中高级英语写作课件

中高级英语写作 课件 超市陈列培训课件免费下载搭石ppt课件免费下载公安保密教育课件下载病媒生物防治课件 可下载高中数学必修四课件打包下载 课程名称:英语中高级写作课时总数:16×2=32课程要求:1.注意英语写作规范2.了解英语写作方法3.熟悉并掌握常用文体的写作4.积极参与课堂教学活动、认真完成作业课程目标：1.读书使人充实；讨论使人敏捷；写作令人严谨。做个完美严谨的作者——这是你们学习此课的终极目标。2.能够用英文书信等进行日常书面交流，达到交际目的。3.为通过六级及考研英语做准备。考试与考核：考试时间：第八周周三18:10-19:40考试要求：一个半小时内写一篇应用文，字数不少于100字，及一篇议 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 ，字数不少于200字。 教材 民兵爆破地雷教材pdf初中剪纸校本课程教材衍纸校本课程教材排球校本教材中国舞蹈家协会第四版四级教材 与参考书1.《大学英语翻译与写作》，编者：楚承华外文出版社，2014.09本书亦为本门课程教材2.《英语常用词入门》，李冀宏，世界图书出版公司，1999年8月3.《英语修辞学概论》，黄任，上海外语教育出版社，1999年9月4.《英语修辞与写作》，英任，上海外语教育出版社，1996年6月5.《英语写作》，葛传，上海译文出版社，1998年8月6.《英语写作》，孙骊，上海外语教育出版社，1999年1月Partone:AnintroductiontoEnglishwriting1.VarioustypesofEnglishwriting(1)argumentation(2)narration(3)exposition(4)practicalwriting文体介绍记叙文:记人、记事说明文:解释、说明事物，例如:广告、说明书、提示应用文:用来处理实际事务，例如:书信、通知、海报、简历等。议论文:对某一问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 或现象进行议论、发表看法、说明理由。三要素:论点（观点）、论据（理由和事实)论证(用论据证明论点）。写作：成功的要素结构清晰文章框架要合理文章结构要完整文章主题不偏离段落衔接要自然各段详略要得当出现亮点遣词用句准确地道开头结尾突破常规适当运用修辞手法恰当使用警句格言句式多变长句短句错落有致主动被动合理运用倒装强调适当穿插比较结构巧妙使用句与句间衔接紧密PartTwoarguementation例1、ReadingSelectivelyOrExtensively?Outline:1.有人认为读书要有选择2.有人认为应当博览群书3.我的想法Whenitcomestoreading,somepeoplethinkthatreadingselectivelyisagoodway,butsomeotherpeopledonotagreewiththem,theythinkthatreadingextensivelyisbetter.Thosepeople,whothinkthatreadingselectivelyisbetter,believethatgoodbooksareasmanyasbadbooks.Thosegoodbookscangiveuspleasureandknowledge,whilethosebadbookscanonlyleadustothewrongway.So,theysuggestthatweshouldonlychoosethegoodbookstoreadandnevertouchthebadbooks.But,theotherpeople,whoholdthatreadingextensivelyisbetter,thinkthatonekindofbookscanonlygiveusoneaspectofknowledge.Eventhebestbookonlycontainsonefieldofinformation.So,theycaneasilycometotheconclusionthat“toknowmore,toreadmore”.Sotheybelievethatreadingextensivelyisbetter.Tomypoint,weshouldchoosegoodbookstoreadandreadgoodbooksasmanyaspossible.Bythisway,wecanincreasethequalityandquantityofreading.例2（变体形式一）Wheretolive-inthecityorinthecountrysideOutline:1.Conveniencesofthecity2.Attractionofthecountryside3.Disadvantagesofboth4.Mypreference(1)Whenaskedwhetherlivinginthecityisbetterthanlivinginthecountryside,peoplemaygivedifferentanswers.(提出比较事物)(2)Somepeopleappreciatetheconveniencesofcitylife.(概括城市生活的优点)(3)Foronething,livinginthecity,peoplecanenjoygoodeducation,variouskindsofentertainmentandfirst-ratehealthservices.（优点一）Foranotherthing,citypeoplehavemoreopportunitiestogetgoodeducationandwell-paidjobs.(优点二)(5)Butthecountrysidehasitsownattractions.(概括乡村生活的优点)(6)Tobeginwith,itofferspeopleaquieterandcleanerlifebecauseofitsclosenesstonatureandgreatdistancestonoisycities.(优点一)(7)Furthermore,itisobviousthattheexpensesofcountrymenaremuchlessthanthoseofcitydwellers.(优点二)(8)Howevereachhasitsowndisadvantages.(二者均有弊端)(9)Peoplelivinginthecityarealwaysannoyedbycityproblemssuchascrowdedness,trafficjams,increasinglypollutedenvironment,crimesandcompetitivepressure.(城市生活的弊端)(10)Andpeopleinthecountrysidealwayscomplainthemonotonousnessoflifebecauseofthescarcityofentertainments.(乡村生活的弊端)(11)Itiseasytoseethatboththecityandthecountrysidehavetheiradvantagesanddisadvantages,(结论)(12)AsfarasIamconcerned,IprefertoliveinthecityforIliketoenjoycolorfulmodernlifeandtofeelthemodernatmosphere.(作者的选择)模板第一段：描写现状，提出要比较的事物及一种事物A的优点(1)WhenaskedthequestionwhetherAisbetterthanB,(被比较的事物)peoplemaygivedifferentanswers.(2)Somepeopleappreciatethe_ofA.(A的优点)(3)Foronething,it_.(细节，说明A的优点)(4)Foranotherthing,it_.(细节，说明A的优点)第二段：阐述另一事物B的优点(5)ButBisalsoattractive/important/good.(B的优点)(6)Tobeginwith,itoffers_.(细节，说明B的优点)(7)Furthermore,it_.(细节，说明B的优点)第三段：提出双方的缺点（这部分可取舍）(8)However,eachhasitsowndisadvantages.(A,B均有缺点)(9)Ahassomeproblemssuchas_and_.(A的缺点)(10)Balsohassomeproblemssuchas_and_(B的缺点)第四段：作者的选择（非常重要）(11)ItiseasytoseethatbothAandBhavetheiradvantagesanddisadvantages.(12)AsfarasIamconcerned,IwouldpreferAforIenjoythe_and_ofA.(作者的选择)例3（变体形式二）1人们围绕广告展开了激烈的争论，然而，我认为广告发展对青少年有不良影响2不良影响的体现3解决这一问题Althoughadvertisinghasexistedforthousandsofyearsandiscertainlynotarecentinvention,itisonlyinourmodernsocietythatthegreatinfluenceandimportanceofwidespreadadvertisingisbroughtintofullplay.However,inmyopinion,manyadvertisementsareharmfultoyoungpeople’smentaldevelopmentand,therefore,shouldbebannedinthemassmedia.Asmanysocialissuecriticshavepointedout,thecurrenttrendinadvertisingexertsacorruptinginfluenceonyoungpeople’smindsbecausetherearealwaysalotofunwholesomeandindecentcontentsinmodernadvertisements.Forexample,productssuchaswines,lingerie,andcosmeticstendtousethefemalebodyandamorousscenesasthemainattractionoftheiradvertisements.Whatisworse,asubcultureofsexualsuggestivenessandpermissivenessseemstopermeatetheentireadvertisingindustry.Youngpeople,especiallythoseadolescents,areoftenluredawayfromtheirstudiesandindulgethemselvesineroticfantasies.Insummary,theprevalenceofadvertisinginourmodernsocietyanditsinimicaleffectsontheyouthoftodaymustbecurbed,otherwisepublicmoralityandtraditionalculturesandvaluesandeventhefutureoftheworldwillbecaughtinaprecarioussituation.二、问题解决型/社会热点话题(问题解决+社会热点两类)题型特点：1）应该为三点提纲，但是通常以两点提纲出现的题目居多，所涉及主题为当时社会热点；2）如果是两点提纲，则补充成三点提纲写作。3）通常模式为：现象概述--细节（原因、危害、方式等）--自我评论(解决办法)写作模式ParagraphI:Withthedevelopment/improvementof(铺垫),(某一问题).Itisnecessarythat(关注解决现象引出的问题很必要).ParagraphII:Therearemanyfactorscontributingtothisargument(总述原因).Ontheonehand,(原因一).Ontheotherhand,(原因二).Besides,(原因三)ParagraphIII:Therefore,howto(承上启下句，要解决的问题)isworthpayingattentionto.Firstly,(办法一).Secondly,(办法二).Thirdly,(办法三).Inotherwords,(阐明解决办法三).Onlybydoingso,(用倒装句式总结解决方法)ParagraphIV:Infact,thewaysto(解决问题的办法多种多样)arecountless.It’stimethat(强调解决问题时不可待).例1.DueAttentionShouldBeGiventoSpelling作文：1.如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写　　2.出现这种情况的原因　　3.这种现象导致的结果Withthedevelopment/improvementofmodernscienceandtechnology,Englishisbecomingincreasinglyimportant,however,manypeoplefailtohighlighttheimportanceofEnglishspelling./Thepastdecadeshavewitnessedanever-increasingphenomenonthat…Itisnecessarythatdueattentionbegiventospelling.(34w)Therearemanyfactorscontributingtothisargument.Ontheonehand,thewideuseofnetworklanguagewithshort-formedwordsandno-standardspellingsshouldberesponsible.Ontheotherhand,thetimeandeffortdevotedtodifferentaspectsofEnglishlearninghavealottodowithit.Besides,itisthestudentsthemselvesthatignoretheimportanceofcorrectspelling.(63w)Therefore,howtoreversethetrendisworthpayingattentionto.Firstly,teachersneedtoemphasizespellinginclass.Secondly,itishightimethatstudentsrecognizedthesignificanceofspellingandtriedtoavoidspellingmistakes.Onlybydoingso,correctspellingwillbeguaranteedinthenearfuture.(39words）(共136words)例2（变体一）1吸烟带来很大危害2人们无法戒烟的原因3我认为……模板第一段：描述问题段主题句+扩展句一（具体表现一）+扩展句二（具体表现二）第二段：说明原因/危害段主题句+扩展句一（原因一）+扩展句二（原因二）+结尾句第三段：说明方法段主题句+扩展句一（方法一）+扩展句二（方法二）+扩展句三（方法三）+结尾句Itisalmostknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultopeople’shealth.Smokingcanleadtoheartdisease,cancerandotherproblems.TheWHOsaysdiseasescausedbysmokingkillatleasttwomillionandfivehundredthousandpersonseachyear.However,stillmanypeoplefinditdifficulttostopsmoking,whichisduetothefollowingreasons.Foronething,itisbecausetheeffectofnicotinemakesithardforsmokerstoquitit.Foranother,manyofthemhavenodeterminationtogiveupthebadhabit.Therefore,itishightimethatmoreattentionwaspaidtohowtogiveupsmokingsuccessfully.Someeffectivemeasureshavebeentakentohelppeoplekeepawayfromtheharmofsmoking.Firstly,nowadays,smokingisforbiddeninpublicplacesandinadvertisementsofanykind.Inaddition,theworld“NoTobaccoDay”isobservedeveryyearasthebiggestcampaigntoraisepeople’sawareness.Ifwefollowthemeasuresmentionedabove,theimpactfromsmokingcouldbeminimizedgreatly.(173w)例3、ReduceWasteonCampus1.有些大学校园浪费现象日益严重2.浪费的危害3.杜绝浪费,从我做起Asisknowntoall,wasteoncampushasbecomeamoreandmoreseriousproblem.Wecaneasilyseemanystudentsdumpalotoffoodinthegarbagecan.Somestudentsspendalargesumofmoneybuyingfashionableclothesandsoon.　　Thenegativeeffectsofwastecanbeshowninthefollowingaspects.Inthefirstplace,itmakessomestudentsdependentontheirparentsformoney,whichisharmfultotheirdevelopment.Inthesecondplace,itisnoteasyforourparentstoarrangeforourschooling.Lastbutnottheleastimportant,thereisnodenyingthefactthatourcountryisstillpoor.AsfarasIamconcerned,Ishouldsetagoodexampletoreducewasteoncampus.Firstofall,Iwillrefrainfromwastinganything,fromfoodtostationery.Whatismore,I’mdeterminedtocallonmoreschoolmatestofightagainstwaste.Onlythroughthesemeasurescanwehopetoreducewasteoncampus.三．观点论证型三段：1.提出观点段2论证观点段3总结观点段(模板)(1)Itiswellknownthat论点。(2)Thetruthofitisself-evident.(3)Noonecandenythat正确性的表现。(4)Therefore,without…,itwouldbeimpossible…总结论点(5)Manyremarkablefactorsaccountforthisargument.(6)Tobeginwith,论据一。（7）Inaddition,论据二.(8)Lastbutnottheleast,论据三。(9)Allmentionedabovetellusthat重申观点。(10)Therefore,thereisnodenyingthat正确态度或做法。(11)Insummary,总结全文例一题目WorkIsaNecessity1工作的必要性2分析原因3我的看法Itiswellknownthatworkisbecomingmoreandmoreindispensabletoman’sexistence.Thetruthofitisself-evident.Noonecandenythatworkisameansofmakingaliving.Therefore,withoutwork,itwouldbeimpossibleformanypeopletolive.Manyremarkablefactorsaccountforthisargument.Tobeginwith,factsprovethatmoreoneuseshisbrain,themoreactiveandefficientheisinthinking.Inaddition,formostpeople,workisthesourceofhappinessandcreativity.Lastbutnottheleast,workoffersambitiouspeoplechancestorealizetheirdreams.Allmentionedabovetellusthatworkisofvitalimportanceinourlife.Therefore,thereisnodenyingthatinmodernsociety,everyonehastoworktosupportthemselvesandachievetheirgoals.Insummary,workisanecessityinmodernsociety.PartThreeEffectiveSentences1.TheGistoftheChapterThischapterisveryimportantforthestudentstolearnandmastersomewritingstrategieswhichareoftenusedinwriting.2.TheContentoftheText1.CompleteSentencesandSentenceFragments(完整句与不完整句)Agrammaticallycompletesentenceisonethatcontainsatleastasubjectandapredicate(orfinite)verb;iftheverbistransitive,theremustbeanobject;iftheverbisalink-verb,theremustbeapredicativeorcomplement.2.TheContentoftheText2.TypesofSentences:Thereare4kindsofsentencesinlearningEnglish:①DeclarativeSentence陈述句：Iamastudentofthe2ndNorthwestUniversityforNationalities.②InterrogativeSentence疑问句：DoyoustudyJapaneseorEnglish?Canyoudriveacar?2.TheContentoftheText③ImperativeSentence祈使句：Docomeandhelpme,please!Standup,please!④ExclamatorySentence感叹句：Whatafinedayitis!Howbeautifulthefloweris!2.TheContentoftheText3.Therearealso4kindsofsentencesinlearningEnglish,suchas:①SimpleSentence：Tomisred.Tomisinred.Tomisinthered.2.TheContentoftheTextSheisstudying.SheisstudyingEnglishnow.SheisstudyingEnglishinthelibrary.②CompoundSentence：Bequickoryouwillbelate.I’mateacherandIteachEnglish.Maryhasagoodjobbutshefeelsunhappy.2.TheContentoftheText③ComplexSentence：Iwasborninasmalltown,wheretherewasonlyoneschool.Theycouldnotworkinthefieldsyesterdaybecauseitwasraininghard.2.TheContentoftheText④Compound-ComplexS：Ionceaskedaveryablehighschoolsenior,astraightAstudentinEnglish,ifsheeverkeptheroldEnglishpapers.注意：写文章时一般都要使句子的结构多样化2.TheContentoftheText4.Therearealso3kindsofsentencesinlearningEnglish,suchas:LooseSentence（松散句）：easier,simpler,morenaturalanddirect.(明白、简单、自然和直接)。3.TheContentoftheTextAloosesentenceputsthemainideabeforeallsupplementaryinformation;inotherwords,itputthefirstthingfirst,andletsthereaderknowwhatitismainlyaboutwhenhehasreadthefirstfewwords.把主要的意思放在次要意思之前，先说最重要的事情，因而读者在看到最初几个词后就知道这句话的意思。3.PeriodicSentencemorecomplex,emphatic,formalorliterary(复杂、着重、正式和文雅).Aperiodicsentenceputsthemainideaatorneartheendofthesentence.Thereaderdoesnotknowwhatitismainlyaboutuntilhefinishesreadingit.(把最重要的意思放到最后面，并且直到最后一个词时句子的结构才完整。读者只有看完整句话才知道它的意思。)试比较:3.PeriodicSentence★ShedecidedtostudyEnglishthoughshewasinterestedinmusic.★Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,shefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish4.BalancedSentenceMainlyusedinformalwriting,(主要用于正式文体)Abalancedsentenceisimpressivebecauseofthecontrast,andpleasingtohearbecauseoftherhythm.Itismainlyusedinformalwriting.4.BalancedSentence这种句子的语气强劲有力。会给人留下深刻的印象，因为它包含相反的意思，而且声调和节奏优美。主要用于说明文、辩论文及演说等正式文体中。5.EffectiveSentencesUnity:Unityisthefirstqualityofaneffectivesentence.Aunifiedsentenceexpressesasinglecompletethought.Coherence:Coherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.5.EffectiveSentencesConciseness:Asentenceshouldcontainnounnecessarywords.Iftheideaisfullyexpressed,thefewerwordsareused,thebetter.5.EffectiveSentencesEmphasis:Whenthereisanimportantidea,itshouldbeexpressedwithemphasis.Variety:Whenwritingaparagraph,allkindsofsentencesandwritingskillsshouldbeused.5.EffectiveSentences在写作中，往往听到一些关于句子好或坏的评论，那么好句子到底有什么 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呢？下面就把一个好句子的几个基本原则介绍一下，希望能够帮你在写作中写出优美的句子来。6.EffectiveSentences1.Unity：统一性是好句子的第一要点。一个完整的句子表达单一的完整的意思。它不包含并不紧密相关的意思，也不表达本身不完整的意思。也就是说,正确有效的句子必须符合完整统一性原则，6.EffectiveSentences即一个句子必须表达单一的完整的思想。如果一个句子包含相互之间并无紧密联系甚至毫无关系或相互矛盾的多个意思，或一个句子表达的思想不完整，则违背完整统一性原则。例如:6.EffectiveSentences-Unityw:Tocontrolthebirthrateintheworld,thescientistsareseekingnewsourcesofenergy.①Tocontrolthebirthrateintheworld,allthegovernmentsmusttakestrictandeffectivemeasures.②Tosolvetheproblemofenergycrisis,scientistsareseekingnewsourcesofenergy.6.EffectiveSentences:Unity2.W:Beinganhonestman,Mr.Johnworkedveryhardatallthecourseshetookinthecollege.①Beinganhonestman,Mr.Johnnevertellsalietohisclassmates.②Beingadiligentstudent,Mr.Johnworkedveryhardatallthecourseshetookinthecollege.6.EffectiveSentences:Unity3.W:SomeTVprogramsareharmfultochildren,soparentsmustbeprohibitedfromwatchingthem.①SomeTVprogramsareharmfultochildren,soparentsmustprohibittheirchildrenfromwatchingthem.②SomeTVprogramsareharmful,sochildrenmustbeprohibitedfromwatchingthem.③ChildrenmustbeprohibitedfromwatchingTVprogramswhichareharmfultobotholdandyoung.6.EffectiveSentences:Unity4.W:ProfessorWilson’slectureproducedsuchagreateffortonthestudents.①ProfessorWilson’slectureproducedsuchagreateffortonthestudentsthatmanyofthembecameinterestedinthesubjecthedealtwith.6.EffectiveSentences:Unity②ProfessorWilson’slectureproducedsuchagreateffortonthestudentsthatmanyofthembecameinterestedinhissubject.③ProfessorWilson’slectureproducedsuchagreateffortonthestudentsthattheyalllistenedtohimcarefully/withgreatcare.6.EffectiveSentences:Unity5.W:Parentsdonotlikegoingout;theylikefishing.Childrenarevigorous;theylikenews.Parentsdonotlikegoingout;theyprefertoreadnewspapersathome.Childrenarevigorous;theyliketogooutforsports.6.EffectiveSentences:Coherence2.连贯性（Coherence）：连贯是指句子各部分之间清楚而合理的联系。句子中的词语和部分应恰当地衔接，它们之间的关系应十分清楚。不连贯的句子通常有以下几种毛病：平行结构有缺点，代词指代不清楚，修饰语和被修饰语的关系不明确，在人称、数、语态、时态或语气上有混乱之处。(也就是说,连贯性是正确有效句子的又一个重要标准。所谓连贯性是指句子中的单词、短语或分句之间连接适当，关系清楚。语法成分结构正确，修饰成分的位置适当，代词指代关系清楚).例如:6.EffectiveSentences:Coherence1.BytakingaNo.18Busfromtherailwaystationisonewaytogettoourcollege.（该句主语结构不正确）OnewaytogettoourcollegeistotakeaNo.18Busfromtherailwaystation.6.EffectiveSentences:Coherence2.Cansmokingreallymakesmokershappyagainwhenhefeelsdistressed?（该句中的主语he与smokers数不一致）Cansmokingreallymakesmokershappyagainwhentheyfeeldistressed?6.EffectiveSentences:Coherence3.Onetinymistakecouldcauseseriousdelaysinwritingthepostcode.（该句中的writingthepostcode不是状语，而是定语）Onetinymistakeinwritingpostcodecouldcauseseriousdelays.6.EffectiveSentences:Coherence4.DoingthelaundryhasaccumulatedduringtheweekisusuallyusedupmostofmysparetimeonSundays.（该句中动词重叠）DoingthelaundrywhichhasaccumulatedduringtheweekisusuallyusedupmostofmysparetimeonSundays.6.EffectiveSentences:Coherence5.Whenfinishedallthetrees,wefeltexhaustedandexciting.（该句中有2个错误，1是分词短语不正确，2是形容词不对称）①Whenwefinishedplantingallthetrees,wefeltexhaustedandexcited.②Havingfinishedplantingallthetrees,wefeltexhaustedandexcited.6.EffectiveSentences:Coherence6.Everycollegehasmanyrulesandregulations,andtheymustobeyallofthem.（该句无指对象）Everycollegehasmanyrulesandregulations,andthestudentsmustobeyallofthem.6.EffectiveSentences:Coherence7.Standingonthetopofthemainclassroombuilding,thewholecampuscanbeseenclear.（该句是垂悬分词错误）①Standingonthetopofthemainclassroombuilding,we/you/he/theycanseethewholecampusclearly.②Ifyoustandonthetopofthemainclassroombuilding,youcanseethewholecampusclearly.6.EffectiveSentences:Coherence8.Activeparticipationanddoingindependentresearchwillproducegoodresultsinlearning.（该句是平行结构错误）①Activeparticipationandindependentresearchwillproducegoodresultsinlearning.②Participatingactivelyanddoingresearchindependentlywillproducegoodresultsinlearning.6.EffectiveSentences:Coherence9.Regularlife,takingexercisesoftenandtokeepyourmoodoptimisticwillmakeyouhealthy.（该句是平行结构错误）①Regularlife,constantexercisesandoptimisticmoodwillmakeyouhealthy.②Livingaregularlife,takingconstantexercisesandkeepingoptimisticmoodwillmakeyouhealthy.6.EffectiveSentences:Conciseness3.简洁性(Conciseness)：句中不应有任何不必要的词。只要意思充分表达了，用词越少越好。用词过多只会使意思模糊，而不是更清晰。人们常常用不必要的词，所以最好在写完一篇文章之后，仔细检查一两遍，看看有没有一些词可以删去而又不影响意思的表达。例如:(1)Useapronouninsteadofrepeatinganoun:----Haveyoureadthenovel?----Yes.----Whatdoyouthinkofit?----Ithinkitisgood.6.EffectiveSentences:Conciseness(2)Useawordinsteadofaphrasewiththesamemeaning,anduseaphraseinsteadofasentencewiththesamemeaning:Weusepersonalpronounsveryoften.Theyseemtobeeasy,buttheyshouldbeused①withgreatcare.=carefullyThentheywouldhaveapologized,perhapseventakenofftheircaps,andletme②ontheway.=go6.EffectiveSentences:Conciseness(3)Donotrepeatwordsorphrases,ifpossible,inasentenceorinonethatfollows:WhenwesaythatCambridgeinauniversitytownwedonotmeanjustthatitisatownwithauniversity.LondonerssometimesclaimthatLondonisthegrandestcityintheworld.ParisiansarguethatParisisthemostbeautiful(intheworld).RomanspointoutwithpridethatRomeisricherinhistorythananyothercity(intheworld).NewYorkersnevermaintainthatNewYorkCityisthegrandest,themostbeautifulortherichestinhistory.6.EffectiveSentences:Conciseness(4)Donotusedifferentwordsorphraseswithsimilarmeaningsinthesamesentence:①Intheyearof2005改为：In2005;②InMarchofnextyear改为：nextMarch③Peoplefromdifferentpartsofallcountriesintheworld改为:Peoplefromdifferentpartsoftheworld6.EffectiveSentences:Emphasis4.强调(Emphasis）：凡是重要的意思都应该在表达时予以强调。为此说话时人们可用各种方法，如提高声音、放慢语速、使用短句或加手势。写文章时也有办法对应该强调的词句加重语气。写文章时，也可以使用倒装、感叹、重复、反问等方法对应该强调的词语和句子加重语气。6.EffectiveSentences:Emphasis(1)EmphaticSentences:Thereare9kindsofsentencesinEmphaticSentences,suchas:a.shortsentences（短句）b.SentenceFragments（不完整句）c.InvertedSentences（倒装句）d.ParallelStructureandbalancedsentences（平行结构和对称句）6.EffectiveSentences:Emphasise.PeriodicSentences（圆周句）f.ImperativeandexclamatorySentences（祈使句和感叹句）g.RhetoricalQuestions（修辞问句或反问句）h.Negative-positiveStatements（否定肯定陈述句）i.Sentenceswithrepeatedwordsorphrases（重复词或短语的句子）6.EffectiveSentences:Emphasis(2)EmphasiswithintheSentences:Thereare6kindsofsentencesinEmphasiswithintheSentences,suchas:a.placing:Theendandthebeginningofasentenceusuallyattractsthereader’sattention,soimportantelementsofasentenceshouldbeputatthesetwoplaces,especiallytheend:AlfredNobel,thegreatSwedishinventorandindustrialist,wasamanofmanycontrasts.Manhattan,thesmallestislandinNewYork,istherealcentreofthecity.6.EffectiveSentences:Emphasis1.首尾重复(Epanalepsis)：Mirror,Mirror魔镜、魔镜我爱你Louder!Louder!大声点！AKissIsNotJustaKiss不只是一个吻Likeattractslike物以类聚Bloodmustatoneforblood!血债要用血来偿Cold,ColdHeart冷冷的心6.EffectiveSentences:Emphasis2.连续重复(ImmediateRepetition):Comeaway,comeaway,death.闪开，闪开，死亡。Happy,happypair幸福，幸福的伉俪Nonebutthebrave,唯有英雄Nonebutthebrave,唯有英雄Nonebutthebravedeservesthefair.唯有英雄配佳丽。---Dryden:Alexander’sFeast6.EffectiveSentences:Emphasis3.回环重复(ReversalRepetition):(2)Slowly脚步啊，慢点！Heavyismyheart,吾心悲愁结，Darkareshineeyes,君目忧郁现。ThouandImustpart,终须两相别，Erethesunrise.东方破晓前。Erethesunrise,东方破晓前，ThouandImustpart.终须两相别。Darkareshineeyes,君目忧郁现，Heavyismyheart.吾心悲愁结。6.EffectiveSentences:Emphasis4.交叉重复(IntercrossingRepetition):Meneattolive,notlivetoeat.人们吃是为了活着，而不是活着为了吃。Asthesayinggoes:“AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.”ButI’vealsoheardpeoplesay:“AllplayandnoworkmakesJackadumbboy.”正如民谚语所说：“只干活，不玩耍，聪明的孩子也变傻。”但我也听人们说过：“不干活，只玩耍，聪明的孩子变聋哑。”6.EffectiveSentences:Emphasisc.EmphaticwordsandphrasesOnthetreesareonlyafewgnarledapplesthatthepickershaverejected.树上仅剩下摘果人不要的疙疙瘩瘩的苹果。Onthepaperwerewrittenthoughts,endsofthoughts,beginningsofthoughts.在纸片上写下他的思考，思考的开端及其新得。Outofmanyofthem(thoughts)heformedatruth.从许多想法中他又形成了一个真理。6.EffectiveSentences:Emphasisd.Alliteration（头韵）:AllAfterAwards皆大欢喜奥斯卡AloneAgain,Naturally孤独之美BelowtheBelt贞洁时间BuildingBridges架起心灵之桥DrinkingandDying醉卧黄泉君莫笑Ad-Free…ForaFee破财买清静HelpfortheHelper意外的帮助ClothesMaketheMan6.EffectiveSentences:Variety5.多样性（Variety）：句型的多样化，对好的文章来说是必不可少的。好几句长短相同、结构相似的句子连在一起，如又用同一个名词或代词作主语，必然会显得很单调。为多样化起见，短句和长句，简单句、并列句和复合句，圆周句和松散句都应错杂使用。也可偶尔用一个问句、祈使句或感叹句。但是不要只是为了多样化而频频变换句型。句子