(完整版)高中英语构词法精讲与练习

高中英语构词法讲解与练习一.类别：英语构词法主要有：合成法，转化法，派生法，混成法，截短法和词首字母缩略法。二.定义与精讲1.转化法：英语中，有的名词可作动词，有的形容词可作副词或动词，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。（1）动词转化为名词①很多动词可以转化为名词，大多数情况下，意思没有多大的变化，Let'sgooutforawalk.②有时意思有一定变化，如：Heisamanofstrongbuild.③有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语，表示一个动作，Let'shaveaswim.（2）名词转化为动词①很多表示物件，Didyoubookaseatontheplane?你订好飞机座位了吗?②身体部位，Pleasehandmethebook.请把那本书递给我。③某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作，Shenursedherhusbandbacktohealth.④某些抽象名词也可作动词。Welunchedtogether.我们在一起吃了午餐。3)形容词转化为动词：有少数形容词可以转化为动词。Wewilltryourbesttobetterourlivingconditions.4)副词转化为动词：有少数副词可以转化为动词。Murderwillout.(谚语)恶事终必将败露。5)形容词转化为名词①表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词，Youshouldbedressedinblackatthefuneral.②某些形容词如old,young,poor,rich,wounded,injured等与the连用，表示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数如下：Theoldinourvillagearelivingahappylife.2.派生法：在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。1）前缀：除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。（1）表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-,il-,im-,in-,ir-,mis-,non-,un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：appear出现→disappear消失correct正确的→incorrect不正确的lead带领→mislead领错stop停下→non-stop不停（2）表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词),anti-(反对；抵抗),auto-(自动),co-(共同),en-(使),inter-(互相),re-(再；又),sub-(下面的；次；小),tele-(强调距离)等。例如：alone单独的antigas防毒气的autochart自动图表cooperate合作enjoy使高兴internet互联网reuse再用subway地铁telephone电话2）后缀：英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。（1）构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/-or(从事某事的人),-ese(某地人)，-ess(雌性)，-ful(一⋯⋯)，-ian(精通⋯⋯的人)，-ist(专业人员)，-ment(性质；状态)，-ness(性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。differ不同于→difference区别write写→writer作家Japan日本→Japanese日本人act表演→actress女演员mouth口→mouthful一口music音乐→musician音乐家（2）构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n(多用于形容词之后)，-fy(使⋯⋯化)，-ize(使⋯⋯成为)。例如：wide→widen加宽beauty→beautify美化pure→purify提纯real→realize意识到organ→organize组织（3）构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，-able(有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en(多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern(方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less(表示否定)，-like(像⋯⋯的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y(表示天气)等。例如：nature自然→natural自然的reason道理→reasonable有道理的America美国→American美国的China中国→Chinese中国人的gold金子→golden金的east东→eastern东方的child孩子→childish孩子气的snow雪→snowy雪的第1页共7页（4）构成副词的常用后缀有-ly(主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s)(主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如：angry生气的→angrily生气地to到→towards朝⋯⋯，向⋯⋯east东方→eastward向东（5）构成数词的后缀有-teen(十几)，-ty(几十)，-th(构成序数词)。例如：six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十常见词缀一览表A、名词后缀词缀含义例词-er人或工具teachercooker-or人actorvisitor-ist⋯⋯者，⋯⋯家artistcommunist-man人postmanFrenchman-(i)an人；⋯⋯国人musicianAmerican-eer⋯⋯者，⋯⋯家engineermountaineer-ee受⋯⋯者employeetrainee-ese⋯⋯地方/国人ChineseJapanese-mate有⋯⋯关系的人workmateroommate-ance性质或状态appearanceattendance-ence行为或性状differenceindependence-ingfeelinggreeting-tioneducationinformation-siontelevisionrevision-ment行为的结果/方式developmentequipment-agecarriagemarriage-dom状态；领域freedomkingdom-ness性质；状态happinessloneliness-graph文字；书写telegraphautograph（亲笔签名）-hood身份；地位；生活状况girlhoodchildhood-ics学科或某种活动politicsphysics-phone重视声音的工具telephonemicrophone（麦克风）-ship状态；身份；职务friendship-mate有⋯⋯关系的人workmateroommate-ism⋯⋯主义MarxismLeninism（列宁主义）-erydiscoveryslavery-alarrivalB、形容词后缀词缀含义例词-able显示⋯⋯性质或特点的可被⋯⋯的，适于⋯⋯的comfortablesuitable-ible显示⋯⋯性质或特点的可被⋯⋯的，适于⋯⋯的terriblehorrible（恐怖的）-al⋯⋯的，有⋯⋯性质的nationalmusical-ant有⋯⋯性质的，人servantimportant-ent有⋯⋯性质的differentintelligent（聪明的）-ary有⋯⋯性质的necessaryordinary-ive有⋯⋯倾向的；有⋯⋯性质的activenative-y多⋯⋯的，有巨⋯⋯的easycloudy-ed（感到）⋯⋯的exciteddisappointed-ing（令人）⋯⋯的excitingdisappointing-ese⋯⋯地方或国家的ChineseVietnamese（越南的）第2页共7页-ful充满⋯⋯的，具有⋯⋯性质的carefulbeautiful-ian⋯⋯地方或国家人的AsianAustralian-ish像/有点⋯⋯一样的selfishchildish-less没有⋯⋯的freeless,careless-like像⋯⋯的godlikechildlike-ly具有⋯⋯性质或特点的；第⋯⋯次的lovelyyearly（每年一次的）-ous具有⋯⋯性质的famousdesirous-en用⋯⋯做成的woolenwooden-some易于⋯⋯的；会引起⋯⋯的troublesometiresome（厌烦的）-er较⋯⋯的happierluckier-est最⋯⋯的happiestluckiest-orysatisfactoryC、动词前缀词缀含义例词un-不，非，无unimportant,unluckyim-不，非，无impossiblein-不，非，无incorrectir-不，非，无irregularil-不，非，无illegalnon-不，非，无non-smoking,non-stopa-⋯⋯的afraid,asleepD、动词前缀词缀含义例词en/em-使⋯⋯变成；置于⋯⋯上endanger,enjoydis-不，非，无dislikedisagreemis-误，错misleadmisunderstandre-重新；又；再recall,rewritea-使⋯⋯arise（使上升）E、动词后缀词缀含义例词-en使变成richen,sadden-ise/ize使成为；变成memorize,computerize（用电脑储存）-(i)fy使成为beautifyterrifyF、副词后缀词缀含义例词-ly⋯⋯地quicklyimmediately-er较⋯⋯地fasterharder-est最⋯⋯地fastesthardestG、其他前缀词缀含义例词anti-反对，对抗anti-Japaneseantitankbi-每⋯⋯两次的/地bi-monthlybicycletele-远距离的telephonetelevisionex-前任的；向外ex-ifeexclaimfore-预先；在前面的foretellforecastpre-预先prepareprefix（前缀）post-在⋯⋯之后的postgraduate（研究生）第3页共7页inter-在⋯⋯之间internetinternationalmicro-微小的microwavemicrophonesuper-超过supermarkettechn(o)-与技术有关的technologywell-适当地；完全地well-knownwell-writtenself-自己，自身，自我，自动self-serviceself-confidencetrans-转移；移植transplanttranslatekilo-千kilometerkilogrammilli-千分之milligrammillimeterco-共同，同等co-operateco-educationtri-三，三个tricycletricolourcom/con/col/cor-连同，一同conductcombinemulti-多multipleunder-在⋯⋯下面；不足；次于undergroundunderestimate（低估）over-在⋯⋯上面；过多overheadoverworkcenti-百分之centigradecentimeterH、其他后缀词缀含义例词-self亲自myself,oneself-cent百分之percent-meter米centimeter,kilometer3.合成法（1）合成名词构成方式例词名词＋名词weekend周末名词＋动词daybreak黎明名词＋动名词handwriting书法名词＋及物动词＋er／orpain-killer止痛药名词＋介词＋名词editor-in-chief总编辑动词＋名词typewriter打字机动名词＋名词reading-room阅览室现在分词＋名词flying-fish飞鱼形容词＋名词gentleman绅士副词＋动词outbreak爆发介词＋名词afternoon下午代词＋名词she-wolf母狼（2）合成形容词构成方式例词名词＋形容词snow-white雪白的名词＋现在分词English-speaking讲英语的名词＋to＋名词face-to-face面对面的名词＋过去分词man-made人造的数词＋名词one-way单行的数词＋名词＋形容词two-year-old两岁的数词＋名词＋edfive-storeyed五层的动词＋副词see-through透明的第4页共7页形容词＋名词high-class高级的形容词＋名词＋ednoble-minded高尚的形容词＋形容词light-blue浅蓝色的形容词＋现在分词good-looking相貌好看的副词＋形容词ever-green常青的副词＋现在分词hard-working勤劳的副词＋过去分词well-known著名的副词＋名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词＋名词downhill下坡的（3）合成动词构成方式例词名词＋动词sleep-walk梦游形容词＋动词white-wash粉刷副词＋动词overthrow推翻（4）合成副词构成方式例词形容词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地形容词＋副词everywhere到处副词＋副词however尽管如此介词＋名词beforehand事先介词＋副词forever永远（5）合成代词构成方式例词代词宾格＋selfherself她自己物主代词＋selfmyself我自己形容词＋名词anything任何东西（6）合成介词构成方式例词副词＋名词inside在⋯⋯里面介词＋副词within在⋯⋯之内副词＋介词into进入4.截短法(缩略法)：截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。1)截头telephone→phoneaeroplane→planeomnibus→bus2)去尾mathematics→mathsco-operate→co-opexamination→examkilogram→kilolaboratory→labtaxicab→taxi3)截头去尾influenza→flurefrigerator→fridgeprescription→script5.混合法(混成法)：混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。newsbroadcast→newscast新闻广播第5页共7页televisionbroadcast→telecast电视播送smokeandfog→smog烟雾helicopterairport→heliport直升飞机场6.首尾字母缩略法：首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。veryimportantperson→读字母音VIP()要人；大人物television→TV读字母音()电视TestingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage托福→TOEFL三.巩固练习1.Thatmanwas________enoughnottotellthemanagerthathewouldnotdothejob.A.careB.carefulC.carelessD.carelessness2.Thesoldierdiedforsavingthechild，sohis________isheavierthanMountTai.A.dieB.deadC.diedD.death3.Thechildlooked________athisbrotherwhowasbadlywounded.A.sadlyB.sadnessC.sadlyD.sad4.Heisanexpertatchemistry.Weallcallhima________.A.chemistryB.chemicalC.chemistD.physician5.Thethree-________chairisn’tsuitableforungayochild.Hemayfalloff.A.leggingB.leggedC.legsD.leged6.Stephensonbecamethe________railwayengineerintheworld.A.leadB.leaderC.leadingD.leadership7.Whentheteacherpraisedhimforworkingoutthemathsproblem，Jacklooked________aboutathisclassmates.A.proudB.proudlyC.prideD.pridely8.Toeveryone’s________，thegirlfinishedthejobquitewell.A.satisfiedB.satisfactoryC.satisfyingD.satisfaction9.—Whatareyoudoinghere?—Oh，myteacheraskedmetowriteapassageabout________inEnglish.—Youcanwrite________passageinEnglish?A.600words；a600-wordsB.600-word；a600-wordsC.600words；a600-wordD.600words；a600-words10.Nooneshouldenterthespotwithoutthe________ofthepolice.A.permitB.permissionC.permittingD.permittence11.Youmustcomewithustothepolice________.Ourheadiswaitingforyou.A.headquartersB.headlineC.headmasterD.headache12.Lettingthatanimalescapewasnoaccident；youdidit________.A.intendB.intentionC.intentionallyD.intentional13.Theshopownerwelcomedalltheguestswitha________smile.A.practiceB.practiceC.practicalD.practiced14.The________orderedhimtopaya$100fine.A.judgerB.judgmentC.judgeD.judgement15.MyTVisoutoforder.Canyoutellmewhatisthe________newsaboutIraqWar?A.latelyB.latestC.laterD.latter16.TheGreatWallismorethan6000liin________.A.longerB.lengthC.longD.longing17.Tomy________，Ipassedtheexameasily.A.joyB.joyfulC.joylessD.joyness18.Canadaismainlyan________country.A.English-speakingB.speak-English第6页共7页C.spoken-EnglishD.English-spoken19.How________heis!Heisalwaysacting________.Heisreallya________.A.foolish；foolishly；foolB.fool；foolish；foolC.foolish；fool；foolD.foolishly；foolish；fool20.Thenecklacethatshelostisveryexpensive.It’sofgreat________.A.valuableB.valueC.valuelessD.unvaluable21.Therewere________fishintheriverinSouthAmerica.A.indangerB.DangerC.dangerousD.dangerless22.Theletter“b”intheword“doubt”is________.A.soundB.silentC.silenceD.sounded23.Thechildlookedatme________.A.strangerB.strangelyC.strangeD.strangeless24.Theblackpeoplewereagainstslaveryandfoughtfortheir________bravely.A.freeB.freelyC.freedomD.frees25.Whatyousaidsounded________butinfactitwasuntrue.A.reasonableB.reasonfulC.reasonlessD.unreason26.Wehavetolearn________technologyfromothercountries.A.advanceB.advancingC.advantageD.advanced27.Thechildrenliveinavillage________.Theycomeherealmosteveryday.A.nearbyB.nearC.nearlyD.nearby28.MrBlackisan________inthearmy，notan________inthegovernment.Youcannoteasilyfindhiminhis________.A.official；officer；officeB.officer；office；officialC.official；official；officialD.officer；official；office29.You’dbettergiveupsmokingifyouwanttokeep________.A.healthB.healthyC.healthilyD.healthier30.________speaking，Ididn’tdoitonpurpose.A.HonestlyB.HonestC.HonestyD.Dishonest[参考答案]1-5BDACB6-10CBDCB11-15ACDCB16-20BAAAB21-25CBBCA26-30DADBA第7页共7页