读懂希腊神话

THEROUTLEDGEHANDBOOKOFGREEKMYTHOLOGYBasedonH.J.Rose'sHandbookofGreekMythologyRobinHardRoutledgeLONDONANDNEWYORK2004Hesiod'stheogony,standardmythicalaccountoftheearliesthistoryoftheworldhowtheworldwasvisualizedbytheGreeksinearlytimes.theboundaryofthisdiscoftheearthwasformedbytheOcean(Okeanos),whichwasnotanoceaninthemodernsensebutthestreamofagreatriverflowingaroundinacircle.Theskywasenvisionedasasubstantialroofordome,sometimessaidtobemadeofbronzeoriron.'onecouldtravelfarenoughtotheeast,onewouldreachtheplacewheretheskytouchestheearthandthesun-godbeginshisascent.Fartothewestontheotherhand,wherethesungoesdown,therewasaplaceofdarkness,nearwhichanentrancetoHadescouldbefoundHomerIliadThefirstgodsTheworldbeganwiththespontaneousgenerationoffourbeings:firstaroseChaos(Chasm);thencameGaia(Earth),"theever-surefoundationofall";and"dim"Tartarus,inthedepthsoftheEarth;andEros(Desire)"fairestamongthedeathlessgods".[20]FromChaoscameErebus(Darkness)andNyx(Night).AndNyx"fromunioninlove"withErebusproducedAether(Brightness)andHemera(Day).[21]FromGaiacameUranus(Sky),theOurea(Mountains),andPontus(Sea).ChildrenofGaiaandUranusUranusmatedwithGaiatocreatethetwelveTitans:Oceanus,Coeus,Crius,Hyperion,Iapetus,Theia,Rhea,Themis,Mnemosyne,Phoebe,TethysandCronus;[24]theCyclopes:Brontes,SteropesandArges;[25]andtheHecatoncheires("Hundred-HandedOnes"):Cottus,Briareos,andGyges.ChildrenofGaiaandUranus'blood,andUranus'genitalsWhenCronuscastratedUranus,fromUranus'bloodwhichsplatteredontotheearth,cametheErinyes(Furies),theGiants,andtheMeliai.Cronusthrewtheseveredgenitalsintothesea,aroundwhichfoamdevelopedandtransformedintothegoddessAphroditeDescendantsofNyxMeanwhile,Nyx(Night)aloneproducedchildren:Moros(Doom),Ker(Destiny),Thanatos(Death),Hypnos(Sleep),theOneiroi(Dreams),Momus(Blame),Oizys(Pain),Hesperides(DaughtersofNight),theMoirai(Fates),[30]theKeres(Destinies),Nemesis(Retribution),Apate(Deceit),Philotes(Love),Geras(OldAge),andEris(Discord).[31]AndfromErisalone,camePonos(Hardship),Lethe(Forgetfulness),Limos(Starvation),theAlgea(Pains),theHysminai(Battles),theMakhai(Wars),thePhonoi(Murders),theAndroktasiai(Manslaughters),theNeikea(Quarrels),thePseudea(Lies),theLogoi(Stories),theAmphillogiai(Disputes),Dysnomia(Anarchy),Ate(Ruin),andHorkos(Oath).DescendantsofGaiaandPontusAfterUranus'scastration,GaiamatedwithhersonPontus(Sea)producingadescendentlineconsistingprimarilyofseadeities,seanymphs,andhybridmonsters.TheirfirstchildNereus(OldManoftheSea)marriedDoris,oneoftheOceaniddaughtersoftheTitansOceanusandTethys,andtheyproducedtheNereids,fiftyseanymphs,whichincludedAmphitrite,Thetis,andPsamathe.TheirsecondchildThaumas,marriedElectra,anotherOceanid,andtheiroffspringwereIris(Rainbow)andthetwoHarpies:AelloandOcypete.[35]GaiaandPontus'thirdandfourthchildren,PhorcysandCeto,marriedeachotherandproducedthetwoGraiae:PemphredoandEnyo,andthethreeGorgons:Sthenno,Euryale,andMedusa.PoseidonmatedwithMedusaandtwooffspring,thewingedhorsePegasusandthewarriorChrysaor,werebornwhentheheroPerseuscutoffMedusa'shead.ChrysaormarriedCallirhoe,anotherOceanid,andtheyproducedthethree-headedGeryon.[36]Nextcomesthehalf-nymphhalf-snakeEchidna[37](hermotherisunclear,probablyCeto,orpossiblyCallirhoe).[38]ThelastoffspringofCetoandPhorcyswasaserpent(unnamedintheTheogony,latercalledLadon,byApollodorus)whoguardsthegoldenapplesDescendantsofEchidnaandTyphonGaiaalsomatedwithTartarustoproduceTyphon,[48]whomEchidnamarried,producingseveralmonstrousdescendants.[49]TheirfirstthreeoffspringwereOrthus,Cerberus,andtheHydra.NextcomestheChimera(whosemotherisunclear,eitherEchidnaortheHydra).[50]FinallyOrthus(hismateisunclear,eithertheChimeraorEchidna)producedtwooffspringtheSphinxandtheNemeanLionDescendantsoftheTitansTheTitans,Oceanus,Hyperion,Coeus,andCronusmarriedtheirsistersTethys,Theia,PhoebeandRhea,andCriusmarriedhishalf-sisterEurybia,thedaughterofGaiaandPontus.FromOceanusandTethyscamethethreethousandrivergods(includingNilus(Nile),Alpheus,andScamander)andthreethousandOceanidrivernymphs(includingDoris,Electra,Callirhoe,Styx,Clymene,Metis,Eurynome,Perseis,andIdyia).FromTheiaandHyperioncameHelios(Sun),Selene(Moon),andEos(Dawn),andfromCriusandEurybiacameAstraios,Pallas,andPerses.FromEosandAstraioscamethewinds:Zephyrus,BoreasandNotos,Eosphoros(Dawn-bringer,i.e.Venus,theMorningStar),andtheStars.FromPallasandtheOceanidStyxcameZelus(Envy),Nike(Victory),Cratos(Power),andBia(Force).[55]FromCoeusandPhoebecameLetoandAsteria,whomarriedPerses,producingHekate,[56]andfromCronusandRheacameHestia,Demeter,Hera,PoseidonHades,andZeus.[57]TheTitanIapetosmarriedtheOceanidClymeneandproducedAtlas,Menoetius,Prometheus,andEpimetheus.ChildrenofZeusandhissevenwivesZeusmarriedsevenwives.HisfirstwifewastheOceanidMetis,whomheimpregnatedwithAthena,then,ontheadviceofGaiaandUranus,swallowedMetissothatnosonofhisbyMetiswouldoverthrowhim,ashadbeenforetold.[64]Zeus'secondwifewashisaunttheTitanThemis,whoborethethreeHorae(Seasons):Eunomia(Order),Dikē(Justice),Eirene(Peace);andthethreeMoirai(Fates):[65]Clotho(Spinner),Lachesis(Allotter),andAtropos(Unbending).Zeusthenmarriedhisthirdwife,anotherOceanid,Eurynome,whoborethethreeCharites(Graces):Aglaea(Splendor),whomHephaestusmarried,Euphrosyne(Joy),andThalia(GoodCheer).[66]Zeus'fourthwifewashissister,Demeter,whoborePersephone.ThefifthwifeofZeuswasanotheraunt,theTitanMnemosyne,fromwhomcamethenineMuses:Clio,Euterpe,Thalia,Melpomene,Terpsichore,Erato,Polymnia,Urania,andCalliope.Hissixthwifewasathirdaunt,theTitanLeto,whogavebirthtoApolloandArtemis.Zeus'seventhandfinalwifewashissisterHera,themotherbyZeusofHebe,Ares,andEileithyia.[67]Zeusfinally"gavebirth"himselftoAthena,fromhishead,whichangeredHerasomuchthatsheproduced,byherself,herownsonHephaestus,godoffireandblacksmiths.[OtherdescendantsofdivinefathersFromPoseidonandtheNereidAmphitritewasbornTriton,andfromAresandAphroditecamePhobos(Fear),Deimos(Terror),andHarmonia(Harmony).Zeus,withAtlas'sdaughterMaia,producedHermes,andwiththemortalAlcmene,producedtheheroHeracles,whomarriedHebe.ZeusandthemortalSemele,daughterofHarmoniaandCadmus,thefounderandfirstkingofThebes,producedDionysus,whomarriedAriadne,daughterofMinos,kingofCrete.HeliosandtheOceanidPerseisproducedCirce,Aeetes,whobecamekingofColchisandmarriedtheOceanidIdyia,producingMedea.[75]ChildrenofdivinemotherswithmortalfathersThegoddessDemeterjoinedwiththemortalIasiontoproducePlutus.InadditiontoSemele,thegoddessHarmoniaandthemortalCadmusalsoproducedIno,Agave,AutonoeandPolydorus.Eos(Dawn)withthemortalTithonus,producedtheheroMemnon,andEmathion,andwithCephalus,producedPhaethon.MedeawiththemortalJason,producedMedius,theNereidPsamathewiththemortalAeacus,producedtheheroPhocus,theNereidThetis,withPeleusproducedthegreatwarriorAchilles,andthegoddessAphroditewiththemortalAnchisesproducedtheTrojanheroAeneas.WiththeheroOdysseus,CircewouldgivebirthtoAgriusandLatinus,andAtlas'daughterCalypsowouldalsobearOdysseustwosons,NausithoosandNausinous五大创世神Chaosistreatedasfemaleinsofarasitispersonifiedasadeity卡俄斯(英语:Chaos;希腊语:Χάος)是希腊神话中的混沌之神,一切世界及概念的开始随后他依靠无性繁殖从自身内部诞生了大地之神盖亚（Gaia）、地狱深渊神塔耳塔洛斯（Tartarus）、黑暗神俄瑞波斯（Erebus）、黑夜女神尼克斯（Nyx）和爱神厄洛斯（Eros）世界由此开始。盖亚盖亚（古希腊语：Γαῖα，英语：Gaia）大地女神，神母；最先在卡俄斯中诞生，大地的本体，五大创世神之一。盖亚下生了与之相同大小的天穹之神乌拉诺斯，并与他结合生下了十二提（泰）坦神及三独目神（巨人）和三个百臂神（巨人），而所有奥林匹斯神都是她的子孙后代。塔耳塔洛斯塔耳塔洛斯（古希腊语：Τάρταρος，英语：Tartarus)深渊神，在卡俄斯中诞生，深渊的本体，五大创世神之一。他出生在盖亚之后，位于在大地的最底端，和盖亚生了怪物堤丰（Typhon）。在提（泰）坦之战中战败的提（泰）坦被囚禁于此。厄瑞波斯厄瑞玻斯（古希腊语：Ἔρεβος，英语：Erebus），幽冥神，在卡俄斯中诞生，永久黑暗的化身。组成宇宙的基本元素，五大创世神之一。他是夜女神倪克斯的兄弟，他也是地下世界的一个部分，位于大地（或者说阳世）与冥国之间，是死者最先经过的地方，有时又和塔耳塔洛斯混同。倪克斯倪克斯（古希腊语：Νύξ，英语：Nyx）夜女神，在卡俄斯中诞生，夜的本体。同样也是组成宇宙的基本元素，五大创世神之一。住在冥国的入口或冥河处。她生下天光、白昼、梦、死亡、睡眠、命运、痛苦、衰老、复仇等神祇。地位崇高，对奥林匹斯神族和人类都具约束力。厄洛斯厄洛斯（古希腊语：Ἔρως，英语：Eros）：原始的爱和性欲神，一切爱欲的化身（包括同性、异性）。五大创世神之一，是他促生了诸神的生育相爱，在后来的神话中和阿佛洛狄忒之子厄洛斯混同。由于普遍认为世界由盖亚代开始，也就是从第二代开始，所以第一代神卡俄斯时代就成了世界成立之前的时代，因此卡俄斯的名字Chaos，就成了宇宙之初的代名词，既指那个无边虚无的时代（Chaoswasaperiodofvastemptiness,见外文书GodsandGoddesses)，也指那时代宇宙所处的无边无际而又一无所有的状态，一种既非有序也非无序的无边虚无，（Chaoswasaspaceofneitherordernordisorder,见外文书GodsandGoddesses）厄瑞玻斯和倪克斯结合，产生了埃忒耳（高空或天光）和赫墨拉（白昼）[1]，盖亚又单独产生了乌拉诺斯（天空）和蓬托斯（海洋）《神谱》中希腊神话出现原始神和十二提坦（不包括五大创世神）中译名古希腊语名英语名神格（词源）备注乌拉诺斯ΟὐρανόςUranus天穹天蓬托斯ΠόντοςPontus海大海乌瑞亚ΟὔρεαOurea山岭，山脉高山俄刻阿诺斯ὨκεανόςOceanus环流大洋大海科俄斯ΚοῖοςCoeus未知《神谱》里与天体有关克利俄斯ΚρίοςCrius气像天体许珀里翁ὙπερίωνHyperion穿越高空的太阳神赫利俄斯的父亲。伊阿珀托斯ἸαπετόςIapetus未知意思为广大的光忒亚ΘείαTheia女神，女神的阴、女神瑞亚ῬέαRhea地由ἔρα“地”演化而来[3]，在后来的神话里亦与该亚混同忒弥斯ΘέμιςThemis法则，正义法律谟涅摩绪涅MνημοσύνηMnemosyne记忆记忆福柏ΦοίβηPhoebe光辉，神示由φοῖβος变化而来[3]忒堤斯ΤηθύςTethys海大海克洛诺斯ΚρόνοςCronus老的正统时间之神库克罗普斯ΚύκλωψCyclopes圆目的，独目的独眼他们是：布戎忒斯ΒρόντηςBrontes鸣雷的神格代表宙斯武器斯忒洛珀斯ΣτερόπηςSteropes闪电的阿耳戈斯ἌργηςArges强光的赫卡同刻瑞斯ἙκατόγχειρεςHekatonkheires百手的，百臂的提丰他们是：布里阿瑞俄斯ΒριάρεωςBriareos强壮的，强者象征赫拉克勒斯科托斯ΚόττοςCottus未知古革斯ΓύγηςGyges未知EROSisintroducedatthisearlystagebecauseheisthemotorthatwilldrivetheprocessofmatingandprocreationthatwillbringeverythingelseintobeing.ItisstatedinasubsequentpassageintheTheogonythatTartarosliesasfarbeneaththeearthasheavenrisesabovetheearth,andthatabronzeanvilcastdownfromtheearthwouldfalldownforninedaysandnightsbeforereachingTartarosonthetenth.ThenextstageinthedevelopmentoftheuniversecommencedwhenChaosandGaiaproceededtogeneratefurtherchildrenfromthemselveswithoutcontactwithanymalepartner.Chaosproducedasonanddaughterbysuchmeans,EREBOSandblackNIGHT(orNYXinGreek).15NightisfarmoreimportantthanherbrotherbecauseshewillfoundthemainbranchofthefamilyofChaosbygeneratingadismalbroodofchildrenfromherself(seepp.25ff);forthemostpart,thechildrenandgrandchildrenofNightwillnotbemythicalfiguresofanysubstance,butratherpersonificationsofdark,destructiveandnegativeforces.EREBOSHefatheredtwochildrenbyNight,adaughter,DAY(orHEMERAinGreek),andacorrespondingbrother,AITHER,whopersonifiesbrightnessasmanifestedinthebrightupperair.Fromtheclassicalperiodonward,HemerawasquiteoftenidentifiedwithEos(Dawn),thegoddesswhobringsthelightofday.AetherHismistsfilledthespacebetweenthesoliddomeofthesky(ouranos)andthetransparentmistsoftheearth-boundair(khaos,aer).Aitherwasoneofthethree"airs".Themiddleairwasaerorkhaos,acolourlessmistwhichenvelopedthemortalworld.Thelowerairwaserebos,themistsofdarkness,whichenvelopedthedarkplacesbeneaththeearthandtherealmofthedead.Thethirdwastheupperairofaither,themistoflightandblueoftheheavenlyether.Theaitherenvelopedthemountainpeaks,clouds,stars,sunandmoon.Aether'sfemalecounterpartwasAithre(Aethra),Titanessoftheclearblueskyandmotherofthesunandmoon.IfChaoswillbecometheprogenitorofallmannerofnegativeandharmfulforcesthroughherdaughterNight,Gaiawillbetheprogenitorofallthatispositiveandsubstantialintheworld,includingthefeaturesofthephysicaluniversethathaveyettoemerge,andthedeitieswhopresideovereverydepartmentofnature,andallthegreatgodsandgoddesses.Gaiashebringsforth‘starryOURANOS(Sky),equaltoherself,tocoverheroveroneveryside’;andshethengeneratestwoprominentfeaturesofherowntopographythatcouldberegardedasbeinginsomesensedistinctfromherself,theMountains(Ourea)andthe‘barrenseawithitsseethingbillows’aspersonifiedinPONTOSorSea.她是宙斯的祖母，她生下了天空乌拉诺斯（Uranos）、海洋蓬托斯（Pontus）和山脉乌瑞亚（Ourea），并与乌拉诺斯结合生了十二个提坦巨神及三个独眼巨人和三个百臂巨神，是一切的开始，而所有天神都是她的子孙后代。至今，西方人仍然常以“盖娅”代称地球。由于乌拉诺斯把独眼巨人和百臂巨人关到地狱深处，生气的盖娅唆使儿子克洛诺斯（Cronus）阉割了父亲，又帮助克洛诺斯的妻子保住了第三代神王宙斯。可以说希腊神话史神王的更替史都和她有关。至今，西方人仍然常以“盖娅”代称地球，在英语中也有许多“G”字母开头的单词和“地球”有关。盖亚假说（Gaiahypothesis）是由英国大气学家拉伍洛克（JamesLovelock）在20世纪60年代末提出的.即地球生命体和非生命体形成了一个可互相作用的复杂系统。\盖亚，即是神话中的大地之母。由于自然有几个神奇之处：她会不断的制造稳定状态，她会对破坏稳态的行为反击（看看沙尘暴，看看沙漠化），以及那些完美的自然定律。因此，有人认为地球或者宇宙拥有一个大意志，这就是盖亚意识。盖亚意识简单来说就是地球存在一个意识，而这个意识是由地球上所有的生物共同组成的。Tosummarize,therewerefourprimalrealities,Chaos,Gaia,TartarosandEros,whichapparentlyenteredexistenceindependentlyofoneanother;andthetwothatwereofgenealogicalsignificance,ChaosandGaia,preparedforthefoundationofthethreegreatfamiliesofHesiod’ssystembygeneratingchildrenfromthemselves,Chaosadaughterwhowouldfoundafamilythroughparthenogenesis,andGaiatwosonswithwhomshewouldmatetofoundtwofamiliesbythenormalprocessesofgeneration.thegreaterthroughherunionwithOuranos,andthelesserthroughherassociationwithPontos.倪克斯NIGHT(NYX)wasahighlyrespectedbutrathervaguefigureinGreekmyth.AccordingtoataleintheIliad,evenZeusheldherinawe,forwhenHypnos(Sleep)oncesoughtrefugewithhertoescapethefuryofZeus(seep.30),helethimgo,angrythoughhewas,‘forheshrankfromdoinganythingthatwoulddispleaseswift-passingNight’.anunusualversionofthemythofZeus’courtshipofThetisinwhichNightratherthanThemis,issaidtohavewarnedhimnottomarryThetisAfterbearingtwochildren,AitherandDay,toherbrotherErebos(seeabove),Nightproducedmanymorechildrenonherownwithoutrecoursetoamalepartner.倪克斯,诺克斯（Nox）她与自己的哥哥厄瑞玻斯（黑暗）生下了埃忒耳（太空）和赫墨拉（白昼），然后她自己又生育了摩墨斯（嘲笑）、波诺斯（辛劳）、摩罗斯（命数）、塔纳托斯（死亡）、许普诺斯（睡眠）、奥涅伊洛斯（梦），以及赫斯珀里得斯（黄昏）、赫卡忒（地狱）、三位莫伊莱（命运）、涅墨西斯（复仇）、阿帕忒（欺骗）、卡喀亚（恶德）、菲罗忒斯（友谊）、革剌斯（年岁）以及厄里斯（不和）。黑夜女神，卡俄斯之女。死神达纳都斯（thanatus）和睡神修普诺斯（Hypnus）之母在古典艺术造型中，倪克斯是穿黑色星花纱衣的少妇，怀抱幼年的睡神或死神，在每天傍晚乘黑马拉的车飞上天穹。独自一人生了一大批神：达纳都斯(Thanatos)：死神；黑夜女神尼克斯之子。　　修普诺斯（Hypnus）：睡神；黑夜女神尼克斯之子。　　埃忒尔（Aether）：太空神，厄瑞波斯与尼克斯之子。　　赫墨拉（Hemera）：白昼神，厄瑞波斯与尼克斯之女。　　卡戎（Charon）：冥河渡神，厄瑞波斯与尼克斯之子。　　厄里斯(Eris)：不和之女神；黑夜女神尼克斯之女，最喜挑起不和，最著名的成就是挑起了“特洛伊之战”。　　莫伊莱（Moerae）：命运三女神；黑夜女神尼克斯之女。　　克罗托(Clotho)纺织生命之线，　　拉刻西斯(Lachesis)决定生命之线的长度，　　阿特洛波斯(Atropos)切断生命之线。　　摩洛斯（Morus）：厄神、命数神；尼克斯之子。　　刻瑞斯（Ceres）：鬼神；尼克斯众女儿。　　摩墨斯（Momus）：嘲神；尼克斯之子　　卡尔（Ker）：破坏毁灭神；尼克斯之子　　俄匊斯（Oizys）：悲哀、忧伤之神；尼克斯之子　　涅墨西斯（Nemesis）：义愤报应女神；尼克斯之女　　阿帕忒（Apate）：骗神；尼克斯之女　　菲罗忒斯（Philotes）：淫神（性欲淫乱之神）友爱女神；尼克斯之女　　革剌斯（Geras）：年龄之神；尼克斯之女　　卡喀亚（Cacia）：恶德女神；尼克斯之女　　欧律诺摩斯（Eurynomus）：腐烂之神；尼克斯之子　　俄尼里伊（Onirii）：梦神；尼克斯与修普诺斯诸子，他们共3000位，是所有梦的化生。在俄耳甫斯密教的神话体系中，《圣辞》里，则认为倪克斯被视作三相女神的至高神，同时拥有三种不同的超神身份，她可以是必然定数女神—阿南刻（Ananke），也可以是自然法则女神—阿德剌斯忒亚（Adrasteia）以及因果命运女神—赫玛墨涅（Heimarmene）。赫斯帕里得斯(Hesperides)：古希腊神话人物，尼克斯（夜）的女儿们，由三位姐妹构成。负责与百头巨龙拉冬守卫该亚作为结婚礼物送给赫拉的金苹果树，看守极西方赫拉金苹果圣园的仙女。有诸多不同的神话谈及赫拉与宙斯第一次交合的地方，荷马（《伊利亚特》，296页）认为，他们的结合发生在赫斯帕里得斯（守护金苹果树的仙女）的土地上，而希腊地理学家和历史学家帕萨尼亚斯则认为，宙斯将自己装扮成了杜鹃鸟，在埃维厄岛引诱了赫拉，然后带着她一起飞上了西塞隆山。赫拉是一位完美的女性—美丽、端庄，而且对她的丈夫完全忠贞。她从来没有和另一个什么人有过暧昧的关系，因此她便要求她的丈夫也要对婚姻忠诚。但是宙斯数不胜数的罗曼蒂克和艳遇使得她经常陷入强烈的妒嫉与抱怨之中。在这样的一种受到挫折的时刻，赫拉只是和一朵花接触了一下，便受孕生下了战神阿瑞斯。根据其他神话，赫拉在吃了莴苣之后生下了永远年轻的女神赫柏。分娩女神艾莉西雅和百头巨怪堤福俄斯也都是这样生出来的。天后赫拉将一颗金苹果树种在了赫斯珀里得斯姊妹的果园里并委托这三姐妹为她照料这颗金苹果树，因为这棵神树是大地之母盖亚送给赫拉和宙斯的结婚礼物。在大英雄赫剌克勒斯的十二项任务中，其中就有一项就是摘取赫斯珀里得斯果园里的金苹果。后来赫剌克勒斯以替阿特拉斯背负苍天作为交易，让赫斯珀里得斯姊妹为他摘来了金苹果，以完成他的第十一个任务，之后金苹果又被雅典娜送回TheHESPERIDESwereagroupofnymphswholivedinthegardenofthegodsatthewesternmostedgesoftheearth,wheretheyguardedawondroustree(ortrees)thatboregoldenapples.Theywereaidedintheirtaskbyaformidablesnake,achildofPhorkysandKetosometimesnamedasLadon(seep.64),whocoiledhimselfaroundthetreeortrees.46Orinalessfavouredaccount,thesnakewasstationedtheretopreventtheHesperidesthemselvesfrompilferingthegoldenapplesthetwobrothersareofoppositecharacter,forHypnos‘roamspeacefullyovertheearthandiskindlytomortals’whileThanatos‘hasaheartofiron,aheartwithinhisbreastofpitilessbronze,andkeepsafirmgriponanymortaloncehecatchesholdofhim;andheishatefuleventotheimmortalgods’.somememorablevase-paintings,whichtypicallyshowthebrothersaswingedanddressedinfullarmourERIS(Strife),whowastheonlychildofNighttoproduceaseriesofchildrenofherown.Shehasonlyasinglepropermyth,thoughoneofsomeimportance,whichtellshowshestirredupthequarrelbetweenHera,AthenaandAphroditethatwassettledthroughthejudgementofParis,andsohelpedtosetincoursethetrainofeventsthatledtotheoutbreakoftheTrojanWarGAIA(Earth)shefoundedwithOuranoswasthenoblerofthetwo,bringingintobeingallthegreatestgodsandgoddesses,whilethefamilythatshefoundedwithPontosconsistedmainlyofseabeingsandmonsters.GaiaborethreesetsofchildrentoOuranos,firstagroupofprimordialgodswhowereknownastheTitans(properlyTitanesinGreek),andthentwosetsofmonsters,theone-eyedKyklopesandthehundred-armedgiantswhocametobeknownastheHekatoncheiresorHundred-Handers.Ouranoshatedthemall,however,andpreventedthemfromemergingintothelight,causingsuchanguishtoGaiathatshefinallyurgedthemtotakeactionagainsthim.TheyoungestoftheTitans,Kronos,whowastheonlyonewhohadthecouragetodoso,laidanambushforhisfather,armedwithasicklethathismotherhadpreparedforthepurpose;andhecutoffthegenitalsofOuranosasheapproachedhiswifetomakelove,sobringingtheiruniontoaviolentendandmakingitpossibleforGaiatobringtheirchildrentothelightatlast.Kronoshurledtheseveredgenitalsintothesea,wheresea-foamgatheredaroundthemtogeneratethegoddessAphroditeandsomeblooddrippedfromthemontoGaia,causinghertoconceivethreefurthersetsofchildren,theErinyes,GiantsandMeliaiHavingbeenwarnedbyGaiaandOuranosthathewouldbedisplacedbyhisownson,Kronostriedtoremovethedangerbyswallowingeachofhischildrenatbirth;buthisplanwasfoiledbecausehiswifeRheahidhisyoungestsonandgavehimastonetoswallowinstead;andZeusdulycausedthedownfallofKronoswhenhecameofage,bycompellinghimtodisgorgehisotherchildrenandthenbandingtogetherwiththemtobanishhimandhisfellowTitanstoTartaros.thepresentdivineordercametobeestablishedunderZeusinthethirdgeneration,afterthefallofhisfatherandgrandfather.十二个泰坦神克洛诺斯(Cronus)：盖亚与乌拉诺斯的十二个泰坦神儿女中最年幼者。天、空间神，推翻父神而成为第二任神王。瑞亚（Rhea）：十二泰坦之一，地母神。克洛诺斯的妻子第二任神后。欧申纳斯（Oceanus）：又称俄刻阿诺斯，十二泰坦之一，大洋河流之神。泰坦神族的长兄，很多时能看到他低调开明的一面，他是那条环绕着宇宙转动的液体腰带，故而他的结尾也是开端：这条宇宙之河自我组成一个圆圈在转动。他是同为神族的泰西斯的丈夫，与泰西斯有着三千位身任河神的儿子和三千位身任海之女神的女儿，他的词源有“古老”之意，荷马称其为众神的始祖。泰西斯（Tethys）：十二泰坦之一，海之女神。欧申纳斯之妻，众神的始母，她和俄刻阿诺斯一样古老，早期神话里她是一位创世女神。另外不要和阿喀琉斯之母忒提斯（Θέτις）混淆。许珀里翁（Hyperion）：十二泰坦之一，飞越高空的太阳之神。赫利俄斯（太阳）、塞勒涅（月亮）和厄俄斯（黎明）之父。忒亚（Thea）：十二泰坦之一，光明女神；许珀里翁之妻，据说她和许珀里翁结合生下了赫利俄斯（太阳）、塞勒涅（月亮）和厄俄斯（光）。谟涅摩绪涅（Mnemosyne）：十二泰坦之一，记忆之神；宙斯第五位妻子九缪斯之母。伊阿珀托斯（Iapetus）：十二泰坦之一。普罗米修斯，厄庇墨透斯，墨诺提俄斯和阿特拉斯的父亲，神话中并未说明其神格与司职，但从其子的神话推测，他可能是与人类有关。关于他的妻子，有人说是克吕墨涅，有人说是亚细亚，还有人猜测是忒弥斯。总之他与妻子生了四位第二代提坦神：普罗米修斯、厄庇墨透斯、墨诺提俄斯和阿特拉斯。克利俄斯（Crius）：十二泰坦之一，欧律比亚的丈夫，阿斯特赖俄斯，帕拉斯和珀耳塞斯的父亲。其神格与司职在神话中并没有说明，但从《神谱》375行到403行来看，他的神格应该与天体和气象有关。忒弥斯（Themis）：十二泰坦之一，秩序和正义女神.宙斯第二位妻子，时序三女神之母。菲碧（Phoebe）：十二泰坦之一，光明、神谕的女神；，母神勒托与流星女神阿斯忒里亚之母。科俄斯（Coeus）：菲碧的丈夫，勒托与阿斯忒里亚的父亲，代表了宇宙旋转轴坐标。κοῖος在古希腊语中是疑问词“什么，什么样的”其他含义未知。但从《神谱》404行到452行来看科俄斯的神格和司职应该和天体有关。Kronos,RheaandIapetoshavealreadybeendiscussed,asdeitieswhowerealmostcertainlynamedasTitansintheexistingtradition.OkeanoswasthegodoftheouterOcean,thegreatriverthatsupposedlyencircledtheearthandwasthesourceofallotherwaters,saltandsweetalike.andhisconsortTethysThemis,thepersonificationoflawandrightorder,andMnemosyne,thepersonificationofmemory,belongveryappropriatelyamongtheTitansinsofarastheyrepresentancientandfundamentalforcesintheworldHyperionismentionedintheHomericepicsandotherearlypoetryasthefatherofthesun-godHelios;andhisnameisalsousedonoccasionasatitleofHelioshimselfKoiosalsofindsanaturalplaceamongtheTitansasthefatherofLeto,whowasthemotheroftwomajorOlympiandeities,ArtemisandApollo.HyperionandKoioshaveTitanconsortsassignedtothem,Theia,‘theDivine’andPhoibe,‘theRadiant’,respectively;finallythereisKreios(orKrios),whosenatureandoriginareamystery.whenKronosseveredhisgenitalsandthrewthemawaysomebloodgushedoutofthemontotheground,causingGaiatobecomepregnantwiththreesetsofchildren,theErinyes,theGiants(GigantesinGreek)andtheMeliaiTheGiantshadalwaysbeenregardedasearth-born,astheirGreeknamewouldsuggest;andsincetheyweresuperhumanbeingswhowereakintothegods(thoughnotfullydivine)TheERINYESorFURIESwereavengingspiritswhoexactedterriblebutj