人体隐喻

Thedifferenceofbody-partmetaphorinChineseandEnglishAbstract:Thesenseofpeopleisoriginateourselvesandextendtoourround.Thiswayofperceivethingsinlanguageismetaphor.Whenitreflectsonbodiesofpeopleiscalledthebody-partmetaphor.Therecordisaccordingtothecognitiveviewandruleofmetaphor.Fromthestudy,Idiscoveredthattherewereexternalizationandinternalizationinbody-partmetaphor.Subjectandobjecthavenotbeencompletelyseparated.Theworldhumanknowsisnottheworlditself,butahumanizedworld.Keyword:body-partmetaphor,externalization,internalization,humanizationworld.Ⅰ,Externalizationinbody-partmetaphor1,Themetaphorofhead1.1,HeadisthetopofsomethingForexample,inChinese,山顶（theheadofmountain）,针头（headofneedle）绳子的两头（aropehastwoheads）.InEnglish,headofamatch,headofpage,headofaqueue,headofflower,headofstairs,headofabed,1.2,HeadisstartingpointandterminalpointInChinese”head“hasmanymeanings.Forexample,inChinese,起头（itmeansstart）.从头做起（itmeansstartalloveragainfromthebeginning）.从头再来（itmeansstartalloveragain）.从头到尾（itmeansfrombeginningtotheend）.从头开始（itmeansstartanew）.1.3,headisthefirstForexample,inChinese,头等（itmeansthefirst）.首都（itmeanscapitalofonecountry）.首屈一指（itmeanssecondtonone）.首当其冲（itmeansthrowoneselfintothebreach）.1.4,headisaspectInChinese,itmeansonepersondosomethingneedtogiveconsiderationtotwoormorethings.1.5,headislifeInChinese,抛头颅洒热血（itmeansonepersoncontributehisorherlifetosomething）.InEnglish,forexampleitcosthimhishead.Putone’sheadin/intonoose.1.6,headisabilityofthinkingInChinese,forexample,头脑灵活（itmeansonepersonissoclever）.InEnglish,forexample,Heisweakinthehead.Helosthishead.Hedoesn’thaveaheadformathematic.Useyourhead.Thephrasehaskeepone’sheadscrewedontherightway.Itmeansthethinkingofonepersonisclearly.Haveagoodheadforsomething,itmeansapersoncancontrolsomething.Alevelhead,itmeansapersonisdispassionate.Scratchone’shead,itmeansonepersonisconfusedtosomething.Gooffone’shead,itmeansonepersoniscrazy.Awollyhead,itmeansonepersonisconfused.1.7,headmeanspersonForexample,inEnglishhotheadmeansapersonofimpatientdisposition.Ahead/perheadmeanseveryoneoroneperson.1.8,headistheleaderofagroupInChinese,首领，头领，元首，首脑meanaleaderofthegroup.InEnglish,theheadofthedepartmentandtheheadofaclass.1.9,headisthekeyForexample,inEnglishitcomestoahead.Itmeansthisisveryseriousmomentintime.1.10,headmeansfeelingForexample,inChinese,垂头丧气（itmeansoneperson’smoodisdown）.InEnglish,forexample,toholdone’sheadhigh,tobeoffone’shead,togotosomebody’shead,toloseone’shead,hot-headed,tohaveaswelledhead.2,Themetaphorof“face”2.1,ThefaceissomethingorexternalappearanceForexample,inChinese版面（theappearanceofthebook）,路面（theappearanceoftheroad）,桌面（theappearanceofthetable）,.InEnglish,faceofamountain,faceofabuilding,faceoftheearth,faceofaclock.2.2,ThefacemeanspeopleForexample,inChinese,新面孔（itmeansnewpeople）.InEnglish,anewface,different,afamous/well-knownface.2.3,FaceofapersonororganizationperformancetheirwaytootherpeopleForexample,inChinese,面貌（itmeanstheappearanceofoneperson）.InEnglish,theacceptablefaceofSovietforeignpolicy.Hemayhavedifficultypersuadingthesecurityforcetoadoptamorehumanface.2.4,ThefaceisthedignityandreputationForexample,inChinese,有面子（havedignity）,要面子（wanttohavedignity）,丢脸（loseone’sdignity）.InEnglish,loseface,saveface,havethefacetodosomething.2.5,ThefaceisthefocusofinteractionandrelationshipForexampleinChinese,当面（facetoface）.InEnglish,facetoface.Forexample,Theycalltheirteacher’Fatty’,butnevertohisface.2.6,FacetheemotionalresponseForexample,inChinese,愁眉苦脸（itmeansoneperson’smoodisdown）,笑脸（itmeansonepersonissohappy）,脸色（itmeanscomplexion）.InEnglish,ahappyface,asmilingface,anangryface,bedouble-faced,pull/puton/have/wearalongface.2.7,FacereflectedinthespatialdomainForexample,inChinese,前面（infrontofsomething）,东面（east）,南面（south），西面（west）,北面（north）.InEnglish,inthefaceof,thenorthfaceofthemountain.3,Themetaphorof“eye”3.1,TheeyeistheholeofonethingForexample,inChinese,龙眼（itmeansthesourceofwater）,泉眼（itmeansthesourceofspring）,枪眼（itmeansTheloophole）.InEnglish,theeyeofthestorm(astorm’scenter),eyeofpotato,eyeinaflower,hooksandeyes,eyeofahurricane,theeyeofaneedle.3.2,EyemeanslookForexample,inChinese,眼见为实（Seeingisbelieving）,亲眼所见（see）,眼疾手快（Sharpeyesandagilehandsornimblefingers）,触目惊心（Seethescenewhichisdreadfultoone'smind）,一目了然（Stickoutamile）.InEnglish,forexample,Wouldyoucastyoureyeoverthesecalculationtocheckthattheyarecorrect.Hiseyesfelluponanadvertisementinthemagazine.Thegovernmentsemstobeclosingitseyestotheplightoftheunemployed.Youcan’tjustshutyoureyestoyourproblemsandhopethey’llgoaway.Themanagerturnedablindeyewhenhisstaffwerelate.3.3,UnderstandingisseeInChinese,forexample,在我看来（inmyopinion）,独具慧眼（Haveaspecialinsightunderstanding）,鼠目寸光（Short-sighted）,世界观（Worldoutlook）,人生观（Outlookonlife）,悲观（Pessimism）,乐观（Optimistic）,客观（Objective）,宏观（Macroscopic）.InEnglish,forexample,Inmyeyes,itisaverysoundinvestment.Thewayhedeceivedmeopenedmyeyetohistruecharacter.Developinganeyeforahorseisnotsomethingwhichcanbetaughtviaabook.3.4,Eyeobservation,judgmentabilityoffoodForexample,inChinese,有眼光（Goodtaste）,眼高手低（Havegrandioseaimsbutpunyabilities）.InEnglish,haveagoodeyeforsomething,tomyeye.3.5,FortheforeseeablefutureForexample,inChinese,目标（goal）.InEnglish,withaneyeto.4,Themetaphorof“ear”4.1,EarmeanslistenForexample,inChinese,耳闻（listen）,耳熟能详（Forhavinghearditmanytimes）,耳聪目明（Havegoodearsandeyes）.InEnglish,Shehassharpears.Hetriedtogiveasympatheticeartothepatient.4.2,EarreferstotheabilityofathingtounderstandorjudgeheardInEnglish,forexample,Hehasalwayshadagoodearforatune.I’mproudofmyextraordinarilygoodearforaccentsanddialects.5,Themetaphorof“nose”5.1,ThesurfaceupliftorholepartisthenoseForexample,inChinese,门鼻儿（Thedoorhandle）.InEnglish,thenosemeanstheheadoftrain.5.2,ThenosemeansdiscoverorabilitytofindthingsForexample,inEnglish,Hehadanoseforasituation.Iftherewassomethingamiss,hesensedit.Hehadanosefortroubleandabrillianttacticalmind.5.3,ToexplorethenoseInEnglish,forexample,stick/pokeyournose,itmeansputone'sfingerintoanother'spieorTointerfereinotherpeople'sprivateaffairs.5.4,Nosemeansfindout,theabilitytorecognizeInEnglish,forexample,haveagoodnosefor,thatmeansAnaturalatforsomething.7,Themetaphorof“mouth”7.1,ArtifactsandfiguredpartInChinese,forexample,瓶子口（Theopeningofthebottle）,碗口（bowl）,窗口(thewindow).InEnglish,mouthmeanstheopeningofbottles.7.2,mouthmeansExitandentranceInChinese,forexample,洞口(thehole),火山口(crater),风口（Tuyere）.InEnglish,forexample,mouthofahole,mouthofatunnel,mouthofacave,mouthofariver,mouthofawell,mouthofavolcano.7.3,mouthmeansexpressForexample,inChinese,口吃(stutter),口碑(wordofmouth),口才(Eloquence),口若悬河(Talkrapidly),口口声声(keeponproclaiming).InEnglish,openyourmouth.7.4,mouthmeanspeopleForexample,inChinese,拖家带口(Havefamilyburden),五口之家(afamilyoffive).InEnglish,auselessmouth,thatmeansfoolish.Bigmouthisunusualwaytouse,itmeansAtalkativeperson.8.Themetaphorof“tongue”8,1TheobjectisextendedpartoftongueForexample,inChinese,帽舌（thevisor）,火舌(flames).InEnglish,atongueofland,atongueofaflame.8,2tonguemeanssayForexample,inChinese,饶舌(rap),舌战(warofwords),费口舌(Wasteofbreath).InEnglish,slipoftongue,biteone’stongue,loosensomebody’stongue,findone’stongue.8,3tonguemeanslanguageInEnglish,LatinwasforhundredsofyearsthecommontonguetomuchofEurope.8,4tonguemeansthewaytotalkForexample,inEnglish,Shehasanacidtongue,shecanraiselaughsatotherpeople’sexpense.Hewasalsobynatureanintellectualbullywithacuttingtongue.ⅡTheinternalorgansofmetaphor1,Themetaphorof“heart”1,1heartisthecenterofonethingForexample,inChinese,中心(center),圆心(theheartofthecircle),靶心(thebull’seye),球心（thecenteroftheball）.InEnglish,heartland,theheartofthecity,theheartofacabbage.1,2Theheartisapointedhead,shapedlikeaheartobjectsForexample,inChinese,“V”meansHeart-shaped.InEnglish,purple,akindofdragon.1,3heartmeansimportantForexample,inChinese,心肝（baby）.InEnglish,sweetheart,theheartofthematter.1,4heartmeansconscienceForexample,inChinese,良心(conscience),扪心自问(Laythehandontheheartandexamineoneself),问心无愧(feelingnoshame).InEnglish,searchone’sheart.1,5heartmeanscourageForexample,inChinese,灰心丧气(getdisheartened).InEnglish,take/gatherheart,toloseheart.Insentences,forexample,Takeheart,forallisnotlost.And,untilnowhehadmanagedtokeepuphisclassesattheUniversity,buthelostheartforstudyanddroppedoutofschool.Exceptthat,wecanuseheartlikethis,nevertheheartandkeepone’sheartup.1,6TheheartisthecarrierofemotionForexample,inChinese,心潮澎湃(Befullofexcitement),扣人心弦(exciting),心乱如麻(Themindisveryconfused).InEnglish,whenyoufeelhappyandexcited,wecanuse,forone’sheartbleedforsomebody,loseone’shearttosomebody,haveone’sheartintherightplace,wearone’sheartonone’ssleeve.Whenyoufeelsadandupset,wecanuse,breaksomebody’sheart,forone’shearttosink,heart-ache,hearttending.Whenyoufeelscared,wecanuse,haveone’sheartinone’sboots,haveone’sheartinone’smouth,forone’shearttomissabeat,forone’shearttoturn.2,Themetaphorof“bile”InChinese,bilemeanscourage.Forexample,胆量(guts),狗胆包天(Monstrousaudacity),胆大妄为(reckless).InEnglish,bilemeanshavenoshame.Forexample,havethegalltodosomething.3,Themetaphorofstomach3,1stomachmeansinterestedinsomethingInEnglish,ifyouwanttoexpressthethingisnotconformtoyourhobby,youcanuse,itgoesagainstmystomach.Andifyoudonotlikedosomething,youcansayhavenostomachforafight/talk.3,2stomachmeanstobearunpleasantthings.Forexample,don’twatchthatfilmunlessyouhaveastrongstomach.4,Themetaphorofvisceral4,1visceralmeanscourage,willpoweranddetermination.InEnglish,Shehasguts,whichisunusualinayoungactress.Youdonotneedcapitaltostartinbusiness,youneedgutsandtheabsolutebeliefthatyouwillsucceed.4,2visceralmeanstheinstinctivereactionInEnglish,gutreaction/feeling/instinctandsoon.Forexample,hehadagutfeelingthatSarahwasbuying.Whenyouwanttosaydosomethingasyoufeel,wecanuseatgutlevel.Forexample,sheknewatgutlevelthathewasguilty.5,Themetaphorofblood5,1BloodisthemaingeneticmaterialInChinese,血缘(Bloodkinship).InEnglish,wecanusebloodasfollows:MyfatherregrettedthathehimselfhadnoJewishblood.HeisgotSpanishbloodinhim.Hewillbeyourhusband’sclosetbloodrelative.5,2bloodisnaturalinstinctsInEnglish,wecansayasfollows:Actingisinherblood.Iamamanofthecountryside.Itisinmyblood.5,3bloodmeansmoodForexample,inChinese,热血沸腾(One'sbloodboilswithindignation),血气方刚(fullofsap).InEnglish,badblood,itmeansonepersonissoangry;hot-blooded,itmeansThemoodisveryfierce.5,4bloodmeanspeopleForexample:Itisgoodtohavesomenewbloodinthedepartment.Themeaningisnewpersonsinthedepartmentisagoodthing.6,Themetaphorofbone6,1bonemeansAnobjectplaysasupportingroleForexample,inChinese,伞骨(bracketoftheumbrella).6,2bonemeansThemostbasiccontentInEnglish,ifwewanttosaybasiccontent,wecanusethebarebones.Forexample:Thisisjustthebarebonesoftheplan–itisstillintheearlystage.6,3bonemeanslimitForexample,inEnglish,close,itmeansSomeonehassaidorwrittensomethingtheyhatebutthetruth,soannoying.Andsomethingiscutorparedtothebonesismeanssomethingwasdecreasedgreatly.7,Themetaphorofnerve7,1nervemeansmoodForexample,inEnglish,getonone’snerve,itmeanssomeoneissoangry.Andsetone’snervesonedgeismeansthatthepersonissoupset.7,2nervemeanscourageForexample,inEnglish,havethenervetodosomething,ittakesalotofnervetodosomethingandloseone’snerveandsoon.Haveanervewasusedinorallanguage.Itmeanshavenoshame.Basedontheabove,Themostbasicinthemetaphorphenomenonofhumancognition,metaphor,themostcommonthanbodymetaphor.Becausethebasiclawofthecognitionoftheworldpeoplearefromtheneartothedistant,fromconcretetoabstract.Whilethehumanissorecent,mostcloselyrelatedtothings,soearlyinthehistoryofhumancivilization,peoplearoundthewordknowexternalthingsalwayscannothelp,withoutexception,tofollowthe“inthebody,fromtheobjectsoflaw”anditequalstoPeoplealwaysputhisbodyincludingthebrainasameasureofthethingsaround,thecognitiveexperienceofhumanuseofotherobjectsofcognition,theconceptofprojectionforhumantoanotherobject,soastoconstructanewconceptforthisobject.Thus,Humanmetaphoricalthinkingisoneoftheprimitivehumanisoneofthemostwidespreadandimportantwayofthinking.11402027闫池