傲慢与偏见毕业论文35896

傲慢与偏见毕业论文35896 核准通过，归档资料。 未经允许，请勿外传～ 毕 业 论 文,设 计, 中文题目:翻译:《傲慢与偏见》 评论:从《傲慢与偏见》中夏洛特的婚姻看18世 纪末19世纪初英国中产阶级女性的命运 英文题目: Translation: Pride and prejudice Comments: An Analysis of the Fate of the thMiddle-Class Women in England in the Late 18 thand the Early 19 Century from Charlotte’s Marriage in Pride and Prejudice i 摘 要 本文主要通过分析《傲慢与偏见》中夏洛特的婚姻来解析18世纪末19世纪初英国中产阶级女性的命运。在《傲慢与偏见》中，作者通过她所塑造的形象夏洛特的命运来向我们展示一幅18世纪末19世纪初英国中产阶级女性出路的画卷。由于长子继承 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 及限定继承制度等诸多因素的限制，当时很多中产阶级的女性只能有少数几条出路，其一是嫁人，为自己在经济上找个保障;其二是如果女性受过教育且有才华，也可以选择做富人家低微的家庭教师;其三是如果是嫁不出去的女性，那就只能是留守家中当老处女。 关键字:英国女性;命运;出路 ii Abstract In the thesis I will analyze the fate of the middle-class women in England in the ththlate 18 and the early 19 century through the marriage of Charlotte. In Pride and Prejudice, the author presented us with a picture of the prospect of the middle-class women in England. Because of the reasons like the entailing and the right of primogeniture, at that time the middle-class women in England could only have very few prospects:one was to find a man to marry, thus can find themselves an economic safeguard;the other was to choose to be a governess in a rich family if they had been educated and were knowledgeable;or if they couldn’t get married they would have to stay at home as old ladies for the rest of their lives. Key words: middle- class women; fate; prospect iii iv Contents 摘要………………………………………………………………………………….i Abstract………………………………………………………………………….….ii Translated Version of Pride and prejudice………………………………………...1 I. Introduction ……………………………………………………….……….…....10 II. The Analysis of Charlotte’ Marriage………………………………………….12 2.1. The Reasons Induced by Charlotte Herself…………………………………..12 2.2. The Reasons Induced by the Society…………………………………………13 2.2.1 The Entailing and the Right of Primogeniture………………...………..13 2.2.2. The Importance of Marriage to Women…..………………………..…..13 2.2.3. The Opinion of “Men Charge Outside and Women Charge Inside”…...14 2.2.4 The Low Status of Women in the Society………………………………15 thIII The Prospects of the Middle-Class Women in England in the Late 18 and the thEarly 19 Century………………………………………………………………17 3.1. The Prospects of the Common Middle-Class Women in England…………….17 3.2. The Prospects of the Common Middle-Class Spinsters in England…………..18 IV. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….20 References …..............................................................................................................21 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………… 22 Appendix…………………………………………………………………………….23 译文: 傲慢与偏见 作者:简?奥斯丁 译者:郑佩娜 指导老师:丁刚 第一章 拥有大笔财产的单身汉必定需要娶个太太，这是一条举世公认的真理。 虽然这样的单身汉刚去到一个地方时，左邻右舍对他的性情和见解还不怎么了解，但是这条真理早已在人们心中生根发芽，他们都不免把他当做是自己某个女儿的合法财产。 “我亲爱的贝内特先生，”有一天他的妻子对他说，“你有听说内瑟菲尔德庄园终于租出去了吗,” 贝内特先生回答说他没有听说过。 “但是确实租出去了，”她回答道，“郎太太刚才上这儿来了，她把这件事原原本本的告诉了我。” 贝内特先生没有搭话。 “你难道不想知道是谁租去的吗,”她太太不耐烦地对他喊道。 “如果你想说的话，我不凡一听。” 这句话足已鼓励她继续讲下去。 “哦，亲爱的，你必须得知道，郎太太说，内瑟菲尔德庄园是被一个从英格兰北部来的富少爷租去的，听说他星期一坐着一辆驷马大轿车来看房子，对它很是满意，当即就与莫里斯先生签约;他会在米迦勒节前搬进来，下周末就会有几个佣人先过来住了。” “他叫什么名字,” “宾利。” “结婚还是单身,” “啊，亲爱的，单身，绝对是，一个有钱的单身汉，一年收入有四五千镑，真是我们女儿的福气啊～” “这话怎么讲，关她们什么事,” “我亲爱的贝内特先生，〞他太太回答道，“你怎么这么讨厌啊～你必须知道我正在考虑着让他娶我们女儿中的一个。” “这是他住到这来的意图么, “意图～胡说八道，你怎么能这么说～不过，他倒是可能会看上她们中的一个，所以他一搬来，你就得尽快去拜访他。” “我看没那个必要。你和女儿去得了，或者你让她们自己去，那或许还更好一些，因为啊你长得这么俊俏，你去了，没准宾利先生倒看上你了。” “亲爱的，你太过奖了，我确实年轻漂亮过，但是现在我可不敢假装自己还是个出色的美人。当一个女人已经有了5个成年的女儿，她就不该还惦记着自己的美貌。” “这样看来，一个女人对自己的美貌可花的心思可不多啊。” 1 “啊，我的好老爷，宾利先生搬来的时候你真的应该去看看他。” “实话跟你讲吧，这事我可不能答应。” “但是你总得为女儿考虑考虑啊。只要想一想，她们之中无论谁能够嫁给他，都该是何等地荣耀啊。威廉爵士和卢卡斯夫人都打算去拜访他，不也是为了这个目的吗,因为你也清楚，他们一般是不会去拜访新搬来的住户的。你的确得去，如果你不去的话，我们也没法去啊” “你这次太过于拘礼了。我敢打包票宾利先生一定会很高兴看到你们的;并且我可以写封信给你带去，告诉他说不论他挑中我哪个女儿，我都心甘情愿让他把她娶过去;不过，在信中，我必须好好夸夸我的小莉齐才行。” “我拜托你千万不要这样做。莉齐一点都不比其她几个好;她还不及简的一半漂亮，也没有莉迪亚的一半幽默。但是你却总是对她偏爱有加。〞 “她们两个都没什么好夸奖的，”他回答说:“跟其她女孩子一样，都是些愚蠢无知的丫头;倒是莉齐比起她的姐妹来要更灵敏一些。” “宾利先生，你怎么舍得这样糟蹋自己的孩子,你是在气我来取悦自己。你一点也不体谅一下我那衰弱的神经。” “你误会我了，亲爱的。我对你的神经非常尊重。它们是我的老朋友了。至少这20年来，我一直听你郑重其事地提起它们。” “啊～你根本就不知道我遭受了什么。” “不过我希望你会好起来，这样就能活着看到有很多每年有四千英镑的年轻人搬来做你的邻居了。” “就算有二十个搬进来了又能怎样，反正你也不会去拜访他们。” “放心吧，亲爱的，等到有二十个的时候，我一定逐个去拜访。” 贝内特先生就是这样一个古怪且矛盾的人:他言辞机敏，爱挖苦人，同时又不苟言笑，变幻莫测，即使他太太积累了二十三年的经验，也不能够摸清他的性子。她的心智就简单多了，她心眼浅，见识短，又情绪化，一遇到不满意的事，就幻想自己神经衰弱。她的生平大事就是嫁女儿，她的人生慰藉就是串门和打听消息。 2 第二章 贝内特先生是最早去拜访宾利先生的一批人之中的一个。虽然他从头到尾都跟他太太说他不想去，但是他其实是一直有打算要去拜访他的。但是，直到他拜访之后的那个晚上，贝内特太太对此还是一无所知。这消息是这样被发现的—看到他二女儿在装饰一顶帽子，贝内特先生突然对她说: “莉齐，我希望宾利先生会喜欢它。” “我们怎么会知道宾利先生喜欢什么啊，”她母亲气愤地说，“反正我们也没打算要去拜访他。” “但是你可别忘了，妈妈，”伊丽莎白说，“我们会在舞会上见到他的，况且郎太太也答应过说会把他介绍给我们的啊。” “我才不信郎太太真的会这样子做。她自己有两个侄女。她是个自私虚伪的女人，我对她不作评论。” “我更没什么好说的，”贝内特先生说;“不过，知道你并不指望他来替你效劳，我倒挺高兴。” 贝内特太太不打算搭话，可是又不能自制，便责备起她的一个女儿来。 “凯蒂，看在上帝的份上，不要再咳了～请稍微体谅一下我那衰弱的神经吧。你快让我崩溃了。” “凯蒂真不知趣，”她的父亲说;“咳嗽也不知道挑个时候。” “我又不是没事咳着玩的，”凯蒂烦躁地说。 “莉齐，你下次舞会是什么时候,” “十五天后。” “哎，那就是了，”她的母亲嚷道，“郎太太要到舞会的前一天才会回来;到时她自己都不认识他还怎么把他介绍给你们呢。” “那么亲爱的，这次反倒你占了上风，可以把宾利先生介绍给她。” “这怎么可能呢，贝内特先生，不可能的，我自己都还不认识他呢;你怎么能这样嘲笑我,” “我佩服你的谨慎。才认识两个星期当然算不上什么。两周的时间不可能让我们真正了解一个人。但是要是我们不去尝试，机会可就被别人给抢走了;毕竟郎太太和她的侄女一定不会放过这个机会;所以，她就会觉得这是一番好意，如果你不肯效劳的话，那我就亲自去吧。” 女儿们睁大眼睛看着她们的父亲。贝内特太太只是一味地说胡闹胡闹。 “你这样重感叹是什么意思,”他提高声调。“你觉得介绍的形式和如此的强调是胡闹吗,这一点我可不太同意。玛丽，你觉得呢,因为我知道啊，你虽然年纪轻轻，但见解颇深，不但博览巨作，还会做札记。” 玛丽想说几句明智的话，却说不出来。 “趁着玛丽还在整理思绪”他接着说:“我们还是把话题拉回宾利先生吧。” “我讨厌谈宾利先生，”他的妻子嚷嚷起来。 “听到这个我很遗憾;但是之前你怎么不告诉我呢,要是今天早上有听到你怎么说，我当然不去会拜访他啦。这可真不幸;但是现在既然我都去拜访过了，那么我们现在就不可避免要交这个朋友了。〞 太太小姐的惊诧反应正如他所料—尤其是贝内特太太，比谁都惊讶;不过，在她最 3 开始欢喜地喧闹一阵之后，她却申言这件事她早就料到了。 “你真是太好了，我亲爱的贝内特先生～但是我早就知道你最后会被我说服的。我很肯定地知道你是这么地爱你的女儿们，怎么肯放过这样一个人不去认识呢。啊，我真是太高兴了～这个玩笑也真是太好了，谁能够想到你居然今天早上就去拜访了宾利先生，并且还一直隐瞒到刚才才告诉我们。” “现在，凯蒂，你想怎么咳就怎么咳吧，”贝内特先生一边说一边走出房间，他太太的得意忘形让他感到厌倦。 “女儿们，你们有个多么棒的父亲啊，”门一关上，她就开始说。“我不知道你们该怎样做才能来报答他的好;那件事说起来也该感谢我呢。我老实跟你们讲，在我们这个年纪天天去结交新朋友可不是什么愉快的事;但是为了你们，我们什么事都肯去做。莉迪亚，我的宝贝，虽然你最小，但是我敢说下次舞会宾利先生没准就要跟你跳呢。” “哦～”莉迪亚满不在乎地说，“我才不怕呢;虽然我最小，我可是最高啊。” 那天晚上剩下的时间她们一方面在推测宾利先生多快就会来回访贝内特先生，一方面在 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 着什么时候她们可以请宾利先生来家里吃饭。 4 第三章 尽管有了五个女儿的帮忙，贝内特太太向她丈夫问起宾利先生的时候，丈夫的回答总是不能够使她满意。母女们以各种不同的方式向他盘问，直接地发问，巧妙地假设，迂回地猜测，可以想到的办法都用上了，可是这些手段对他一点作用都没。最后她们不得不转向她们的邻居卢卡斯太太打听她听到的消息。她的报告尽是好话。威廉爵士对他大力称赞。他又年轻，又英俊，为人又极有礼貌，最重要的是，他打算带一大帮客人来参加即将举行的舞会。没有会比这更好的事了～喜欢跳舞绝对是朝着坠入爱河所迈出的一步;大家都热烈地期望能够赢得宾利先生的心。 “如果我能看到我的其中一个女儿在内瑟菲尔德庄园幸福地安了家，”贝内特太太对他的丈夫说，“其他几个也能同样嫁得好，我此生就别无它望了。” 没过几天，宾利先生就回访了贝内特先生，并跟他在书房里待了将近十分钟。他早就听过很多关于贝内特先生家几位千金年轻貌美的事，很希望这次能一睹芳容;但是他只见到了他们的父亲。小姐们相对而言还比他幸运些，她们从楼上的窗口，清楚地看到了他穿着蓝外套，骑着一匹黑马。 贝府不久就发请帖邀请他共进晚餐;贝内特太太刚刚计划了几道好菜，想让他对她持家有方大大赞赏，就收到了宾利先生的回信说要暂缓一下。宾利先生第二天必须要进城一趟，所以就不能接受他们的邀请了。贝内特太太对此很是疑惑。她想不出来是什么事会让他这么着急地要进城，因为他才刚到赫特福德郡不久;于是她不禁开始担心，怕他会一直这样奔波，永远不会在内瑟菲尔德安定下来—他本来应该在这安定下来才对的。只有等到卢卡斯太太猜测说他可能只是去伦敦邀请一大群客人来参加舞会才能让她稍微少了一些担忧。果不其然，不久后就有消息说宾利先生将要带七男十二女来参加舞会。小姐们一听到会来这么多女宾不禁都担心起来;但就在舞会的前一天，因为听到宾利先生并没有从伦敦带十二位女宾过来，仅仅是带了六位，他的五个亲姐妹和一个表姐妹，所以又都放下心来了。后来等到这群贵客进入聚会厅时，却一共只有五个人;分别是宾利先生，他的两个姐妹，他的姐夫以及另外一个年轻男子。 宾利先生张得很俊，并且很有风度;他笑容可掬，平易近人，毫不做作。他的姐妹也都是华丽的贵妇，举止落落大方。他的姐夫赫斯特先生仅是看着像个一般的绅士;但是他的朋友达西却是聚焦了整个舞会的眼光，不仅因为他很高，长得很英俊，风度翩翩，更因为在他进场还不到五分钟的时间就有人说他每年有一万英镑的收入。在场的绅士们都说他长得一表人才，女士们都说他长得比宾利先生帅多了。结果半场下来达西先生都是人们称赞的对象，直到人们发现他的举止令人讨厌，他才不再受人们欢迎。因为他渐渐被发现是个骄傲，不合群，难以巴结的人，所以即使他在德比郡有多大的财产，大家都不免觉得他冷酷，坏脾气，不足以和他的朋友相比了。 宾利先生很快就跟在场的所有主要人物混熟了;他热情，坦率，每场舞都会跳，埋怨舞会太早结束，还说他自己要在内瑟菲尔德庄园举办一次舞会。他和蔼的性格使得很多人都对他心生好感。他跟他的朋友是多么鲜明的对比啊! 达西先生只跟赫斯特太太和宾利小姐各跳过一场，然后就拒绝被介绍认识其他的小姐，整个晚上就在舞会上踱来踱去，只是偶尔跟他自己的同伴说两句。他的性格由此便被认定了。他是这个世界上最骄傲，脾气最坏的人，每个人都希望他以后不要再来了。最反感他的人之一就是贝内特太太，她最开始只是不喜欢他的言行举止，后来却对他特别憎恨，因为他得罪了她的一个女儿。 5 伊丽莎白?贝内特空坐了两场舞，因为在场男宾少的缘故。在她空坐的空间，有一会达西先生跟她离得很近，近到能够使她无意间听到他与宾利先生的对话。宾利先生当时刚从舞会上抽空下来几分钟，想劝他这位朋友去跳舞。 “来吧，达西，”他说，“我一定要让你去跳舞。我讨厌看你自己一个人傻傻地站在边上。你最好还是去跳舞吧。” “我绝对不跳。你知道我有多讨厌跳舞，除非跟我特别熟的人跳。在这样的舞会上跳舞，简直叫人难受。你的姐妹们都在跳了，而这个舞会上除了她们以外再要我跟别人跳，我都觉得是在活受罪。” “我可不像你这么挑剔，”宾利先生嚷着说，“我以我的人品发誓，我从来没有见过像今天晚上这么多可爱的姑娘，你瞧，其中有几位也真可算的上是很有姿色的。” “舞会上唯一一位漂亮姑娘现在正在跟你跳舞呢，”达西先生一边说，一边看着年纪最大的贝内特小姐。 “啊～她真是我看过的最漂亮的姑娘～但是她的一位妹妹现在就坐在你后面呢，我敢说，她也很漂亮和讨人喜欢呢。让我请我的舞伴来帮你引荐一下吧。” “你说的是哪一位,”他转过身去，看了伊丽莎白一会，等到她也看到他了，他才收回自己的眼光，冷冷地说。“她还可以，但还没有漂亮到可以令我动心;而且现在我也没有兴趣去抬举那么受到别人冷落的小姐。你就不要跟我浪费时间了，赶快去找你的舞伴并欣赏她的微笑吧。” 宾利先生依从他的建议。达西先生自己也走开了;伊丽莎白仍然像之前一样对他不抱有什么好感。不过她倒兴致勃勃地把这件事讲给她的朋友听;因为她个性活泼调皮，对一切荒唐可笑的事情都能一笑了之。 贝内特全家在这一个晚上都过得很愉快。贝内特太太看到她的大女儿备受内瑟菲尔德庄园一家人的青睐。宾利先生和她跳了两场舞，他的姐妹们也都对她另眼相看。简对此也和她母亲一样高兴，只不过没有她母亲那么张扬。伊丽莎白也为简感到高兴。玛丽曾听到人们跟宾利小姐说她是他们这一带最有才华的姑娘;凯瑟琳和莉迪亚运气也不错，每一场都有舞伴，这是她们到目前个为止对舞会唯一关心的事情了。于是她们兴致勃勃地回到了郎伯恩村—她们所住的那个村庄，她们家在这个村里可算是名门望族了。到家之后，她们发现贝内特先生还没有睡觉。他一看起书来就会忘记时间了，这次也是因为他想知道曾激起美妙憧憬的这场晚会进行得怎样了。他一开始以为他太太对那位贵客一定会很失望的，但是很快他就发现事情并不像他想的那样。 “啊～我亲爱的贝内特先生，”她一边进屋一边说，“我们今晚真是太高兴了，这场舞会办得太成功了。我真希望你有在那里。你都不知道简有多受青睐呢。每个人都夸她长得漂亮，宾利先生觉得她相当美，跟她跳了两场舞呢。亲爱的，你想想吧，他真的跟她跳了两场舞啊;她是在场的姑娘中唯一受到他两次邀请的。首先，他邀请了卢卡斯小姐。看到他跟她站在一块，真是气死我了。但是啊，他对她压根就没好感;也是啦，谁会对她有意思呢;当简走下舞池时，他一下子就对她着迷了。于是他马上找人打听她的名字，请人代为介绍，然后就邀请她跳下一场的双曲舞。他第三场的双曲舞是跟金小姐跳的，第四场是跟玛利亚?卢卡斯跳，然后第五场又再跟简跳，第六场是跟莉齐跳，还有布朗谢„„” “如果他要是能稍微体谅一下我，”她的丈夫不耐烦地喊道，“他会连这些的一半都没法跳完～看在上帝的份上，别再提他的什么舞伴了。哎，他就应该在第一场舞就把脚脖子扭伤～” “哎呀～我的好老爷，”贝内特太太接着说，“我对他很满意。他非常英俊～他的姐妹们也个个都很迷人。我活了这么久还没有看过比她们的衣饰更讲究的呢。我敢说赫斯 6 特太太长裙上的花边„„” 说到这里她再次被打断了。贝内特先生表示说不想再听到任何关于衣饰的话。所以她不得不另找话题，于是她又接着谈到达西先生的傲慢无礼，她说得很刻薄，也更夸张。 “但是我敢向你保证，”她接着说，“他看不上莉齐，莉齐也没什么损失;因为他最让人讨厌，最可恶，一点都不值得去奉承。那么高傲，那么自负，任谁都会受不了他～他不时地走来走去，还以为自己有多了不起呢～还说什么人家不漂亮，不配跟他一起跳舞～啊，亲爱的，你当时要是在那里就好了，你就非得给他点颜色看看。我真是非常讨厌那个人。” 7 第四章 之前简都是很小心地赞美宾利先生，但是当她和伊丽莎白单独相处的时候，她就跟她妹妹说她是多么地仰慕他。 “年轻男人就该像他那样，”她说，“理智，风趣幽默，热情大方;我还真没见过这么讨人喜欢的举止呢～那么和蔼可亲，又有那么完美的教养～” “他长得也很英俊，”伊丽莎白说，“年轻男人也应该要那样，如果他办得到的话。他真算得上是完美了。” “他第二次来邀请我跳舞的时候我真的很高兴。我真没想到会受到这种恭维。” “你没想到,那我倒是替你想到了。不过这也是我跟你很大不同的地方。恭维总能让你受宠若惊，我就从来不会。他再一次邀请你跳舞，这不是再正常不过的事了吗,他要是有长眼就该看到你不知道比舞池里的其她姑娘漂亮多少倍。所以你大可不必为他的殷勤而感激。说起来，他的确是挺可爱的，我也并不反对你喜欢他。你以前可是喜欢过不少笨蛋啊。” “亲爱的莉齐啊～” “哎，你也知道，你就是太容易对人产生好感了嘛。任何人在你眼里都是没有缺陷的。在你眼里，天底下的人都是好的，都是可爱的。我长这么大可是从来就没有听过你说过一个人的坏话。” “我一向不愿意轻率地责难任何人;但是我也从来都是想什么说什么的。” “我就知道你是这样的;这也正是让我不解的地方。你这么聪明，为什么就是看不出别人的愚蠢和荒唐～故作博爱是再平常不过的了，不论在哪都可以看到。但是不为夸耀，不带企图的这样坦率，看到所有人好的一面，并对它多加赞赏，绝口不提别人不好的一面，也就只有你才能做得到了。所以，你也喜欢这个人的姐妹对吧,她们可没他那么有风度。” “最开始的时候我也这样认为。不过你要是跟她们说过话后你就会发现她们都是非常讨人喜欢的女人。宾利小姐将要和她哥哥住在一起并帮他料理家务;如果将来我们会发现她并不是个好邻居的话，那才要算我没眼光呢。” 伊丽莎白听着嘴上没说什么，心里可不太信服。她们在舞会上的举止可不是想讨好一般人啊;她比她姐姐的观察力更敏锐，性情也没她姐姐那么温顺，而且她更有主张，不会因为别人对她好就改变态度，所以她对宾家姐妹不会有什么好感的。事实上，她们都是非常好的小姐;当她们高兴的时候，她们也很风趣幽默，只要她们愿意，她们也大可显得平易近人;但是她们却很是骄傲自负。她们长得很漂亮，曾在伦敦的一所一流的私立神学院受过教育，有两万镑的财产，但是花起钱来却大手大脚，专爱结识名流，于是无论在哪个方面都自视清高，瞧不起别人。她们是来自英格兰北部的一个体面的家庭，她们对此记得很牢，却几乎忘记了不论是他兄弟的财产或是她们自己的钱都是先人通过经商赚来的。 宾利先生从他的父亲那里继承了一笔将近十万镑的财产。他父亲本来打算要买一处庄园的，但是直到他死了也没能如愿。宾利先生也有同样的打算，并且一度就想要在本郡购买;不过既然他现在已经有了一栋很好的房子，还有一个可供他随意使用的庄园，所以那些了解他随遇而安性格的人都怀疑说他可能就要在内瑟菲尔德庄园度过他的下半辈子，购置田产的事怕是又要留到下一代了。 他的姐妹们都很替他着急，希望他能有自己的庄园;但是虽然他现在在这儿只是一 8 个租客，宾利小姐还是很愿意帮他打理家务，赫斯特太太也一样，她嫁了个虽说是名门望族却穷得吊儿郎当的人，所以只要是房子使她满意，她也不会不愿意把她弟弟的房子当成她自己的家的。当宾利先生偶然听到人们推荐内瑟菲尔德庄园的房子时，他就动了心思，当时他成年还不满两个年头呢。他的确来看了房子了，对房子里里外外看了半个钟头，对它的环境和几间主房都很满意，再加上他也很满意房主对它的一番夸赞，于是他当即就把它租了下来。 尽管宾利和达西两个人的性格有很大的不同，他们之间却一直保持着很好的朋友关系。尽管他俩的性格简直可以算是极端相反的，而且他自己也从未对自己的性格表现出不满意，但是达西喜欢宾利的平易近人，坦率和柔顺的性情。宾利很是信任达西对他的厚谊，对达西的见解也很是倚重。达西远远比宾利来的有心智。这绝不是说宾利有什么缺陷，只是达西比他更聪明些。但是达西同时又傲慢，含蓄和挑剔，虽说他的教养良好，却不怎么受欢迎。在这一点上，他的朋友可比他有优势得多，宾利无论出现在哪都受人喜爱，达西则老得罪人。 从他俩谈论梅里顿舞会的态度就足够看出他们两人性格的不同。宾利说他从来没有遇见过比这更令人愉快的人，也从来没有遇见过比这更好看的姑娘;每个人都对他既友善又殷勤，大家相处得随意，一点都不拘束，他不一会就觉得和整个舞会的人都熟悉起来了;至于贝内特小姐，他觉得他不可能再能构想出一个比她更漂亮的天使了。对达西而言则正好相反，他觉得那些人既不漂亮，又没有风度，没有一个人能让他有一点兴趣，也没有一个人对他表示关切，或是让他感到愉快。他承认贝内特小姐很美，但是又觉得她笑得太多了。 赫斯特太太跟她的妹妹也赞同他的话，但是她们还是欣赏她和喜欢她，说她是个温柔的姑娘，也不反对更多地了解她。贝内特小姐就这样被塑造成一个温柔的姑娘，她们的兄弟听到这番赞美，就觉得是得到了认可，自己以后可以想怎么想她就怎么想她了。 9 An Analysis of the Fate of the Middle-Class Women in ththEngland in the Late 18 and the Early 19 Century from Charlotte’s Marriage in Pride and Prejudice Student: Zheng Peina Superior: Ding Gang I. Introduction Jane Austen, who was the daughter of a clergyman, was quite different from any novelist before her. She was well educated, but lived an uneventful life in a country town. Austen chose her own literary limitations, not simply because she held that “Three or four families in a country village are an ideal subject for the novel” (2007: 20), but because her omissions were considered and deliberate. In Austen’s novels, the fate of some middle-class English women characters was miserable. It can be due to a lot of factors, which can be narrowed down to four main elements. First of all, it’s the ththunchangeable social environment. The late 18 and the early 19 century was still the booming period of the capitalism, in which money had become the only standard to judge the importance of a person. And because of the lack of possession, women’s status in the society was comparatively lower than the men’s, and thus had led to their miserable fate. Secondly, it’s the unequal status between men and women. At that time men at least had freedom. They could do most things they wanted to do and could enjoy the endless happiness, while women on the other side were not so free. They were restricted by men, having no freedom, no vigor and strong body. They were attached to men on the law. All these had resulted in a sorrowful life. Thirdly, it’s the different level of education between men and women. Women had received less education than men, especially those in the countryside. According to Hannah More, “to women moral excellence is the grand object of education; and of moral excellence, domestic life is to a woman the appropriate sphere.” Due to their lack of education, they were more ignorant. What they wanted to do is to marry a rich husband and to live a good life, not considering whether she loved him or not, and which may in 10 return accounted for their unhappy lives in the future. Last but not least, the weak and simple characteristics also have a bad influence on their miserable lives. In the late thth18 and the early 19 century, women were comparatively weaker and simpler. Few women dared to defend for their own rights. They had admitted in their minds that women were less important than men and deserved to live a poor life. All the factors above have altogether led to the miserable lives of women. We can fully understand the fate of the middle-class women in England through analyzing Charlotte’s marriage in Pride and Prejudice. 11 II. The Analysis of Charlotte’ Marriage 2.1 The Reasons Induced by Charlotte Herself In Pride and Prejudice, charlotte was married to Mr. Collins. When we talk about her marriage, we can think of three reasons. First and foremost, Charlotte was far from being a beautiful girl; she was not as beautiful as Elizabeth, let alone as beautiful as Jane. As a stock girl, she didn’t have many chances to choose a better man like other pretty girls. When she met Mr. Collins, she thought that maybe he was the most suitable person for her. So she couldn’t help wanting to get the chance. Knowing that Elizabeth had turned down Mr. Collins’ proposal, she intentionally attempted Mr. Collins to ask her for a proposal. When he actually did, she accepted it as soon as possible. Thus she could ensure her life in the future. Secondly, Charlotte had reached the age of marriage, she was 27 years old. Girls at her age had almost got married. If she still couldn’t make herself married at that time, she would miss the golden time for a girl to get married, and it may become harder for her to get married later. So when she considered this condition, she felt that it was necessary to accept Mr. Collins’ proposal. Last but not least, Charlotte married Mr. Collins because of her consideration of finding herself a backing. At that time, women commonly didn’t have much money of themselves to live a life. Most women had to depend on men to ensure their daily living expenses. So when considering this situation, Charlotte had no choice but to marry Mr. Collins, who could offer her a wealthy life. All the reasons discussed above contribute to Charlotte’s marrying Mr. Collins. 12 2.2 The Reasons Induced by the Society 2.2.1 The Entailing and the Right of Primogeniture Charlotte’s marrying Mr. Collins is because of some reasons from the society. At that time, women were suffering from the disasters caused by the entailing and the right of primogeniture. The entailing restricted what a son could do with an estate when he inherited. It forced him to leave the land to his eldest son. While the right of primogeniture meant that all the land in a family was left to only the eldest son(Abbott 2008: 130，自译). From the two laws mentioned above, we can easily see that whatever in which conditions, women were not allowed to inherit the possession after their fathers’ death. But as you may know, most ladies were used to depending on their fathers to live a life. So when they faced this condition, it would often take them a long time to adapt themselves to the current lives. And in most cases, women were forced to live a miserable life thereafter. So in Pride and Prejudice, Charlotte accepted Mr. Collins’ proposal with the consideration of not living a poor life after her father’s death. That was not only the tragedy of Charlotte’s, but also the tragedy of the whole society. You may accuse Charlotte of her decision, but what I want to say is that what we should actually condemn are the entailing and the right of primogeniture. 2.2.2 The Importance of Marriage to Women The time of Jane?Austen was a century controlled by men. At that time, men were the main trend in the society and therefore the society ran for men. In a society like that, marriage was of great importance to women. It was an important way for a woman to live in that society. However, just like what poet Coleridge said,〝There is not a natural relation between marriage and love. Marriage belongs to the society, it is 13 a society contract.〞(1981:115)So we can see that, love may have nothing to do with marriage. Women would marry those who they didn’t actually like only if they could provide them with a comfortable life. It was not only a tragedy of the women whose lives and fate had to depend on marriage, but also a tragedy of the society. Just like what Wangjun wrote in his book, “the only way for women without any possession to live in the money society was to be born in a rich family, which was of little chance. For most women, they were born in a common family and had to give in to the life. This was their tragedy. But what can even deepen their tragedy was that they had never thought that it was the abuse of the society. Instead they criticized their family ththbackgrounds. Women in the late 18 and the early 19 century were just like vases, having no rights of themselves. What they could wish was that one day some rich men would buy them just like they bought vases and thus they could have their rich lives thereafter. It was about luck, not love”(王军 24, 自译). In order to marry a rich guy, they would try their best at all costs. Sometimes they could even regard love as a means to get to the aim of marriage. Marriage was a shortcut for women to live well, so it was of great importance. 2.2.3 The Opinion of “Men Charge Outside and Women Charge Inside” thth In the late 18 and the early 19 century, there was an opinion that penetrated into people’s minds—men charge outside and women charge inside. Under the influence of this opinion, women couldn’t get the equal skill education as men. As for women, they didn’t get the production skill training as men when they were young, what they got were some simple knowledge education and some housework skill training. Some educators even said that “it is commonly thought that high-standard course learning 14 will affect women’s moral and housework skill training, so it is good for women to narrow down their knowledge to a certain field. It will affect women’s serving for their families if they take too many courses such as geography and grammar” (1911:110). And what’s more, the wage theory of the capitalism and the laws of the nation both adopted this opinion and defended for the sex advantage of men. They stated that men and women worked together would do harm to women’s moral, make them lose the characteristics of women and even do damage to the happiness of human beings. Under their influence, most women chose to stay at home. Thus they gave up the chance of saving some money for themselves. If a woman did try to work she was looked down upon “because of the stigma attached to a woman who earned money through working.”(Swords 77) So at that time women had no choices but to find themselves a husband, for they had no money of themselves to live a life. 2.2.4 The Low Status of Women in the Society th Women in the late 18and the early19th century could only have a few prospects because of many reasons, but among which women’s low status in the society was a main reason. At that time, there were strict social class system and class distinction. In the social class, women’s status was the lowest. There was no equality between men and women. Women were thought to be stupider than men. Their lifestyle center was supposed to be the family and their function was supposed to charge the housework. Women were thought to obey to their husbands and be patient and deferential. They had to admit that they were born to be less competent than men and should restrict their capabilities. (王君 116，自译) Just like what had been uncovered in Pride and Prejudice, men and women were far beyond equal. Miss Bennets would become poor after their father’s death. Their 15 father’s possession would be inherited by their cousin instead of them. The ladies of the genteel class through Austen’s description didn’t have a wide moving scale in their daily lives. They could only stay at home or go to visit their friends occasionally. If they were accompanied by their parents, they could also go to a ball. They had no jobs and neither the society nor the family needed them to work. The society they lived in was a man society, and they were excluded of the business. The only place they could prove themselves was the family. But even in the family, they would have their servants to take charge of the things, so they had completely become some unneeded people, with nothing to do (王军 21， 自译). It was women’s low status in the society that contributed a large part of reasons to their having no chance to learn more living skills, and thus could only have a few prospects once they lost their father’s protection. 16 III. The Prospects of the Middle-Class Women in England ththin the Late18 and the Early 19 Century 3.1 The Prospects of the Common Middle- Class Women in England Because of the reasons induced by women themselves and the society, women in thththe late 18 and the early 19 century had a few prospects. One was that they could find a man to marry, thus they could find themselves an economic safeguard. If a woman couldn’t find a man to marry, there would be of two kinds of conditions. One was that she was knowledgeable. If it was such a kind of condition, she could choose to be the governess of the children in some rich families, but of course it would be far away from being enough for them to live a life. What’s more, the status of a governess was only above that of a servant. And it was commonly referred to as the “governess slave trade” since “minimum wage and hour limitation for workers do not exist at that time”(Brown 63). The other was that she had not been educated. If it was such a kind of situation, she could only stay at home as an old lady. She had to live with their families or with protectors who had been approved by the family. They had to provide for her. That meant that she was a burden to her father or her relatives if she didn’t marry. It was almost unheard of a genteel young lady who was never- married to live by herself, even if she happened to be an heiress. As Lady Catherine stated, “Young women should always be properly guarded, according to their situation in life” (1974). A young lady always had to be escorted if she wanted to go somewhere. “They have no natural opportunities to get away from home as the men have in their occupation” (Tomalin 152). Jane Austen never left England as her brothers did. All her life she heard from her brothers’ travels around the world, which arouse her great interests. But she herself never left the South of England, not even in her books. Of course, a 17 few middle-class women in England did earn money by writing, as Jane Austen did, but they seldom made enough to live on. For example, during the last six years of her life, Jane Austen earned an average of a little more than one hundred pounds a year by writing novels. But the expenses of her family were four times the amount. Of course, if a woman was lucky enough, after her fathers’ death, she may receive some money from their bothers, which would help her to live a comparatively comfortable life. 3.2. The Prospects of the Common Middle-Class Spinsters in England The fate of the English women was miserable, especially the spinsters. Commonly 27 years old was considered to be the dividing point. If a woman was over 27 years old, she was regarded as a spinster. Women who were less than 27 years old had more chance to get married, but once they were more than 27 years old, it would be much harder to get them married. Because at that time, they were not young any more, and if they were not beautiful, the situation would be worse, they would have only themselves to depend on. William Hayley once wrote an essay of A Philosophical, Historical and Moral Essay on Old Maids. In his essay, he authentically and vividly described the common fate of the English spinsters of the middle class and the capital class: “let’s pay attention to the common fate of the English spinsters. Most of them lived in rich families. They lived wealthy lives under the protection of their parents and thus had no idea of the basic daily life. Once they had wasted their lives and missed the chance of marriage, their fathers’ death would at the same time mean that they lost the economy protection. If they were not taken in by their brothers, they would have to move to the countryside. At that time they could only live on the interest of their fathers’ tiny legacy to rent a little house and hire a servant. And even this small sum of money would have to depend on their brothers’ kindness. But in most cases, their brothers would think of their elder sisters as a burden and 18 cared little of them”(1985，自译). This was often the case of the spinsters of the middle class and the capital class. Some spinsters had been educated when they were young. So after their fathers’ death, they could choose to be governesses of some children in rich families. If some women were lucky enough to have their bothers’ succor after their father’s death, they could manage their lives with an effort. But in most cases, their bothers would not help them and left them to live a poor life. So we can see that most spinsters’ fate was miserable. 19 IV. Conclusion thThe fate of the middle-class women in England in the late 18 and the early19th century was miserable. It can be seen through many aspects. In this paper, I mainly showed it to readers through analyzing Charlotte’s marriage, which was induced by the reasons of Charlotte herself and the society. The reasons caused by the society consisted of four parts, namely the entailing and the right of primogeniture, the importance of marriage to women, the opinion of “men charge outside and women charge inside” and the low status of women in the society. Because of the reasons induced by women themselves and the society, the middle-class women in England in thththe late 18 and the early 19 century could only have a few prospects, including marrying to someone, being governesses and being old ladies. But no matter which prospect, it would be miserable for the women. If they could get married, it was miserable, for to a large percent, they would marry a man for economic safeguard instead of love. Though they had won themselves the living assurance, they still would not live a happy life after their marriage. Because it couldn’t be a happy marriage if there was no love in it. As to be a governess, it was a humble and low-paid job, which would not only define them as people of low class but couldn’t also be enough for them to make a living. To draw a conclusion, the fate of the middle-class thwomen in England in the late 18 and the early 19th century was miserable and desolate. 20 References [1] Brown, Ivor. Jane Austin and Her World. New York: Henry Z.Walck, Inc, 1967. [2] Ian Scott, Kilvertled. Charles Scribner’s Sons. New York: 1981 [3] Meg Gomersall. Working-class girls in nineteenth-century England. U S A: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1997. [4] Swords, Barbara, W. Woman’s place in Jane Austen’s England. Jane Austen’s Society of North America, 10,1988:76-82 [5] Tomalin, Claire. Jane Austen: A Life. New York: Random House, 1997 [6] William Hayley, A philosophical, Historical, and Moral Essay on Old Maids. London T. Cadell, 1985, P 7,8 [7] 陈谦红、曾朝国，人文社会科学专辑，《被结婚的夏洛特》—析《傲慢与 偏见》，2010. P 307-308 [8] 龙毛忠、颜静兰、王慧，《英美文学精华导读》.上海: 华东理工大学出 版社，2004. [9]《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》 (第六版). 北京:商务印书馆，2004. [10] 王君，女性的出路何在—从《傲慢与偏见》看奥斯丁的阶级观. 北京: 北京交通大学，2006. [11] 王军主编，《英美女性作家与作品赏析》.北京: 新华出版社，2007. [12] 周善宾，《简?奥斯丁?将梦想嫁给文字》. 大连: 大连理工大学出版 社，2008. 21 Acknowledgements I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all those who lent me a helping hand in completing this thesis. Firstly, I would like to give thanks to my tutor Ding Gang for his timely guidance, stimulating suggestion and constant encouragement. Mr. Ding provided a motivating and enthusiastic atmosphere during the many discussions we had. It was a great pleasure to me to conduct this thesis under her supervision. Secondly, I would like to express my appreciation to all the teachers who had taught me during the 4 years in the Foreign Language Department. Not only did they teach me knowledge of English, but also they set up examples of how to be a person of wisdom and integrity. Each of them holds a special place in my heart. hirdly, I would like to thank all my friends and classmates who have shown T kindness to me during my time in college. Many of them have lovely personalities and impressive inner strength. Last but not least, I would like to give special thanks to my parents. Their support, love and examples have enabled me to complete my college studies. 22 附原文 Appendix: Pride and Prejudice Iane?Austen(1776-1817) Chapter 1 It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. "My dear Mr. Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?" Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. "But it is," returned she; "for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it." Mr. Bennet made no answer. "Do not you want to know who has taken it?" cried his wife impatiently. "You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it." This was invitation enough. 23 "Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr. Morris immediately; that he is to take possession before Michaelmas, and some of his servants are to be in the house by the end of next week." "What is his name?" "Bingley." "Is he married or single?" "Oh! single, my dear, to be sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls!" "How so? how can it affect them?" "My dear Mr. Bennet," replied his wife, "how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them." "Is that his design in settling here?" "Design! nonsense, how can you talk so! But it is very likely that he may fall in love with one of them, and therefore you must visit him as soon as he comes." "I see no occasion for that. You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better, for as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party." "My dear, you flatter me. I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I do not pretend to be any thing extraordinary now. When a woman has five grown-up daughters she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty." "In such cases a woman has not often much beauty to think of." 24 "But, my dear, you must indeed go and see Mr. Bingley when he comes into the neighbourhood." "It is more than I engage for, I assure you." "But consider your daughters. Only think what an establishment it would be for one of them. Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go, merely on that account, for in general, you know, they visit no new-comers. Indeed you must go, for it will be impossible for us to visit him if you do not." "You are over-scrupulous surely. I dare say Mr. Bingley will be very glad to see you; and I will send a few lines by you to assure him of my hearty consent to his marrying whichever he chuses of the girls: though I must throw in a good word for my little Lizzy." "I desire you will do no such thing. Lizzy is not a bit better than the others; and I am sure she is not half so handsome as Jane, nor half so good-humoured as Lydia. But you are always giving her the preference." "They have none of them much to recommend them," replied he; "they are all silly and ignorant, like other girls; but Lizzy has something more of quickness than her sisters." "Mr. Bennet, how can you abuse your own children in such a way! You take delight in vexing me. You have no compassion on my poor nerves." "You mistake me, my dear. I have a high respect for your nerves. They are my old friends. I have heard you mention them with consideration these twenty years at least." "Ah! you do not know what I suffer." 25 "But I hope you will get over it, and live to see many young men of four thousand a year come into the neighbourhood." "It will be no use to us if twenty such should come, since you will not visit them." "Depend upon it, my dear, that when there are twenty, I will visit them all." Mr. Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humour, reserve, and caprice, that the experience of three-and-twenty years had been insufficient to make his wife understand his character. Her mind was less difficult to develope. She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was discontented she fancied herself nervous. The business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news. Chapter 2 Mr. Bennet was among the earliest of those who waited on Mr. Bingley. He had always intended to visit him, though to the last always assuring his wife that he should not go; and till the evening after the visit was paid she had no knowledge of it. It was then disclosed in the following manner: -- Observing his second daughter employed in trimming a hat, he suddenly addressed her with -- "I hope Mr. Bingley will like it, Lizzy." "We are not in a way to know what Mr. Bingley likes," said her mother resentfully, "since we are not to visit." "But you forget, mama," said Elizabeth, "that we shall meet him at the assemblies, and that Mrs. Long has promised to introduce him." "I do not believe Mrs. Long will do any such thing. She has two neices of her own. She is a selfish, hypocritical woman, and I have no opinion of her." 26 "No more have I," said Mr. Bennet; "and I am glad to find that you do not depend on her serving you." Mrs. Bennet deigned not to make any reply, but, unable to contain herself, began scolding one of her daughters. "Don't keep coughing so Kitty, for Heaven's sake! Have a little compassion on my nerves. You tear them to pieces." "Kitty has no discretion in her coughs," said her father; "she times them ill." "I do not cough for my own amusement," replied Kitty fretfully. "When is your next ball to be, Lizzy?" "To-morrow fortnight." "Aye, so it is," cried her mother; "and Mrs. Long does not come back till the day before; so it will be impossible for her to introduce him, for she will not know him herself." "Then, my dear, you may have the advantage of your friend, and introduce Mr. Bingley to her." "Impossible, Mr. Bennet, impossible, when I am not acquainted with him myself; how can you be so teazing?" "I honour your circumspection. A fortnight's acquaintance is certainly very little. One cannot know what a man really is by the end of a fortnight. But if we do not venture somebody else will; and after all, Mrs. Long and her neices must stand their chance; and, therefore, as she will think it an act of kindness, if you decline the office, I will take it on myself." The girls stared at their father. Mrs. Bennet said only, "Nonsense, nonsense!" 27 "What can be the meaning of that emphatic exclamation?" cried he. "Do you consider the forms of introduction, and the stress that is laid on them, as nonsense? I cannot quite agree with you there. What say you, Mary? for you are a young lady of deep reflection, I know, and read great books and make extracts." Mary wished to say something very sensible, but knew not how. "While Mary is adjusting her ideas," he continued, "let us return to Mr. Bingley." "I am sick of Mr. Bingley," cried his wife. "I am sorry to hear that; but why did not you tell me so before? If I had known as much this morning I certainly would not have called on him. It is very unlucky; but as I have actually paid the visit, we cannot escape the acquaintance now." The astonishment of the ladies was just what he wished; that of Mrs. Bennet perhaps surpassing the rest; though, when the first tumult of joy was over, she began to declare that it was what she had expected all the while. "How good it was in you, my dear Mr. Bennet! But I knew I should persuade you at last. I was sure you loved your girls too well to neglect such an acquaintance. Well, how pleased I am! and it is such a good joke, too, that you should have gone this morning, and never said a word about it till now." "Now, Kitty, you may cough as much as you chuse," said Mr. Bennet; and, as he spoke, he left the room, fatigued with the raptures of his wife. "What an excellent father you have, girls!" said she, when the door was shut. "I do not know how you will ever make him amends for his kindness; or me either, for that matter. At our time of life it is not so pleasant, I can tell you, to be making new acquaintance every day; but for your sakes, we would do any thing. Lydia, my love, 28 though you are the youngest, I dare say Mr. Bingley will dance with you at the next ball." "Oh!" said Lydia stoutly, "I am not afraid; for though I am the youngest, I'm the tallest." The rest of the evening was spent in conjecturing how soon he would return Mr. Bennet's visit, and determining when they should ask him to dinner. Chapter 3 Not all that Mrs. Bennet, however, with the assistance of her five daughters, could ask on the subject was sufficient to draw from her husband any satisfactory description of Mr. Bingley. They attacked him in various ways -- with barefaced questions, ingenious suppositions, and distant surmises; but he eluded the skill of them all, and they were at last obliged to accept the second-hand intelligence of their neighbour, Lady Lucas. Her report was highly favourable. Sir William had been delighted with him. He was quite young, wonderfully handsome, extremely agreeable, and, to crown the whole, he meant to be at the next assembly with a large party. Nothing could be more delightful! To be fond of dancing was a certain step towards falling in love; and very lively hopes of Mr. Bingley's heart were entertained. "If I can but see one of my daughters happily settled at Netherfield," said Mrs. Bennet to her husband, "and all the others equally well married, I shall have nothing to wish for." In a few days Mr. Bingley returned Mr. Bennet's visit, and sat about ten minutes with him in his library. He had entertained hopes of being admitted to a sight of the young ladies, of whose beauty he had heard much; but he saw only the father. The ladies were somewhat more fortunate, for they had the advantage of ascertaining from an upper window that he wore a blue coat, and rode a black horse. 29 An invitation to dinner was soon afterwards dispatched; and already had Mrs. Bennet planned the courses that were to do credit to her housekeeping, when an answer arrived which deferred it all. Mr. Bingley was obliged to be in town the following day, and, consequently, unable to accept the honour of their invitation, etc. Mrs. Bennet was quite disconcerted. She could not imagine what business he could have in town so soon after his arrival in Hertfordshire; and she began to fear that he might be always flying about from one place to another, and never settled at Netherfield as he ought to be. Lady Lucas quieted her fears a little by starting the idea of his being gone to London only to get a large party for the ball; and a report soon followed, that Mr. Bingley was to bring twelve ladies and seven gentlemen with him to the assembly. The girls grieved over such a number of ladies, but were comforted the day before the ball by hearing that instead of twelve he had brought only six with him from London -- his five sisters and a cousin. And when the party entered the assembly room it consisted of only five altogether -- Mr. Bingley, his two sisters, the husband of the eldest, and another young man. Mr. Bingley was good-looking and gentlemanlike; he had a pleasant countenance, and easy, unaffected manners. His sisters were fine women, with an air of decided fashion. His brother-in-law, Mr. Hurst, merely looked the gentleman; but his friend Mr. Darcy soon drew the attention of the room by his fine, tall person, handsome features, noble mien, and the report, which was in general circulation within five minutes after his entrance, of his having ten thousand a year. The gentlemen pronounced him to be a fine figure of a man, the ladies declared he was much handsomer than Mr. Bingley, and he was looked at with great admiration for about half the evening, till his manners gave a disgust which turned the tide of his popularity; for he was discovered to be proud, to be above his company, and above being pleased; and not all his large estate in Derbyshire could then save him from having a most forbidding, disagreeable countenance, and being unworthy to be compared with his friend. 30 Mr. Bingley had soon made himself acquainted with all the principal people in the room; he was lively and unreserved, danced every dance, was angry that the ball closed so early, and talked of giving one himself at Netherfield. Such amiable qualities must speak for themselves. What a contrast between him and his friend! Mr. Darcy danced only once with Mrs. Hurst and once with Miss Bingley, declined being introduced to any other lady, and spent the rest of the evening in walking about the room, speaking occasionally to one of his own party. His character was decided. He was the proudest, most disagreeable man in the world, and every body hoped that he would never come there again. Amongst the most violent against him was Mrs. Bennet, whose dislike of his general behaviour was sharpened into particular resentment, by his having slighted one of her daughters. Elizabeth Bennet had been obliged, by the scarcity of gentlemen, to sit down for two dances; and during part of that time Mr. Darcy had been standing near enough for her to overhear a conversation between him and Mr. Bingley, who came from the dance for a few minutes, to press his friend to join it. "Come, Darcy," said he, "I must have you dance. I hate to see you standing about by yourself in this stupid manner. You had much better dance." "I certainly shall not. You know how I detest it, unless I am particularly acquainted with my partner. At such an assembly as this it would be insupportable. Your sisters are engaged, and there is not another woman in the room whom it would not be a punishment to me to stand up with." "I would not be so fastidious as you are," cried Bingley, "for a kingdom! Upon my honour, I never met with so many pleasant girls in my life as I have this evening; and there are several of them you see uncommonly pretty." "You are dancing with the only handsome girl in the room," said Mr. Darcy, looking at the eldest Miss Bennet. 31 "Oh! she is the most beautiful creature I ever beheld! But there is one of her sisters sitting down just behind you, who is very pretty, and I dare say very agreeable. Do let me ask my partner to introduce you." "Which do you mean?" and turning round, he looked for a moment at Elizabeth, till catching her eye, he withdrew his own and coldly said, "She is tolerable; but not handsome enough to tempt me; and I am in no humour at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men. You had better return to your partner and enjoy her smiles, for you are wasting your time with me." Mr. Bingley followed his advice. Mr. Darcy walked off; and Elizabeth remained with no very cordial feelings towards him. She told the story, however, with great spirit among her friends; for she had a lively, playful disposition, which delighted in any thing ridiculous. The evening altogether passed off pleasantly to the whole family. Mrs. Bennet had seen her eldest daughter much admired by the Netherfield party. Mr. Bingley had danced with her twice, and she had been distinguished by his sisters. Jane was as much gratified by this as her mother could be, though in a quieter way. Elizabeth felt Jane's pleasure. Mary had heard herself mentioned to Miss Bingley as the most accomplished girl in the neighbourhood; and Catherine and Lydia had been fortunate enough to be never without partners, which was all that they had yet learnt to care for at a ball. They returned, therefore, in good spirits to Longbourn, the village where they lived, and of which they were the principal inhabitants. They found Mr. Bennet still up. With a book he was regardless of time; and on the present occasion he had a good deal of curiosity as to the event of an evening which had raised such splendid expectations. He had rather hoped that all his wife's views on the stranger would be disappointed; but he soon found that he had a very different story to hear. "Oh! my dear Mr. Bennet," as she entered the room, "we have had a most delightful evening, a most excellent ball. I wish you had been there. Jane was so 32 admired, nothing could be like it. Everybody said how well she looked; and Mr. Bingley thought her quite beautiful, and danced with her twice. Only think of that my dear; he actually danced with her twice! and she was the only creature in the room that he asked a second time. First of all he asked Miss Lucas. I was so vexed to see him stand up with her! but, however, he did not admire her at all: indeed, nobody can, you know; and he seemed quite struck with Jane as she was going down the dance. So he inquired who she was, and got introduced, and asked her for the two next. Then the two third he danced with Miss King, and the two fourth with Maria Lucas, and the two fifth with Jane again, and the two sixth with Lizzy and the Boulanger." "If he had had any compassion for me," cried her husband impatiently, "he would not have danced half so much! For God's sake, say no more of his partners. O that he had sprained his ancle in the first dance!" "Oh! my dear," continued Mrs. Bennet, "I am quite delighted with him. He is so excessively handsome! and his sisters are charming women. I never in my life saw any thing more elegant than their dresses. I dare say the lace upon Mrs. Hurst's gown -- " Here she was interrupted again. Mr. Bennet protested against any description of finery. She was therefore obliged to seek another branch of the subject, and related, with much bitterness of spirit and some exaggeration, the shocking rudeness of Mr. Darcy. "But I can assure you," she added, "that Lizzy does not lose much by not suiting his fancy; for he is a most disagreeable, horrid man, not at all worth pleasing. So high and so conceited that there was no enduring him! He walked here, and walked there, fancying himself so very great! Not handsome enough to dance with! I wish you had been there, my dear, to have given him one of your set downs. I quite detest the man." 33 Chapter 4 When Jane and Elizabeth were alone, the former, who had been cautious in her praise of Mr. Bingley before, expressed to her sister how very much she admired him. "He is just what a young man ought to be," said she, "sensible, good-humoured, lively; and I never saw such happy manners! -- so much ease, with such perfect good-breeding!" "He is also handsome," said Elizabeth; "which a young man ought likewise to be, if he possibly can. His character is thereby complete." "I was very much flattered by his asking me to dance a second time. I did not expect such a compliment." "Did not you? I did for you. But that is one great difference between us. Compliments always take you by surprise, and me never. What could be more natural than his asking you again? He could not help seeing that you were about five times as pretty as every other woman in the room. No thanks to his gallantry for that. Well, he certainly is very agreeable, and I give you leave to like him. You have liked many a stupider person." "Dear Lizzy!" "Oh! you are a great deal too apt, you know, to like people in general. You never see a fault in anybody. All the world are good and agreeable in your eyes. I never heard you speak ill of a human being in my life." "I would wish not to be hasty in censuring any one; but I always speak what I think." "I know you do; and it is that which makes the wonder. With your good sense to be so honestly blind to the follies and nonsense of others! Affectation of candour is 34 common enough; -- one meets it everywhere. But to be candid without ostentation or design -- to take the good of everybody's character and make it still better, and say nothing of the bad -- belongs to you alone. And so you like this man's sisters too, do you? Their manners are not equal to his." "Certainly not -- at first. But they are very pleasing women when you converse with them. Miss Bingley is to live with her brother, and keep his house; and I am much mistaken if we shall not find a very charming neighbour in her." Elizabeth listened in silence, but was not convinced; their behaviour at the assembly had not been calculated to please in general; and with more quickness of observation and less pliancy of temper than her sister, and with a judgment too unassailed by any attention to herself, she was very little disposed to approve them. They were in fact very fine ladies; not deficient in good-humour when they were pleased, nor in the power of being agreeable where they chose it, but proud and conceited. They were rather handsome, had been educated in one of the first private seminaries in town, had a fortune of twenty thousand pounds, were in the habit of spending more than they ought, and of associating with people of rank, and were therefore in every respect entitled to think well of themselves, and meanly of others. They were of a respectable family in the north of England; a circumstance more deeply impressed on their memories than that their brother's fortune and their own had been acquired by trade. Mr. Bingley inherited property to the amount of nearly an hundred thousand pounds from his father, who had intended to purchase an estate, but did not live to do it. Mr. Bingley intended it likewise, and sometimes made choice of his county; but as he was now provided with a good house and the liberty of a manor, it was doubtful to many of those who best knew the easiness of his temper, whether he might not spend the remainder of his days at Netherfield, and leave the next generation to purchase. 35 His sisters were very anxious for his having an estate of his own; but, though he was now established only as a tenant, Miss Bingley was by no means unwilling to preside at his table -- nor was Mrs. Hurst, who had married a man of more fashion than fortune, less disposed to consider his house as her home when it suited her. Mr. Bingley had not been of age two years, when he was tempted by an accidental recommendation to look at Netherfield House. He did look at it, and into it, for half an hour -- was pleased with the situation and the principal rooms, satisfied with what the owner said in its praise, and took it immediately. Between him and Darcy there was a very steady friendship, in spite of a great opposition of character. Bingley was endeared to Darcy by the easiness, openness, and ductility of his temper, though no disposition could offer a greater contrast to his own, and though with his own he never appeared dissatisfied. On the strength of Darcy's regard Bingley had the firmest reliance, and of his judgment the highest opinion. In understanding, Darcy was the superior. Bingley was by no means deficient, but Darcy was clever. He was at the same time haughty, reserved, and fastidious, and his manners, though well-bred, were not inviting. In that respect his friend had greatly the advantage. Bingley was sure of being liked wherever he appeared, Darcy was continually giving offence. The manner in which they spoke of the Meryton assembly was sufficiently characteristic. Bingley had never met with pleasanter people or prettier girls in his life; everybody had been most kind and attentive to him; there had been no formality, no stiffness; he had soon felt acquainted with all the room; and as to Miss Bennet, he could not conceive an angel more beautiful. Darcy, on the contrary, had seen a collection of people in whom there was little beauty and no fashion, for none of whom he had felt the smallest interest, and from none received either attention or pleasure. Miss Bennet he acknowledged to be pretty, but she smiled too much. Mrs. Hurst and her sister allowed it to be so; but still they admired her and liked her, and pronounced her to be a sweet girl, and one whom they should not object 36 to know more of. Miss Bennet was therefore established as a sweet girl, and their brother felt authorised by such commendation to think of her as he chose. 保护与报警 定值与结果 保护与报警 定值与结果 过载 大于110%报警～大于120%延时5秒跳闸 出口电压高卸载 大于108% 短路 200%～延时0.08秒跳闸 出口电压低卸载 低于85% 电流不平衡 不平衡电流大于20%～延时5秒跳闸 电压高跳闸 大于110% 漏电电流 大于30%～延时10秒 三相电压不平衡 电压差大于10% 逆功率 大于8%～延时0.5秒 过频率 大于110% 超速 大于115%～延时5秒跳闸 低频率 小于85% 蓄电池电压低 小于21V 蓄电池电压高 大于30V 差动保护 0秒跳闸 失磁保护 跳闸 单相接地保护 跳闸 过电流保护 跳闸 润滑油压低 跳闸 三次自起动失败 发信并闭锁自起动 冷却水温高 发信 润滑油温度高 发信 机油油压过低 跳闸 机油油压低 发信 冷却水断水 跳闸 燃油量过低 发信 油箱油位低 发信 冷却水水位低 发信 3主要技术指标(表一) λ?灵敏度100Lx(0=550nm) ? 1.5s 2.5?5s ，输出 AC220V 50Hz 1A DC24V 1A ,,模拟量输出420mADC 15VDC 工作方式 探 环境温度 -2 环境湿度 37 ; 入口 AC220V 50Hz 功耗15W 38