Lesson14SpeechonHitler’sInvasionoftheU.S.S.R.--WinstonChurchillTeachingObjectivesToacquaintstudentswiththehistoricalbackgroundofWWII.Tohelpstudentstoappreciatethetechniquesofthespeech,suchasChurchill'scleverappealingtoemotionsandlogicalreasoningoftheaudience.Toenablestudentstoappreciatetherhetoricaldevicesinthetext.Part1—ThebackgroundofthebroadcastNamesandtermsSirWinstonSpencerChurchill—PrimeMinister首相FirstLordoftheTreasury财政大臣MinisterofDefense国防大臣LeaderoftheOpposition反对党领袖GeneralDill—Britishfieldmarshal,陆军元帅ChiefoftheImperialGeneralStaff总参谋长RobertAnthonyEden–SecretaryofStateforForeignAffairs外交大臣SecretaryofStateforDominionAffairs自治领大臣SecretaryofStateforWar战争事务大臣leaderoftheHouseofCommons下议院(theHouseofLords)上议院(Cabinet--importantparliamentarians)内阁(CabinetministersareappointedbytheSovereign)LordBeaverbrook—MinisterofAircraftProduction,ofSupplies飞机生产大臣和供应大臣SirStaffordCripps—BritishAmbassadortoMoscow英国驻莫斯科大使EdwardBridges—SecretaryoftheCabinet(内阁大臣)BritishEmpires—theUnitedKingdomplushercoloniesandprotectorates(领地或受保护国)Dominion(自治领）—aself-governingmemberoftheBritishCommonwealthofNations,before1939,theyreferredtoCanada,Australia,NewZealand,etc.,theword‘dominion’wasnolongerusedafter1947.CommonwealthofNations（英联邦）:avoluntaryassociationofstateswhichismadeupofBritainandherformercoloniesbutnowindependentnations.EventhoughBritaingranteditscolonialterritoriesindependence,itcontinuedtofeelcloseandconnectedtoeachotherastheysharedsimilarhistories,laws,economicconcernsandculturalexperiences.Thecommonwealthwassetupasaforumforcontinuedcooperationandasasortofsupportnetwork.Thereare50membersoftheCommonwealth:manyofthesearedevelopingcountriesinAfrica,theCaribbeanandtheSouthPacific;othersareadvancedindustrialnationslikeCanada,AustraliaandNewZealand.Inadditiontoholdingconferencesandmeetings,theCommonwealthprovideseducationalandteachinghelp.Two-thirdsofBritishdevelopmentaidgoestoCommonwealthcountries.GeneralquestionsonPartI1.Wherewasthetexttakenfrom?FromChurchill’sworks‘TheSecondWorldWar,Vol.III)2.WhenandhowdidtheGermansattacktheSovietUnion?Sunday,Jun22.1941,onanenormousfrontbyair.(asitdidtoPoland)3.WhyweretheSovietUniontroopssurprised?(Teacher’sbookp.86)InMarch1939,BritainandFrancestartedtalkswiththeSovietUniononpossiblecooperationagainstFascistGermany…Inordertoprotectitself,theSovietUnionsignedtheNon-aggressionPactwithHitler’sGermanyonAugust23.thenSovietUnionhadawarwithFinland.TextualstructureoftheSpeechSection1(8-9):CondemnedNaziGermanyingeneral,andinparticularthecrimesFascistsGermanhadcommittedininvadingRussiaSection2(10-11):Britishgovernment’spolicyanddeclarationandhisfirmstandincarryingoutthispolicySection3(12-13):ArguingwhyBritainshouldaidtheSovietUnion,aCommunistcountry.Section1Originalversion:TheNaziregimeisindistinguishablefromtheworstfeaturesofCommunism.Itisdevoidofallthemeandprincipleexceptappetiteandracialdiscrimination.NoonehasbeenamoreconsistentopponentofCommunismthanIhaveforthelasttwenty-fiveyears.IwillunsaynowordthatIhavespokenaboutit.Butallthisfadesawaybeforethespectaclewhichisnowunfolding.Thepast,withitscrimes,itsfollies,anditstragedies,flashesaway.Isee….Section1Analyzethelogicalarrangementofthesection:CommunismisasbadastheNazi.ThebraveryoftheSovietswinoursympathyandoursupport.TheferocityandatrocityoftheNazicauseourhatred.1.AccordingtoChurchill,whatdidcommunismhaveincommonwiththeNazi?ItisindistinguishablefromtheworstfeaturesofCommunism:Itisdevoidofallthemeandprincipleexceptappetiteandracialdomination.Itexcelsallformsofhumanwickednessintheefficiencyofitscrueltyandferociousaggression.NoonehasbeenamoreconsistentopponentofCommunismthanIhave…IwillunsaynowordthatIhavespokenaboutit.IwillnottakebackasinglewordofwhatIhavesaidaboutCommunism.‘that’appositionclauseun+say:takebackwhathasbeensaid;do–undo;lock--unlock;pack–unpackAllthisfadesawaybeforethespectaclewhichisnowunfoldingThepast,withitscrimes,itsfollies,anditstragedies,flashesaway.IseetheRussiansoldiersstandingonthethresholdoftheirnativeland,guardingthefieldswheretheirfathershavetilledfromtimeimmemorial.Iseethemguardingtheirhomeswheremothersandwivesprayforthesafetyoftheirlovedones,thereturnofthebread-winner,oftheirchampion,oftheirprotector.IseethetenthousandvillagesofRussiawherethemeansofexistenceiswrungsohardlyfromthesoil,butwheretherearestillprimordialhumanjoys,wheremaidenslaughandchildrenplay.IseeadvancinguponallthisinhideousonslaughttheNaziwarmachine,withitsclanking,heel-clicking,dandifiedPrussianofficers,itscraftyexpertagentsfreshfromthecowingandtyingdownofadozencountries.Iseealsothedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcrawlinglocusts.IseetheGermanbombersandfightersinthesky,stillsmartingfrommanyaBritishwhipping,delightedtofindwhattheybelieveisaneasierandasaferprey.(Behindallthisglare,behindallthisstorm)Iseethatsmallgroupofvillainousmenwhoplan,organize,andlaunchthiscataractofhorrorsuponmankind.ThefirstthreeIseescreatingahappy,harmonious,idyllic,tenderpictureMenforstrong,manlyprotection.:Mothersandwivesfortenderness,loveandwarmthMaidens(girls)laugh‘themostjoyfulsoundoftheworld’Childrenplaystandsfor‘innocent,naïveworld’ThelastfourIseesportraytheimageoftheNaziPeopleBehaviorNaziwarmachineinhideousonslaughtclanking,heel-clicking,dandifiedofficerscowingandtyingdownofcraftyexpertagentsadozencountriesdull,drilled,docilebrutishmassesofploddingonlikeaswarmoftheHunsoldierycrawlinglocustsbombersandfighterssmartingfrommanyaBritishwhipping,delightedtofindaneasierandsaferpreyvillainousmenplan,organize,launchthiscataractofhorrorsuponmankindChurchillhaspickedoutthemostrepresentativefiguresChurchillusedmanyliterarywordstomakehisspeechsoundseriousandelegant,formalfromtimeimmemorial(extendingbackbeyondrecordormemory)meansofexistencewrung(getbyforce,persistence)sohardlyfromthesoil,primordial(fundamental,original)humanjoysWhydidChurchillputtheseventhIseeinanotherparagraph?toemphasizetoshowthattherealcriminalsareafewmenwhoplanandorganizethewarWhatfiguresofspeechhavebeenusedintheseIsee’s?parallelism,alliteration,simile,metaphor,onomatopoeia,ironySection2Textualarrangement1)declarationofEnglishpolicy2)declarationofEnglishdetermination3)statingthenatureofthewar,whichneedssupportfromothercountries.Figuresofspeech:parallel,balancedstructure,antithesisWemustspeakoutnowatonce,withoutaday’sdelay.Wehavebutoneaimandonesingle,irrevocablepurpose.WeareresolvedtodestroyHitlerandeveryvestigeoftheNaziregime.Fromthisnothingwillturnus–nothing.Wewillneverparley,wewillnevernegotiatewithHitleroranyofhisgang.Weshallfighthimbyland,weshallfighthimbysea,weshallfighthimintheair.Wehaveridtheearthofhisshadowandliberateditspeoplesfromhisyoke.AnymanorstatewhofightsonagainstNazidomwillbeouraid.AnymanorstatewhomarcheswithHitlerisourfoe.Thatisourpolicyandthatisourdeclaration.Weshallbefortifiedandencouragedinoureffortsto….Weshallbestrengthenedandnotweakenedindeterminationandinresources.Section3Logicalarrangementofthissection1.thefolliesandconsequencesofnotbeingunited:tobestruckdownonebyone.2.Hitler’sstrategyandplan3.thenecessityofaunitedfrontHowdidChurchillrefertoUSA’spositioneachtime?--ItisnotformetospeakoftheactionoftheUnitedStates,butthisIwillsay.(pp4)--…beforetheFleetandair-poweroftheUnitedStatesmayintervene(pp5)--TheRussiandangeristhereforeourdanger,andthedangeroftheUnitedStates(pp6)Vocabularyandstructurefollies…whichhaveallowedthemselvestobestruckdownonebyone…HatefulappetiteswhichhaveimpelledorluredhimonhisRussian…HewishestodestroytheRussianpowerbecausehehopesthatifhesucceedsinthishewillbeabletobringbackthemainstrengthof…andhurlitupon,whichheknowshemustconquerorsufferthepenalty...Hehopesthatallthismaybeaccomplished…,andthathecanoverwhelmGreatBritainbefore…Hehopesthathemayonceagainrepeat…,andthatthenthescenewill…Thescenewillbeclearforthefinalact(metaphor)Fightingforhishearthandhome(alliteration)Letuslearnthelessons…,Letusredoubleoutexertions…(repetition,Biblicalstyle)WordsandExpressionsDowngouptothenorth,godowntothesouthgouptoLondon,godownfromLondon,tothebeach,town,北上抗日,南下干部,上山下乡,下基层,上访,走上层路线Counton…relyonHewascountingonmysupport,butIdisappointedhim.MyplanofgoingabroadcountsonmyhavinghighmarksonTOFLEtest.Sheisapersonwhocanbecountedonintimesoftroubles.enlist(vi)--jointhearmyManymenenlistedforthedefenseoftheircountry.Heenlistedwhenhewaseighteen.(vt)--toenrollsbinthearmy(vt),totakesb.inanactivity.Theyarenotenlistingmenover35.Themayortriedtoenlisteverycitizenintheclean-upcampaign.(vt)--towinsupportandhelpfromweneedtoenlistthesympathyandhelpfrommorerichpeoplesothattheycandonatemore.Manypeoplelosttheirhomesintheflood.Wearetryingtoenlistmorehelpincollectingmoneyforthem.Thesameistrueof…trueasregards;trueconcerning1)德语的语法很复杂,俄语也一样。2)上海的交通安全很拥挤,特别是在高峰期.全世界的大城市都一样。1)Germangrammarisverycomplicated.ThesameistrueofRussia.2)TrafficinShanghaiisquiteheavy,especiallyintherushhour.Thesameistrueofthebigcitiesallovertheworld.tothateffect–withthegeneralmeaning大意为…ShesaidshehatedFrench,orwordstothateffect.Ifyouthinkthatthemattershouldbemorefullydiscussed,Iwillsendhimalettertothateffect.Shecalledhimacowardorwordstothateffect.Arumorwasspreadaroundtotheeffectthatthefirmwasinfinancialdifficulties.Heleftanotetotheeffectthathewouldnotbereturningsmarting:feelasharpstingingpainandresentment1.我的腿被蜜蜂蛰伤了。2.我受到母亲的责备而感到难受。3.你这样胡来一定会自食其果的。1.Mylegsmartedfromthebeesting.2.Ismartedfrommymother’sreproach.3.Youshallsmartforyourfoolishness.due:suitable,fitting,proper适当的,应得的Afterdueconsideration,hedecidedtoaccepttheposition.Hehashisduereward.Ishallanswerallyourquestionsinduecourse/time.在适当的时候Tobepaid到期(应偿付,付给或举行)Thefinalpaymentisdue.Mysalaryisduetomorrow.Iwanttorenewthisbook.Itisduetoday.Appointedoragreed,expected(foracertaintimeordate)定于(某时)到达Theplaneisdueat4:15thisafternoon.Iamdueatthetheatrein15minutes.Dueto:thatmaybeascribedorattributedto(由于,归功于)Theaccidentwasduetohiscarelessdrive.Mistakesduetocarelessnessmayhaveseriousconsequences.Duetothechange,theplannedvisittothemuseumhasbeencancelled.Givesb.hisdue公道对待,给以应得的赞扬.Idon’tlikehim,but,togivehimhisdue,heisagoodsinger.ridtheearthofhisshadow…;liberateitspeoplefromhisyoke.ridaplaceorpersonofsomethingundesirableorunwanted—toremoveitcompletely.1.这个国家正在努力摆脱贫困和饥饿。2.你为啥不能摆脱掉那些忧虑呢？3.这些
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能够帮助这个国家消除政治腐败。1.Thecountryismakinggreateffortstoriditselfofpovertyandhunger.2.Whycouldn’tyouridyourselfofallthosethoughtsandworries?3.Thesemeasurescanhelpridthecountryofpoliticalcorruption.Engage;engagementbeengagedin…:bebusywith从事…，忙于…Hewasbusilyengagedintheresearchwork.Atthismomenthewasengagedinaveryheatedargumentwithhisboss.engagein(vi)(engage…in)vt.(takepartinanactivity)Ifyouengageinlocalpolitics,youcannotexpecttohavemuchtimeforyourfamily.IalwaysengagemystudentsinanextensivepracticeofEnglish.engageupon(startanewprofession)Aftertwentyyearsofteaching,Idecidedtoengageuponanewprofession.beengaged(busy)YoucannotseeMr.Black.Heisengagedrightnow.IphonedJohnlastnight,butthenumberwasengaged.beengagedtosb.We’reengaged,MartinandIIfindhimquiteboring.Iwanttobreakourengagement.Diverge:bedifferentHisideasincreasinglydivergedfromthoseofhiscolleagues.Asaresult,hebecamemoreandmoreisolatedandlonely.Whentheaimsofthepartnersbegintodiverge,there’strouble.Needlesstosay,theoryandpracticesometimesdiverge.divergence:adifferencebetweentwoormorethings,attitudes,oropinions,aformalword周末去什么地方郊游,全班意见都不一致There’sadivergenceofopinionwithintheclassastowheretogoforanoutingthisweekend.Thereportrevealswidedivergencesbetweenthefinancialstatesofthestudents.divergent:different.Twopeoplewhohavedivergentviewsonlifecanhardlymakeahappyfamily.slackenslack:adj.ifsomethingisslack,itislooseandnotfirmlystretchedortightlyinposition.slackrope/bandage/muscles/slackandwrinkledskin.Ifsomeoneisslack,heisnotworkingashardandstrictlyasheshould松懈的，马虎的，aslackstudentHeisveryslackabout(in)gettinghisworkdone.aslackperiodisoneinwhichthereisn’tmuchworkoractivity.aslackfarmingseason农闲季节aslackmarket市场疲软slacken:(tomake)(become)slower,lessactive,lessintenseHisbusinessslackensinwinter.Nowslackenyourlegsandliedown.Weshouldnotslackenourpaceofsocialreform.Althoughyouhavewonthefirstprizeinthecompetition,you’dbetternotslackenyoureffortandstriveforahigheraim.devoidof:completelywithout;emptyof完全没有房子里一点家具都没有。他一点也不幽默。我在陈述案件时，法官一点也不表示同情1.Thehouseistotallydevoidoffurniture.2.Heiscompletelydevoidofhumor.3.ThejudgewasdevoidofsympathywhenIpresentedmycase.appetite:verystrongdesireThelongwalkbeforemealsalwaysgivesyouagoodappetite.Sheateslowly,withoutappetite.Don’teatanythingthatwillspoilyourappetitefordinner.Hehasanenormousappetiteforclassicalmusic.Thecompanyhasabigappetiteforthemarket.appetizing（引起食欲的）,appetizer(开胃酒)excelinsth.:surpassallothers,better,greaterthanothersHeexcelsinmusicandart.Sheexcelsasateacherofdancing.Johnexcelsallofusinspelling.lure:toattractorentice,ortotrick…bytemptation（1.在高薪的诱惑下，许多年轻的工程师去了国外。2.许多年轻工人受到诱惑离开了，结果发现他们的工作还不如从前，这样的事我听得太多了。1.Manyyoungengineershavebeenluredtogoabroadbythepromiseofhighwages.2.I’veheardtoomanytalesofyoungworkersbeingluredawaytofindtheirpositionchangedfortheworse.Lure(n.)(U)(C)Hewasattractedbythelureoflargeprofits.Thelureofgoldcausedthemtoexplorethecountry.Helefthomebecauseoftheluresoflifeofthecity.Thesaleontelevisionsetswasjustaluretogetcustomersintothestore.Namely:thatis,thatistosayOnlyonepersoncandothejob,namelyyou.Iampleasedwithonlyoneboy,namelyJack.TherearethreecolorsintheBritishflag,namelyred,whiteandblue.ArabiciswrittenintheoppositedirectiontoEnglish,namelyfromrighttoleft.Themeansofproduction,namelyfactories,minesandlandshouldbeownedbythestate.Subjugate…to…:toconquer(bywar)ortoenslaveTheysucceededinsubjugatingallthesurroundingkingdoms.TheircostlyandfutileattempttosubjugatetheAfghanslastedjust10years.Shedominatedhimandsubjugatedhiswillcompletely.Itisnotouraimtosubjugateourfoe;weareinterestedonlyinestablishingpeacefulrelations.subjugationtofreewomenfromtheirsubjugationtotheeternaldrudgeryofthekitchen把妇女从无休止的厨房操劳中解脱出来interferevs.interveneInterfere:（ofapersonorpersons):enterintosomethingwithoutrightorinvitation,orintendingtohinderorobstruct;:getinvolvedinasituationalthoughitdoesnotconcernthemandtheirinvolvementisnotwanted.Iwisheveryonewouldstopinterferingandjustleavemealone.TheUNcannotinterfereintheinternalaffairsofanyothercountry.Hesoughttodefendtheautonomyoftheuniversitiesfromgovernmentinterference.Intervene:comebetween,esp.soastomodifyorpreventaresult:getinvolvedinasituationandtrytochangeit.Thesituationcalmeddownwhenthepoliceintervened.TheroleoftheUnitedStatesanditsinterventionintheinternalaffairsofmanycountries;militaryinterventions1.这仅是我的个人意见,至于委员会的意见我无权代为宣言.2.如果你以为你杀了人还可以逍遥法外的话,你就大错特错了.3.如果他以为这点困难就能使我们放松努力,那他就错了.4.这不是一场阶级战争,而是一场全国人民共同参加的,不分男女老少、不分宗教信仰或政党派别的抵抗外国侵略者的全民战争。5.没有人比我更了解这种痛苦了。6.没有比这更热情的接待了。1.Thisismypersonalopinion.Itisnotformetospeakofthepositionofthecommittee.2.Ifyouimaginethatyoucangoawayunpunishedafterhavingmurderedsomeone,youarewoefullymistaken.3.Ifheimaginesthatsuchlittledifficultieswillslackenourefforts,heisterriblymistaken.4.Thisisnoclasswar,butawaragainstforeigninvadersinwhichthewholecountryisengaged,withoutdistinctionofsex,age,creed,orparty5.NooneknowsthiskindofpainbetterthanIdo.6.Noreceptionhasbeenwarmerthanthisone.
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