《物流专业英语》教案

Thistemplateistheinternalstandardcoursewaretemplateoftheenterprise物流专业英语today'stopicFood1.What'syourfavoritefood?2.myviewonfoodquality3.Doyouknowanygoodresturant?whataretheirspeciality?4.Doyouknowwhatkindoffoodarehealthy?5.Howtokeepadietbalance?6.What'sthedifferencebetweenChinaandWesterncountries?Unit3WarehouseManagementListeningtrainingQuestionsWherearewestandinginthepartofKorealogisticsindustries?Howcanweprepareforsavinglogisticscostandotherassignmentsoflogistics.Whatisimportanthereisthistomovetheproductwithoutanytransferineachprocess.Howmanytypesoftheunitloadsizeiscomposed?Whataboutusingboththestandardizedcontainerandpalletinthepoolsystem?Dialogue1VisitingaWarehouseNewWordsandPhrasesdividev.区分，分割proceduren.程序，手续indooradj.入库的arrangev.安排enrollv.登记depositv.放置，储存Dialogue1VisitingaWarehousefacilityn.设备regularlyadv.经常性的standardizev.使 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 化gatherv.收集Dialogue1VisitingaWarehouse(Li:aclerkofawarehouse;Wang:Astudentinlogisticsmajor)Li：Welcometothewarehouse.Allowmetointroducemyselffirst：I’mawarehousekeeperandI’mresponsibleforthemanagementofgoods.Wang：Howisthewarehousedivided？Li：Accordingtothestoragepurpose,thewarehouseisdividedintodeliver-centerwarehouse,storage-centerwarehouseandlogistics-centerwarehouse.Dialogue1VisitingaWarehouseWang：Whataretheproceduresafterthegoodsarriveatthewarehouse?Li：Firstindooroperation,thenwarehousemanagement,finallywarehouseoperation.Wang：Whatisindooroperation?Li：Theyareaseriesofproceduresincludesarrangestorehouses,checkthegoods,enrollthegoodsaccurately,loadanddeposittheminstandard.Wang：Whataboutthewarehousemanagement?Dialogue1VisitingaWarehouseLi：Weneedtochecktheproductsandfacilitiesregularly,keepthewarehousecleanandsafe,standardizeeachoperationandgathertheinformation.Wang：Andwhatisthewarehouseoperation?Li：Itconsistsoffiveaspects：thewarehouseprocedures,thequantityofthegoods,loadthegoodsanddeposittheminstandard,providethegoodsaccordingtotheshipmentlist,saveandbillsofdocument.Dialogue1VisitingaWarehouseWang：Wow,it’sveryimportanttobeawarehousekeeper.Igotit.Thankyouverymuch!Li：Youarewelcome.Dialogue1VisitingaWarehouseNotes1．thewarehouseisdividedintodeliver-centerwarehouse,storage-centerwarehouseandlogistics-centerwarehouse.仓库被分为配送中心型仓库、存储中心型仓库和物流中心型仓库。Dialogue1VisitingaWarehouse2．Firstindooroperation,thenwarehousemanagement,finallywarehouseoperation.首先要进行入库作业，然后是在库管理，最后是出库操作。Dialogue1VisitingaWarehouse3．Theyareaseriesofproceduresincludesarrangestorehouses,checkthegoods,enrollthegoodsaccurately,loadanddeposittheminstandard.这有一系列程序包括安排仓位，核对物品，准确登记， 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 装卸。Dialogue1VisitingaWarehouse4．Weneedtochecktheproductsandfacilitiesregularly,keepthewarehousecleanandsafe,standardizeeachoperationandgathertheinformation.定期检查产品、设备，保持仓库清洁、安全，各项运作规范、标准，信息汇总准确、及时。Dialogue1VisitingaWarehouse5．thewarehouseprocedures,thequantityofthegoods,loadthegoodsanddeposittheminstandard,providethegoodsaccordingtotheshipmentlist,saveandbillsofdocument.货物出库手续齐全；出库货物数量准确；装卸规范；按出货单先后发放货物；出库单据保存归档。Dialogue1VisitingaWarehouse6．Itconsistsoffiveaspects：thewarehouseprocedures,thequantityofthegoods,loadthegoodsanddeposittheminstandard,providethegoodsaccordingtotheshipmentlist,saveandbillsofdocument.仓库运作包括五方面：出库手续齐全，出库数量准确，装卸规范，按出货单先后发放货物，出库单据存档。Dialogue1VisitingaWarehouseExercisesⅠOralPractice:practicetheabovedialoguewithyourpartneruntilyoucanlearnthelinesbyheart.Dialogue1VisitingaWarehouseⅡTeamwork:makeupadialogueaccordingtothefollowingsituationandpracticeitwithyourpartner.Situation：Kittyisaclerkofawarehouse.Nowsheisintroducingthewarehousetohercustomers.Dialogue1VisitingaWarehouseTips：1．Iwanttoknowhowyouhandlewarehousestorage.2．Whatkindofgoodsdoyouneedtokeep?3．Ihavetooperateaccordingtotheinstructionontheboxes.4．Ihavetooperateaswhatyousay.5．Ihavetooperateregardingtheorder.6．Keepawayfrommoisture/fire/water.7．Howlongdoyouneedtokeep?8．No.2-10-5-6meansthesixthcaseofthefifthlayerofthetenthshelfinthesecondwarehouse.Dialogue1VisitingaWarehouseⅢWriteane-mailtoyourcustomer,invitinghimtovisitthewarehouseandhopingtoestablishthebusinessrelationshipwithhim.Contents：1.介绍仓库的现状（位置及规模等）2.介绍仓库的优势（与竞争者相比）3.洽谈合作意向today'stopic:myfamilyAllhappyfamiliesarelikeoneanother;eachunhappyfamilyisunhappyinitsownway.(LeoTolstoy,Russianwriter)Beiteversohumble,thereisnoplacelikehome.(JohnHowardPayne,Americandramatistandactor)Heisthehappiest,beheKingorpeasant,whofindspeaceinhishome.(JohannWolfgangvonGoethe,Germandramatistandpoet)Happyarethefamilieswherethegovernmentofparentsisthereignofaffection,andobedienceofthechildrenthesubmissiontolove.(FrancisBacon,Britishphilosopher)Introduction引言Theroleofwarehouses仓库的角色Typesofwarehouseordistributioncentre仓库或物流中心的类型Warehouseoperations仓储运作Objectiveandprinciplesofgoodwarehousedesignandmanagement优秀仓库设计和管理的目标与准则Summary小结Introduction引言Withinsupplychainswarehousingisanimportantactivityinthedistributionofmaterialsfromrawmaterialsandworkinprogresstofinishedgoods.材料从加工到完成的过程中，仓储是供应链的一项重要的、不可或缺的活动。Theroleofwarehouses仓储角色Facilitatingtheflowofgoodstothecustomer.利于货物到达顾客手中Meetingtherequirementsofcustomerservicestandards.满足顾客服务标准的需求Incorporatingvalue-addedactivities使增值活动具体化Typesofwarehouseordistributioncentre仓库或配送中心的种类GeneralpurposewarehouseSpecialpurposewarehouseSpecialmerchandisewarehouse全国分拨中心（NDCs）地区分拨中心（RDCs）SpringsummerautumnandwinterWhatseasondoyoulovethebest?Winter,Spring,SummerorAutumn?Springisgreen,Summerisbright,Autumnisgold,Winteriswhite.Therearemanylovestories,movies,bookandsongsaboutspring,summerautumnandwinter.AbookaboutfourseasonsGuessHowMuchILoveYouAllYearRound.LittlereaderscanlovetheNutbrownHaresfromspringtosummertofalltowinter—andbackIfyoutobareyourhearttothegirl/boy:Youarethegreeninthespring,Youaretheshadeinthesummer,Youarethefullmoonintheautumn,Youarethesunshineinthewinter.Warehouseoperations仓储作业Goodsinwards.进货Reservestorage.保留仓储Replenishment.补货Orderpicking.拣选Secondarysortation.二次分货Sortation.分货Collate.校对Dispatch.发货图4.1仓库的功能和材料流程图3.1仓库的功能和材料流程Choiceofunitload单元货物的选择Useofbuildingspace建筑空间的利用Utilizationofresources资源的利用Minimummovement移动最小化Controlandinformationsystems控制和信息系统Productintegrity产品完整性Workingconditionsandsafety工作条件和安全性Environmentalissues环境问题Objectiveandprinciplesofgoodwarehousedesignandmanagement仓库设计和管理的目的与准则Strategicissuesaffectingwarehousing影响仓储的策略问题Marketandproductbasestability.市场和产品基础稳定性。Typeofgoodstobehandled.搬运的货物类型。Typeoffacility,sizeandlocation.设施的类型、大小和位置。Inventoryandinventorylocation.库存和选址。Leveloftechnology.技术水平。Choiceofunitload.单元货物的选择。Summary小结Thewarehousingsectionofthisbookisconcernedprimarilywiththehandlingandstorageofunitloads.Itishoweverconsideredthatthebasicprinciplesthatunderpinthesubjectareaarealsovalidinthecontextofotherhandlingandstorageoperationssuchasthestoringandhandlingofbulksolids.Text1WarehouseOperationExercisesⅠPairwork：talkingfacetoface,andthinkitover,discussthefollowingquestions.1．Whyiswarehousingnecessary?2．Howdoyouunderstandtheroleofthewarehouse?3．Whatarethebasiccomponentsofwarehousing?Text1WarehouseOperation4．Whatarethemaintypesofwarehouse?5．Ifyouareamanager,doyoureferpublicwarehousetoprivatewarehouse?6．Areyoufamiliarwiththewarehousingactivities?1TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.1.仓储是生产者与消费者之间的纽带。2.仓库储存所有产品，配送中心以最低库存满足最大需求。3.商品的数量越多，所需仓库的规模也就越大。4.近年来，仓库的设施设备技术发展很快。5.产品必须储存，以便日后使用和消费。Text1WarehouseOperationText1WarehouseOperationⅡFillintheblankswiththefollowingwordsinthebox.1．Generalpurposewarehouseprovide________environmentconditionsandawiderangeofproductscanbestoredinthiskind.2．Usually,warehousesaretypicallyviewedasa_________placetostoregoods.verifyautomatedproximityorderbridgemoderatetemporarydesiredachievesufficient3．Thecostofsmall________becameexpensivetotransport.4．Warehousingplaysavitalroleinprovidinga________levelofcustomerservice.5．Customerservicemaybethedecidingfactorforwarehousesitelocation,________tomarketscanimproveitsservicelevel.6．Distributioncenterisalargeandhighly________warehousedesignedtoreceivegoodsfromvariousplantsandsuppliers.Text1WarehouseOperation7．Awarehousecanbeviewedasa________betweensupplyanddemand.8．Inorderto_________theefficiencytheymayhavetoholdstock,butthisisnottheirmainrole.9．Retailersfounditdifficulttosourcein________quantityfromasinglesupplier.10．Afterthegoodsareunloadedfromthetransportationcarrier,theyshouldbe________againstcargomanifest.Text1WarehouseOperationLovestoryhaveyoueverseenthemovie"lovestory“?Canyousingthesong‘lovestory’?LovestorybyTaylorSwiftbyAmuroNamiebyAndywilliamsUnit4inventorycontrolBasicmethodsofinventorycontrol库存控制基本 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 Introduction引言Oneofthemostimportantaspectsoflogisticsconcernsquestionsrelatedtoinventory.Theamountofinventorythatshouldbeheldanditslocationwithinacompany’logisticsstructureisvitalinordertomeetcustomerservicerequirementsandexpectations.物流最主要的方面之一是研究库存相关问题。为了满足客户的需求和期望，我们必须持有一定量的库存并且这些库存在公司物流结构中的地位也是很重要的。Typesofstock-holding库存持有类型Rawmaterial,componentandpackaging原料,组件和外包装In-process—stock在制品Finishedproducts-stocks产成品Pipelinestocks在途库存Generalstocks量产品/常规库存Spareparts备用品等等Workingstock工作库存Cyclestock经常库存Safetystock安全库存Speculativestock投机库存Seasonalstock季节性库存Typesofstock-holding库存持有类型Task4Matchthewordsorphrasesontheleftwiththeirmeaningsontheright.AB1.库存A.cyclestock2.经常库存B.safetystock3.制造业库存C.inventory4.在途库存D.speculativestock5.商业库存E.merchandiseinventory6.投机库存F.bufferstock7.安全库存G.manufacturinginventory8.缓冲库存H.StockKeepingUnit9.库存单位I.transittime10.运输时间J.in-transitstockCAGJEDBFHI4.1.3Inventorycosts库存成本Therearefourprincipalelementsofinventorycost.Capitalcost资金成本Servicecost服务成本Storagecost储存成本Riskcost风险成本Anotherimportantcost其他重要成本Inventoryreplenishmentsysment库存补货系统请阅读4.2的 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 ，根据图示介绍两种订货系统itisyourtime!图4.2.定期补货系统图4.3定点补货系统经济订货数量公式P=订单成本D=单位年需求U=单位库存成本F=年库存持有成本UF=每年每单位持有成本图4.4订货数量图4.5经济订货数量原则Demandforecasting需求预测图4.6需求预测中移动平均法和指数平滑法对需求波动的敏感度可以看出A比B对需求的波动反应敏感。Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrderExercisesⅠOralPractice:practicethegivendialoguewithyourpartneruntilyoucanlearnthelinesbyheart.Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrderNewWordsandPhrasesconsultv.请教，咨询frequentlyadj.频繁的complicatedadj.复杂的factorn.因素uncertaintyn.不确定性annualadj.每年的retailn.零售Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrdertrifleadj.微小的，琐碎的order-processingcost订单处理成本safetystock安全库存Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrder（XiaoZhangisnowinaconsultingofficewherePeter,anexpertinlogistics,ishelpinghimtosolveaproblemastohowtoorder.Zhang：Excuseme.MynameisZhangXin.Peter：Mr.Zhang,WhatcanIdoforyou?Zhang：JustcallmeXiaoZhang.Ihavejustboughtafruitshopthatsuppliesthemarketwithfruits.AndIreallydon’tknowhowfrequentlyIshouldputmyordersandhowmuchIshouldorderatatime.Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrderPeter：Itmustbeaverycomplicatedthingtodo,Iguess,asfruitscomeindifferenttypes.Zhang：Fortunately,Isellonlyakindofpeach.Peter：Thingsaremucheasier,then.However,therearestillotherfactors.Zhang：Forexample?Peter：Theuncertaintyofthemarket,thetax,andsoon.Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrderZhang：Accordingtothepastrecords,thesalesareeven.Theannualsalevolumeoffruitsis5,000kgandtheyaresoldtoretailcustomersinasteadyflow.Peter：Itseemstobeaverysimplequestion,then.Whatisyourchiefconcernnow?Zhang：Atpresent,onlytwocostsconcernme.Oneisorder-processingcostsandwarehousingcosts.Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrderPeter：Theorder-processingcostsincludesupplierselection,receiving,orderpaperworkpreparationandsoon.Zhang：Doweneedsafetystock?Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrderPeter：Sincethesalesareeven,youdon’tneedanysafetystock.Zhang：Doweneedsafetystockagainstsuddenriseindemand?Peter：Yes.Butinyourcase,itisnotlikelyforsuchathingtooccur.Zhang：Goodnews.Peter：Yourproblemistofindouthowmanytoorderwiththelowestexpensesinwarehousingandordering.Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrderZhang：Quiteright,IwouldliketoknowhowmuchIshouldorderatatimewiththeminimumcost.Peter：Thisis,asIseeit,atypicalquestionininventorymanagement.Pleaseprovidetheclearandaccurateinformationonsalesandinventory.Zhang：Ok,Isendthemtoyoutomorrow.Peter：Inthatcase,Igiveyouanswertomorrow.Zhang：HowmuchshallIpayforyourservice?Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrderPeter：Idon’tthinkIwillchargeyouanythingforsuchatriflething.Butdocomeifyouhaveanyotherproblems.Zhang：Sure,Iwill.Seeyoulater.Peter：Seeyoulater.Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrderNotes1．Ireallydon’tknowhowfrequentlyIshouldputmyordersandhowmuchIshouldorderatatime.我真的不知道我应该多久下一次订单以及每次订多少货物。Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrder2．Itmustbeaverycomplicatedthingtodo,Iguess,asfruitscomeindifferenttypes.因为水果有很多种类，这个问题会很复杂。3．Accordingtothepastrecords,thesalesareeven.根据销售纪录，销售额是非常有规律的。Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrder4．Oneisorder-processingcostsandwarehousingcosts.一个是订单处理成本，另一个是储存成本。5．Theorder-processingcostsincludesupplierselection,receiving,orderpaperworkpreparationandsoon.订单处理成本包括选择供应商、订单接收、订单准备等成本。Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrder6．Doweneedsafetystockagainstsuddenriseindemand?我们不需要安全库存以防需求剧增吗？7．Yourproblemistofindouthowmanytoorderwiththelowestexpensesinwarehousingandordering.你的问题就是一次订多少货时储存和订单处理费用能降到最低。Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrderⅡTeamwork:makeupadialogueaccordingtothefollowingsituationandpracticeitwithyourpartner.Situation：TonyisconsultingMr.Low,anexpertinlogistics,aboutinventorymanagement.Dialogue2HowMuchShouldIOrderTips：1．Excuseme,I’dlikeaskyouaquestion.2．Wouldyoubekindastotellmehowtosolvethisproblem?3．Iwonderifyoucouldtellmehowto…4．Ireallydon’tknowhowto…5．Couldyoupleasegivemesomeadviceonhowto…6．Personally,Ithink…7．Itseemsaveryhard/simplequestion.8．Yourproblemishowto…9．Inyourcase,itisverylikely/unlikelythat…10．Whydon’tyou…unit4.3Inventorymanagement库存管理Problemswithtraditionalapproachestoinventoryplanning库存规划的传统方法存在的问题Demandisnotaspredictableasitmayoncehavebeen.需求与预测不一致。Leadtimesarenotconstant.提前期不是常数。Costscanbevariable.成本可能是变化的。Individualproductsarecloselylinkedtoothers.个别产品与其它产品密切相联Differentinventoryrequirements不同的库存需求Thepushapproach拉动式Thepullapproach推动式Thelead-timegap前置期差距Figure4.7Thelead-timegapInventoryandtime库存和时间Figure4.8HighinventorylevelscanhideothersupplychainproblemsAnalyzingtimeandinventory分析时间和库存Value-addingtime价值增值时间Non-value-addingtime非价值增值时间Thetotaltimeorpipelinetime总时间或传递时间Figure4.9AnexampleofasupplychainmapshowinginventorymappedagainsttimeInventoryplanningforretailing零售业的库存规划供应商管理库存（VMI）持续补货（CRP）有效客户反映（ECR）Summary小结Therelationshipbetweeninventoryandtimewasalsoreviewed.Twoimportantelementsweredescribed:thelead-timegapandtheopportunityforlead-timereduction.Inaddition,thetechniqueofsupplychainmappingwasoutlined,anditwasshownhowthiscouldhelpintheanalysisofinventoryinthesupplychain,andshowhowvalue-addingandnon-value-addingtimecouldbeidentified.Newwordsandspecialterms生词和短语connectingcable连接电缆verticaladj.垂直的chipn.芯片pushsystem推动式系统pullsystem拉动式系统hybridsystems混合系统customer’sordercycletime顾客订货周期lead-timegap前置期间隙order-to-delivery订货交付supplychainmapping供应链计划图bottleneckn.瓶颈time-phased时间段WIPworkinprocess按程序工作compatibleadj.兼容的brandn.品牌outsource企业外包profitabilityn.利润率NDCsnationaldistributioncenters全国配送中心RDCsregionaldistributioncenters地区配送中心merchandising商品之广告推销VMIvendormanagementinventory卖方主导型库存管理CRPcontinuousreplenishment连续补货EPOSelectronicpoint-of-sale电子销售点cross-docking交叉收货QRquickresponse快速反应ECRefficientconsumerresponse有效客户反应tenetn.教条，主义EDIelectronicdatainterchange电子数据交换CMIco-managementinventory共同管理库存CONTENTSAddyourtitlewelcometousethesepowerpointtemplates,NewContentdesign,10yearsexperienceAddyourtitlewelcometousethesepowerpointtemplates,NewContentdesign,10yearsexperienceAddyourtitlewelcometousethesepowerpointtemplates,NewContentdesign,10yearsexperienceCONTENTSwelcometousethesepowerpointtemplates,NewContentdesign,10yearsexperienceAddyourtitlewelcometousethesepowerpointtemplates,NewContentdesign,10yearsexperienceAddyourtitlewelcometousethesepowerpointtemplates,NewContentdesign,10yearsexperienceAddyourtitlewelcometousethesepowerpointtemplates,NewContentdesign,10yearsexperienceAddyourtitleCONTENTSwelcometousethesepowerpointtemplates,NewContentdesign,10yearsexperiencewelcometousethesepowerpointtemplates,NewContentdesign,10yearsexperienceCONTENTSAddyourtitleAddyourtitleAddyourtitleAddyourtitleAddyourtitleAddyourtitleCONTENTSwelcometousethesepowerpointtemplatestitlewelcometousethesepowerpointtemplatestitlewelcometousethesepowerpointtemplatestitleThistemplateistheinternalstandardcoursewaretemplateoftheenterprise课程结束SWOT分析模板SWOT分析是市场营销管理中经常使用的功能强大的分析工具，最早是由美国旧金山大学的管理学教授在80年代初提出来的：S代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf strength(优势)，W代表weakness(弱势)，O代表opportunity(机会)，T代表threat(威胁)。市场分析人员经常使用这一工具来扫描、分析整个行业和市场，获取相关的市场资讯，为高层提供决策依据，其中，S、W是内部因素，O、T是外部因素。它在制定公司发展战略和进行竞争对手分析中也经常被使用。SWOT的分析技巧类似于波士顿咨询（BCG）公司的增长/份额矩阵（TheGrowth/ShareMatrix），什么是SWOT分析内部环境优势Strengths劣势Weakness机会Opportunities威胁ThreatsSWOT分析传统矩阵示意图外部环境SWOT行业分析适用范围业务单元及产品线分析竞争对手分析SWOT企业自身SBUSWOT分析SWOTSWOT企业自身SBUSWOT分析主要竞争对手SBUSWOT分析企业的内外部环境与行业平均水平进行比较当选择行业领域中只有少数竞争对手时，可以考虑做SWOT组图进行比较SWOT分析步骤分析环境因素构造SWOT矩阵制定行动计划运用各种调查研究方法，分析出公司所处的各种环境因素，即外部环境因素和内部能力因素。将调查得出的各种因素根据轻重缓急或影响程度等排序方式，构造SWOT矩阵。在完成环境因素分析和SWOT矩阵的构造后，便可以制定出相应的行动计划。SW优势与劣势分析（内部环境分析）提高公司盈利性产品线的宽度产品的质量产品价格产品的可靠性产品的适用性服务的及时性服务态度……竞争优势可以指消费者眼中一个企业或它的产品有别于其竞争对手的任何优越的东西。需要注意的是一定要从消费者的角度出发，寻找与竞争者或行业平均水平比较，公司的产品与服务有什么优势/劣势；而不是从公司的角度出发，衡量企业的竞争优势。通过一定努力，建立自身竞争优势引起竞争者注意，开始作出反应直接进攻企业优势所在，或采取更为有力的策略竞争优势受到削弱，寻找新的策略增强自身竞争优势根据SW分析，公司建立并维持自身的竞争优势企业在维持竞争优势过程中，必须深刻认识自身的资源和能力，采取适当的措施。因为一个企业一旦在某一方面具有了竞争优势，势必会吸引到竞争对手的注意。而影响企业竞争优势的持续时间，主要的是三个关键因素：（1）建立这种优势要多长时间?（2）能够获得的优势有多大？（3）竞争对手作出有力反应需要多长时间？如果企业分析清楚了这三个因素，就会明确自己在建立和维持竞争优势中的地位了。OT机会与威胁分析（外部环境分析）环境发展趋势分为两大类：环境威胁环境机会环境威胁指的是环境中一种不利的发展趋势所形成的挑战，如果不采取果断的战略行为，这种不利趋势将导致公司的竞争地位受到削弱。环境机会就是对公司行为富有吸引力的领域，在这一领域中，该公司将拥有竞争优势。OT机会与威胁分析方法一：PEST法PEST法政治／法律:经济社会文化技术垄断法律环境保护法税法对外贸易规定劳动法政府稳定性经济周期GNP趋势利率货币供给通货膨胀失业率可支配收入能源供给成本人口统比收入分配社会稳定生活方式的变化教育水平消费政府对研究的投入政府和行业对技术的重视新技术的发明和进展技术传播的速度折旧和报废速度OT机会与威胁分析方法一：波特五力模型竞争者供应商客户替代者新进入者进入本行业有哪些壁垒？它们阻碍新进入者的作用有多大？本企业怎样确定自己的地位（自己进入或者阻止对手进入）？购买者转而购买替代品的转移成本；公司可以采取什么措施来降低成本或增加附加值来降低消费者购买替代品的风险？供货商的品牌或价格特色；供货商的战略中本企业的地位；供货商之间的关系；从供货商之间转移的成本本企业的部件或原材料产品占买方成本的比例；各买方之间是否有联合的危险；本企业与买方是否具有战略合作关系行业内竞争者的均衡程度、增长速度、固定成本比例、本行业产品或服务的差异化程度、退出壁垒等，决定了一个行业内的竞争激烈程度构造SWOT矩阵在构造SWOT过程中，将那些对公司发展有直接的、重要的、大量的、迫切的、久远的影响因素优先排列出来，而将那些间接的、次要的、少许的、不急的、短暂的影响因素排列在后面。案例：1997年香港邮政对特快专递业务单元做的SWOT分析SWT特快专递服务推出较早技术支持较强（如电子追踪服务以邮局为服务终端，服务网络覆盖面广O特快专递”过去的形象不太好认知率不高可靠性与速度不及私营公司私营速递公司多以大公司为主要客户中小机构、个人的需求得不到满足，是个被忽视的市场香港近年经济不太景气，外部环境不利速递业竞争对手林立，正面冲突可能招致报复制订行动计划制定计划的基本思路是：发挥优势因素，克服弱点因素，利用机会因素，化解威胁因素；考虑过去，立足当前，着眼未来。运用系统分析的综合分析方法，将排列与考虑的各种环境因素相互匹配起来加以组合，得出一系列公司未来发展的可选择对策。SWOTWT对策最小与最小对策，即考虑弱点因素和威胁因素，目的是努力使这些因素都趋于最小。悲观WO对策最小与最大对策，即着重考虑弱点因素和机会因素，目的是努力使弱点趋于最小，使机会趋于最大苦乐参半ST对策最小与最大对策，即着重考虑优势因素和威胁因素，目的是努力使优势因素趋于最大，是威胁因素趋于最小。苦乐参半SO对策最大与最大对策，即着重考虑优势因素和机会因素，目的在于努力使这两种因素都趋于最大。理想小大大小