常用医学英语参考文献

Reference Material For Medicine English 1. Parts of the body Forehead, head, cheek eyebrow, eye, eye lip, ear, mouth, lip, tongue, tooth, tooth, throat, tonsil（扁桃体） chin, neck, shoulder, chest (for men), bust (for women), waist（要背） abdomen, belly, armpit（腋窝）, arm, elbow, finger, wrist, nail, fingerprint, palm, the back of hand, hand, hip, bottom, leg, thigh, knee (lap), calf, ankle, foot, heel, toes, heart, liver, spleen（脾脏）, lung, kidney, stomach, small intestine（肠）, large intestine, skin. 2. Asking the patient about his/her illness How're you feeling now? Are you feeling all right/well? What do you complain of? What's your complaint? What hurts you? What seems to be bothering you? What seems to be the problem/ trouble/matter? What's bothering/troubling you? What's the matter/trouble with you? What's wrong with you/your ear? What did you eat yesterday? Your case record, please Any vomiting (symptoms: nausea etc.)? Are you feeling nausea? Have you got any feeling of nausea? How about your appetite? Do you have any appetite? What's your appetite like? Do you cough? Do you feel short of breath sometimes? Do you feel short-winded? Do you have difficulty breathing? How about your appetite? Do you have any appetite? What's your appetite like? Do you cough? Do you feel short of breath sometimes? Do you feel short-winded? Do you have difficulty breathing? Are your bowels acting properly? Are your bowels regular? What about your water? Do you feel tired? How's your rheumatism? How's your sleep? Where is the hurt? Does it hurt? Have you lost weight (Gain weight) recently? Is the cut still painful? You're suffering from allergy? Which tooth is troubling you? Why's that? Did you have pains here before? Have you ever had this experience before? Have you got any chronic diseases in the past? How bad is it? How long has it been this way? How long has this been going on? How long have you been ill? How long have you been like this? How long have you had it? How long have you had this trouble? When did it start? When did you begin feeling unwell? Since when have you been feeling like this? 3. Phrases for patients I feel (rather/really/very) poorly/sick/ill/bad/unwell/terrible. I just feel (am feeling) all pooped（疲劳） out/out of sorts/uncomfortable. I can't lift my right arm. I cough a great deal at night. I don't feel like eating anything. I feel dizzy and I've got no appetite. I feel like vomiting（呕吐）. I've got a bad appetite. I feel like I am burning up. I'm running a fever/temperature. I'm afraid I've got a temperature. You've got a drop of fever. I feel hot and cold. I feel chilly. I feel feverish. I feel shivery （寒战）and I've got a sore throat. I have a headache. I have a splitting headache. I keep feeling dizzy. I'm suffering from insomnia（失眠）. I've been losing sleep. I have a stuffed-up nose. My eyesight is failing. My eyes have been sore. My right eardrum has become infected. I've got humming（嗡嗡）. There’s a bitter taste in my mouth. This tooth on the lower jaw is sensitive to cold and hot. My tooth is acting up again. One of my teeth troubles me. One of my upper teeth is loose and aching. I feel a dull pain in the stomach. I have a stomachache. My stomach is upset I've been having pains in my chest recently. I seem to have pain all over. I'm aching all over. My whole body feels weak. I've got a pain in my back. It's a dull （迟钝）sort of pain; and I don’t know what is causing it. The pain's been keeping me awake. It's not a sharp pain; just sort of a dull ache. I've been throwing（苦恼） up. I've had two more movements this morning. My left foot hurts. I feel a pain in my left leg. My weight fell from 65kg to 50 Kg. It all began yesterday. It came on last night. It started two day's ago. It hurts terrible. It keeps hanging on. It’s sort of hung on. It's been hanging about for nearly a week. About a week now. About five days running already. Just off and on. 4. Body Check Open your mouth and say "Ah". Open your mouth, please! And show me your tongue. Your tongue's rather coated. Your tongue's thickly furred. Put this thermometer under your tongue. The gums are swollen. Now slip off your coat and shirt, please. Unbutton your shirt and let me listen to/sound/check your heart and lungs. Breathe deeper, please! Cough now, again. Now, breathe in. Take a breath, please. A deep breath, please! There's some respiratory（呼吸的） murmur in your heart. You've got a faint murmur of the heart. Let me examine your stomach. I think we’d better give you a few tests. A blood test is necessary. You're to have a blood test. Please go and take a stool test. You must have an electrocardiograph examination. Go and have your chest X-rayed. Well, let's see Well, let's take an X-ray of your chest. Take your blood count first, please. Well, I'd better take your blood pressure Let me take your blood pressure May I take your blood pressure? Lie down on the couch there. Let me examine your belly. Show me where it hurts. How does it feel? Now let me just see. Do you have any pain here/Any pain here Does it hurt here? Does it hurt when I press/touch here? I will have your temperature taken. Let me feel your pulse. Your pulse is a bit fast. Strip to your waist, please. 5. Diagnosing and treating I think you need a shot to deaden（减弱） the pain first. Let me give you a needle to numb the tooth. The tooth will have to be taken out. You'll have to have your decayed tooth pulled out. By the look of it, it should be a rash. By the sound of it, it's bronchitis.（支气管炎） It sounds like bronchitis. This infection may lead to respiratory（呼吸的） complications. I don't think it's anything' serious. A slight infection. You seem to have picked up some kind of infection. I should say you've caught/got cold/flu. It sounds as if you've caught cold. If your recovery goes on like this, you can leave in three days. I will give you an injection first. You need an injection. I'll have to give you a shot, I'm afraid. I'm afraid an urgent operation is necessary. I'm afraid you'll have to be operated on for appendicitis.（阑尾炎） You must have your appendix removed. An operation is needed to remove your tonsils（扁桃体）. It looks as if it's scarlet（猩红的） fever. It looks like measles（麻疹）. It's an acute case. It's inflammation（炎症） of the skin. It's not so serious as it seems. It's nothing but a little infection in the fingertip. It's nothing serious, but you'd better stay in bed. There's nothing to be alarmed about. There's a marked improvement in your condition. Well, it could be a simple sprain（扭伤）. But I think to be on the safe side, we ought to have it X-rayed. You must be hospitalized right now. You'll be treated for a fracture of the bone. Your rheumatism should take a course of treatment for about a month. You're suffering a heart disease, I'm afraid 6. Giving prescription and advice A change of diet may do you good. Be careful of your diet. A good sleep may help you pick up flesh. Be on diet. Administer the ointment（药膏） once everyday. Apply this tube of jelly（胶状物） three times a day. Avoid greasy（油脂的） and spicy (hot) food. Fatty food will do you harm. Do not smoke. Electrical treatments will be good for your rheumatism（风湿）. Get plenty of exercise. Go home and rest for at least three or four days. Have a good rest. Be sure to keep warm and rest. Come back and see me in two weeks if you are not feeling better. You'd be well advised not to overwork yourself. Don't overdo things. Don't strain yourself too much. Stay away from work till Monday, and don't overdo things. Cut down on your drinking. Drink more hot water. Drink some mineral（矿泉水） water. Drink more liquids and take the medicine I prescribed（）. Drink plenty of water. Drink this mixture four times a day, one measure each time. Come back and see me in two weeks if you are not feeling better. You'd be well advised not to overwork yourself. Don't overdo things. Don't strain yourself too much. Stay away from work till Monday, and don't overdo things. Keep warm and take hot bath before going to bed. Take curative baths once a day, you'll be all right soon. You'll get over it soon. You'll recover in two or three days. I think a month at a health resort will do you good. Here's a sick-leave certificate（证明） for three days. Here's a prescription for some medicine. Here's a prescription for you. I'll make up a prescription for you. Please take the medicine according to the instructions. I'd like you to take one of these pills three times a day. I can prescribe some pills that will relieve the pain. I suggest you take Chinese traditional medicines. I think this gargle will relieve your sore throat. If your fever lingers, come to me again. I'll give you a dose of streptomycin. I'll give you some tablets. I'll prescribe a bottle of cough syrup（糖浆） for you. It'll keep the swelling down. Let me prescribe some medicine for you one tablet each time, three times a day after meal. Put a plaster on the sore once a day. Put this lotion on every four hours. Put this cream once a day. Take a dose three times a day. Take one capsule every four hours. Take ten c.c. each time, three times a day. Take the medicine I prescribed and come back in a week. Take the medicine I prescribed and get plenty of rest. Take these tablets twice a day. Take this prescription to the dispensary for your medicine. Have someone to let it filled. 1. 进展advance in sth/some field. 2. 观察observation, investigation, 3. 主要研究be aimed at，be focused，be studied，focus on，be aimed at doing 4. 大约approximately 5. 事先被……处理be pretreated 6. 在……条件下；遭受：exposure to sth 7. 进一步证明，进一步明确: to further characterize sth ；证明：confirm 阐明：elucidate 8. 可能：likely 9. ……开始：onset of sth 10. 复方用药：polypharmacy 11. 同时simultaneously 12. 单独用药Single-ingredient 13. 上调up-regulate，下调down-regulate 14. 细胞内Intracellular 15. A maybe necessary to reveal the role of B in C： A 对于揭示B在C中的作用有重要意义 16. serve the function有……作用；重要作用play a role 17. augment增加；enhance增强； attenuate，reduce减少；Mitigate减轻 18. 以前的Previous 19. 保持不变unchanged 20. 对照组control animals 21. 被正常化be normalized 22. A response to B， be responsive to A在B的条件下产生； be due to由于……所产生 A responsible for B B由于A产生； ……dependent……依赖； factors to be considered可能因素 23. 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 明，揭示suggest，indicate，show，reveal，elicited 24. 被假定为it has been postulated 25. 对……具有选择性be selective for 26. 长期的longer-term 27. 高水平high level 28. 阻断block 29. 外因性和内因性exogenic and endogenic 30. 反跳withdrawal jumping 31. 以及as well as 32. 从……角度in view of……aspect(s) 33. ……所诱导sth-induced 34. 在……期间in the duration of 35. 有效的potent 36. 详细的detailed 37. 睡眠紊乱sleep disorder 38. 主要药物成分：Predominant active ingredient 39. 机制，旁路：Pathway 40. 多种的：Multiple 41. 替代医学系统：Complementary and alternative systems of medicine 42. (药物或营养素的)生物药效率, 生物利用度）bioavailability 43. 广泛交流：extensive interaction 44. 理想的：optimal 45. 不同的：various，different 46. 建立：develop Basic elements of medical words The base form Meaning Word separation of affixes Base Meaning 萎缩 atrophy a / troph / y troph 营养 营养障碍 dystrophy dys / troph / y dys/troph poor/营养 同族的 homogenous hom / o / gen / ous gen 产生 插入物 interjection inter / jec / tion jec 穿过 癔病发作的 hysterical hyster / ical hyster 子宫 语言学家 linguist lingu / ist lingu 语言 延伸的 ductile duct / ile duc(t) 引导 诗意的 poetic poet / ic poe(t) 创造 神经肌肉的 neuromyal neur /o /myal neuro/ myal 神经/肌肉 脑电图 electroencephalograph electr / o / en / cephal / o / graph 神经肌电描记术 electroneuromyography electr / o /neur / o /my / o /graphy 血栓形成 thrombopoiesis thromb / o / poie / sis Usually the combining vowel is O. The combining vowel O has been used so extensively that it has replaced other combining vowels (I, E, A). Here are examples of common English words that use O as a combining vowel. Using a dictionary, give their meanings by analyzing their parts. Ge /o / graph / y，地理学 Metr / o / polis，大城市，产地，生地，特殊菌滋生地。Metro，子宫。 Orth / o / dox，传统的，正统的。 Ortho，直的，正的。 Anth / o / log / y，选集。Anth， 花。 Mon / o / ton / ous， 单调的，乏味的。Mono，单一。 Lob / o / tom / y，叶切断式。 Lob，叶。Tom，切。 Opt / o / metr / ist， 验光师。Opt，视力；metr，米。 Ur / o / log / y，泌尿科学。Ur，尿。 Hydrotherapy，水疗法 auriscope，耳镜 centigrage，摄氏温度表 cornifaction，角化 millimeter，毫米 pelvimeter，骨盆计 ventriduct，引向腹侧 Prefixes and suffixes Pericardiotomy，心包切开术。 Peri，周；cardi，心。 Nephrotomy，肾切开术。 Nephrolith，肾结石。 Nephrography，肾造影术。 Antifungal， 抗真菌的 Hypertrophic，肥大的 Intravenous，静脉内的 Periodontist，牙病学家 Esophagojejunostomy，食管空肠吻合术。 Eso，在内； esophag，食管； jejun，空肠的。 Suffixes A suffix is added to the end of a word base to change the meaning of the base or to make the base a noun, verb, adjective, and so forth. In either case, a new word is formed. Base Suffix New word Dent（牙齿） al（的） dental（牙齿的） Gastr（胃） ic（的） Gastric（胃的） Pharmac（药） ist（专家） Pharmacist（药剂师） Cardi（心） Logy（学） Cardiology（心脏病学） In medical language there are two types of suffixes: simple and compound. Simple suffixes are those suffixes that have nothing added to them (e.g., -ic as in HEPATIC，pertaining to the liver)。 Compound suffixes, however, are usually formed by joining a base and a simple suffix. For instance, we can join the base LOG and the suffix Y to make the compound suffix Logy, which means THE ACT or PROCESS OF STUDYING（or just THE STUDY OF） Thus HISTOLOGY（HIST/O/LOGY）is the study of the various tissues that make up living organisms. Another compound suffix TOMY means The PROCESS OＦCUTTING INTO something, or INCISION. A NEPHROTOMY (NEPHR / O / TOM / Y) is an incision of the kidney. The compound suffix ECTOMY is the combination of a prefix (EC), a base (TOM), and a suffix ECTOMY is the combination of a prefix (EC), a base (TOM), and a suffix (Y). It means the Process of cutting out, or excision. A tonsiliectomy (tonsil / ec / tom / y) is the cutting out of the tonsils. Here is a list of simple suffixes. Suffix Meaning Example -ia condition条件，情况 ANEMIA (AN/EM/IA)，贫血 -y condition, act. Process（情况，动作，过程） SPLENOMEGALY (SPLEN/O/MEGAL/Y)巨脾症 HEPATOTOMY (HEPAT/O/TbM/Y)，肝切开术 -e an instrument OPHTHALMOSCOPE 检眼镜 器械 (OPHTHALM/O/SCOP/E) (The suffix -e can also function as just a noun marker; an ERYTHROCYTE is a red blood cell.) -itis inflammation.炎症 HEPATITIS. (HEPAT/ITIS)肝炎 -ist one who specializes DERMATOLOGIST in (DERMAT/O/LOG/IST) -or (er) refers to a doer, either a INCISOR (IN/CIS/OR)切牙 person or thing -osis condition, usually SCLEROSIS (SCLER/OSIS) 硬化症 abnormal or pathological- -oma swelling, tumor, SARCOMA (SARC/OMA)肉瘤 肿胀，肿瘤 -ism a condition, usually the EMBOLISM (EM/BOL/ISM) 栓塞 result of a prior condition -(i)um refers to a part in relation PERICARDIUM (PERI/CARDI/UM)，心包 to a whole, related to EPIGASTRIUM (EPI/GASTR/IUM)，上腹部 Suffix Meaning Example -ac ………的 Cardiac (Cardi/ac)，心脏的 -al …….....的 Bronchial (Bronch/i/al)，支气管的 -ar ...……..的. TONSILLAR (TONSILL/AR)，扁桃体的 -ic ...……..的 HEPATIC (HEPAT/IC)，肝的 -eal ...……..的 ESOPHAGEAL (ESOPHAG/EAL)，食道的 -ary ...……..的 CILIARY (CILI/ARY)，睫状的 （-ary can also function as a noun, forming suffix: OVARY (OV/ARY), the female reproductive gland where ova are formed; CAPILLARY (CAPILL/ARY), minute or hairlike blood vessel.） -ous ...……..的 (MUC/OUS)，粘液的 含………的 FIBROUS（FIBR/OUS），纤维性的 分泌……的 SEBACEOUS，皮脂的 -oid 类似，象 CYSTOID (CYST/OID)，囊样的 There are many compound suffixes~that is, suffixes made from a word base and a simple suffix. They, along with their meanings, will become obvious as you work through the text. For now here is a list of the most common compound suffixes. Suffix Meaning -algia pain ARTHRALGIA (ARTHR/ALGIA)，关节痛 -ectasia or ectasis stretching, dilatation NEPHRECTASIA (NEPHR/ECTASIA)肾扩张 -emia blood condition LEUKEMIA (LEUK/EMIA) -malacia softening OSTEOMALACIA (OSTE/O/MALACIA)骨软化 -meter instrument for measuring THERMOMETER (THERM/O/METER)温度计 -metry measurement：测量 PELVIMETRY (PELV/I/METRY)：骨盆测量法 -odynia pain：痛 CARDIOOYNIA (CARDI/ODYNIA：心痛 Pronounciation and spelling of -rrhea are easier if, you add the combining vowel to the suffix when it appears alone. -(o)rrhagia excessive flow GASTRORRHAGIA (GASTR/O/RRHAGIA)：胃出血 -uria urine condition HEMATURIA (HEMAT/URIA)血尿 -iatry or-iatric healing，愈合 PODIATRY (POD/IATY)足医术 -graphy process of recording ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY -graph that which records (ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAPHY) -gram the record itself 心电描记术 -logy act or process of studying PHARMACOLOGY -logist one who studies and treats UROLOOIST.(UR/O/LOGIST) -lysis HEMOLYSlS (HEM/O/LYSlS)溶血 -pathy disease, diseased OPHTHALMOPATHY Condition：病，病理情况 OPHTHALM/O/PATHY THY)眼病 -pexy：a fixing or setting firmly in HEPAT/O /PEXY肝固定术 place by suturing -plasty：surgical reshaping or repair OSTEOPLASTY (OSTE/O/PLASTY)骨成形术 -{o}rrhaphy：suturing。 Herniorrhaphy：疝缝术，疝修补术 -scopy：examing visually。 Cystoscopy(Cyst/O/Scopy)：膀胱镜检查 -tomy：incision, process of Craniotomy (Crani/O/Tomy)：颅骨切开术 -ectomy：excision, process of Appendectomy (Append/Ectomy) -(o)stomy：process of making an opening into or a connection between：开口或吻合 Gastrostomy (Gastr/O/Stomy)：胃造口术 ANASTOMOSIS is another way：也表示吻合 -cyte noun marker referring to Leukocyte (Leuk/O/Cyte), 白血细胞 -blast a cell that is undifferenti- Hemocytoblast ated, primitive (Hem/O/Cyt/O/Blast) embryonic：未分化的原始胚细胞 成血细胞，原血细胞  -cele hernia, herniation 突出 Thyrocele (Thyr/O/Cele), 甲状腺肿 -scope Instrument for viewing Ophthalmoscope：(Ophthalm/O/Scope)检眼镜 -tome instrument for cutting Arthrotome (Arthr/O/Tome)关节刀 -centesis：surgical puncture to Amniocentesis (Amni/O/Centesis), withdraw fluid：外科穿刺吸液 羊膜穿刺术 -clysis：washing, introduction of Bronchoclysis (Bronch/O/Clysis), fluid for the purpose of ：支气管灌洗 irrigation：洗 -ptosis：a falling; the dropping or sagging of an organ Nephroptosis (Nephr/O/Ptosis)：肾下垂 -(o)rrhexis：rupture，破裂 Hepat/O/rrhexis(Hepat/O/rrhexis)：肝破裂 -sclerosis：a hardening，halting Arteriosclerosis(Arteri/O/Sclerosis) ：动脉硬化 -stenosis：a narrowing, a stricture Arteriostenosis（Afteri/O/Stenosis）动脉狭窄