耶,《周礼》，外朝以询万民，国之政事尚问及庶人，是故贵可以问贱，贤可以问不肖，而老可以问幼，唯道之所成而已矣。孔文子不耻下问，夫子贤之。古人以问为美德，而并不见其有可耻也，后之君子反争以问为耻，然则古人所深耻者，后世且行之而不以为耻者多矣，悲夫～ 10. 前赤壁赋 苏轼(北宋) 字子瞻 号东坡居士 壬戌之秋，七月既望，苏子与客泛舟游于赤壁之下。清风徐来，水波不兴。举酒属客，诵明月之诗，歌窈窕之章。少焉，月出于东山之上，徘徊于斗牛之间。白露横江，水光接天。纵一苇之所如，凌万顷之茫然。浩浩乎如冯虚御风，而不知其所止;飘飘乎如遗世独立，羽化而登仙。 于是饮酒乐甚，扣舷而歌之。歌曰:“桂棹兮兰桨，击空明兮溯流光;渺渺兮予怀，望美人兮天一方。”客有吹洞箫者，倚歌而和之。其声呜呜然，如怨，如慕，如泣，如诉，余音袅袅，不绝如缕。舞幽壑之潜蛟，泣孤舟之嫠妇。 苏子愀然，正襟危坐而问客曰:“何为其然也,”客曰:“„月明星稀，乌鹊南飞?，此非曹孟德之诗乎,西望夏口，东望武昌，山川相缪，郁乎苍苍，此非曹孟德之困于周郎者乎,方其破荆州，下江陵，顺流而东也，舳舻千里，旌旗蔽空，酾酒临江，横槊赋诗，固一世之雄也，而今安在哉,况吾与子渔樵于江渚之上， 侣鱼虾而友麋鹿，驾一叶之扁舟，举匏樽以相属。寄蜉蝣于天地，渺沧海之一粟。哀吾生之须臾，羡长江之无穷。挟飞仙以遨游，抱明月而长终。知不可乎骤得，托遗响于悲风。” 苏子曰:“客亦知夫水与月乎,逝者如斯，而未尝往也;盈虚者如彼，而卒莫消长也。盖将自其变者而观之，则天地曾不能以一瞬;自其不变者而观之，则物与我皆无尽也，而又何羡乎,且夫天地之间，物各有主。苟非吾之所有，虽一毫而莫取。唯江上之清风，与山间之明月，耳得之而为声，目遇之而成色，取之无禁，用之不竭，是造物者之无尽藏也，而吾与子之所共适。” 客喜而笑，洗盏更酌。肴核既尽，杯盘狼藉。相与枕藉乎舟中，不知东方之既白。 11(后赤壁赋 苏轼 是岁十月之望，步自雪堂，将归于临皋。二客从予，过黄泥之坂。霜露既降，木叶尽脱。人影在地，仰见明月。顾而乐之，行歌相答。已而叹曰:“有客无酒，有酒无肴，月白风清，如此良夜何,”客曰:“今者薄暮，举网得鱼，巨口细鳞，状如松江之鲈。顾安所得酒乎,”归而谋诸妇。妇曰:“我有斗酒，藏之久矣，以待子不时之需。” 于是携酒与鱼，复游于赤壁之下。江流有声，断岸千尺，山高月小，水落石出。曾日月之几何，而江山不可复识矣～予乃摄衣而上，履巉岩，披蒙茸，踞虎豹，登虬龙，攀栖鹘之危巢，俯冯夷之幽宫，盖二客不能从焉。划然长啸，草木震动，山鸣谷应，风起云涌。予亦悄然而悲，肃然而恐，凛乎其不可留也。反而登舟，放乎中流，听其所止而休焉。时夜将半，四顾寂寥。适有孤鹤，横江东来，翅如车轮，玄裳缟衣，戛然长鸣，掠予舟而西也。 须臾客去，予亦就睡。梦一道士，羽衣蹁跹，过临皋之下，揖予而言曰:“赤壁之游乐乎,”问其姓名，俯而不答。“呜呼噫嘻～我知之矣。畴昔之夜，飞鸣而过我者，非子也耶,”道士顾笑，予亦惊寤。开户视之，不见其处。 12(卖炭翁 白居易(唐) 字乐天 号香山居士《白氏长庆集》 卖炭翁，伐薪烧炭南山中。满面尘灰烟火色，两鬓苍苍十指黑。卖炭得钱何所营,身上衣裳口中食。可怜身上衣正单，心忧炭贱愿天寒。夜来城外一尺雪，晓驾炭车碾冰辙。牛困人饥日以高，市南门外泥中歇。 翩翩两骑(jì)来是谁,黄衣使者白衫儿。手把文书口称敕，回车叱牛牵向北。一车炭，千余斤，宫使驱将(jiāng)惜不得。半匹红绡一丈绫，系(jì)向牛头充炭直(值)。 13(木兰诗 《乐府诗集》 北朝民歌 唧唧复唧唧，木兰当户织。不闻机杼声，惟闻女叹息。 问女何所思，问女何所忆。女亦无所思，女亦无所忆。昨夜见军帖(tiě)，可汗大点兵，军书十二卷，卷卷有爷名。阿爷无大儿，木兰无长兄，愿为市鞍马，从此替爷征。 东市买骏马，西市买鞍鞯(jiān)，南市买辔头，北市买长鞭。旦辞爷娘去，暮宿黄河边，不闻爷娘唤女声，但闻黄河流水鸣溅溅(jiàn)。旦辞黄河去，暮至黑山头，不闻爷娘唤女声，但闻燕山胡骑鸣啾啾。 万里赴戎机，关山度若飞。朔气传金柝，寒光照铁衣。将军百战死，壮士十年归。 归来见天子，天子坐明堂。策勋十二转，赏赐百千强。可汗问所欲，木兰不用尚书郎;愿驰千里足，送儿还故乡。 爷娘闻女来，出郭相扶将(jiāng);阿姊闻妹来，当户理红妆;小弟闻姊来，磨刀霍霍向猪羊。开我东阁门，坐我西阁床，脱我战时袍，着我旧时裳，当窗理云鬓，对镜帖(贴)花黄。出门看火(伙)伴，火伴皆惊忙:同行十二年，不知木兰是女郎。 雄兔脚扑朔，雌兔眼迷离;双兔傍(bàng)地走，安能辨我是雄雌, 14.石钟山记 苏轼 《水经》云:“彭蠡之口有石钟山焉。”骊元以为下临深潭，微风鼓浪，水石相搏，声如洪钟。是说也，人常疑之。今以钟磬置水中，虽大风浪不能鸣也，而况石乎～至唐李渤始访其遗踪，得双石于潭上，扣而聆之，南声函胡，北音清越，枹(fú)止响腾，余韵徐歇。自以为得之矣。然是说也，余尤疑之。石之铿然有声者，所在皆是也，而此独以钟名，何哉, 元丰七年六月丁丑，余自齐安舟行适临汝，而长子迈将赴饶之德兴尉，送之至湖口，因得观所谓钟者。侍僧使小童扶斧，于乱石间择其一二扣之，硿硿(kōng)焉，余固笑而不信也。至莫(暮)夜月明，独与迈乘小舟，至绝壁下。大石侧立千尺，如猛兽奇鬼，森然欲搏人;而山上栖鹘(hú)，闻人声亦惊起，磔磔(zh?)云霄间;又有若老人咳且笑于山谷中者，或曰此鹳(guàn)鹤也。余方心动欲还，而大声发于水上，噌(zēng)吰(h?ng)如钟鼓不绝。舟人大恐。徐而察之，则山下皆石穴罅，不知其浅深，微波入焉，涵淡澎湃而此为此也。舟回至两山间，将入港口，有大石当中流，可坐百人，空中而多窍，与风水相吞吐，有窾(kuǎn)坎镗(tāng)鞳(tà)之声，与向之噌吰相应，如乐作焉。因笑谓迈曰:“汝识之乎,噌吰者，周景王之无射也，窾坎镗鞳者，魏庄子之歌钟也。古之人不余欺也～” 事不目见耳闻，而臆断其有无，可乎,骊元之所见闻，殆于余同，而言之不详;士大夫终不肯以小舟夜泊绝壁之下，故莫能知～而渔工水师虽知而不能言。此世所以不传也。而陋者乃以斧斤考击而求之，自以为得其实。余是以记之，盖叹骊元之简，而笑李渤之陋也。 15(五人墓碑记 张溥(明) 字天如 《七录斋集》 五人者，盖当蓼(liǎo)洲周公之被逮(dài)，激于义而死焉者也。至于今，郡之贤士大夫请于当道，即除魏阉废祠之址以葬之;且立石于其墓之门，以旌(jīng)其所为。呜呼，亦盛矣哉～ 夫五人之死，去今之墓而葬焉，其为时止十有一月耳。夫十有一月之中，凡富贵之子，慷慨得志之徒，其疾病而死，死而湮没不足道者，亦已众矣;况草野之无闻者欤,独五人之皦皦(jiǎo)，何也,