欧洲文化入门复习重点

Introduction1、TherearemanyelementsconstitutingEuropeanCulture.2、Therearetwomajorelements:Greco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.TherichnessofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.DivisionOne：GreekCultureandRomanCulture1、The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensSparta.2、TheeconomyofAthensrestedonanimmenseamountofslavelabour.3、AncientGreece’sepicswascreatedbyHomer.4、TheHomer’sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.5、DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.6、Threemastersintragedy三大悲剧大师AeschylusPrometheusBound—→ShellyPrometheusUnboundSophoclesOedipustheKing—→Freud’s“theOedipuscomplex”(恋母情结)—→DavidHerbertLawrence’sSonsandloversEuripidesA．TrojanWomenB．Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”(社会问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 剧)C．RealismcanbetracedbacktotheAncientGreece，tobespecific,Euripides.7、TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekcomedyisAristophanes.Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.8、History(Historicalwriting)“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war(betweenGreeksandPersians)“thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”—→Thucydides—→war(betweenSpartaandAthens)9、①Euclid’sElements解析几何ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.②ArchimedesHisworklaidbasisfornotonlygeometry几何学,butalsoarithmetic算术,mechanics机械,andhydrostatics.流体静力学“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld”.（Archimedes）10、ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.(罗马征服希腊的标志)From146B.C.,LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire,andGreekthatoftheeasternhalf.BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.11、ThedividingrangeintheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.12、Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods:republicandempire.13、TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato’srepublic.14、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteedbytheRomanlegions(罗马军团)15、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasknownasPaxRomana.(神圣罗马帝国)16、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteedbytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPaxRomana17、TheRomanLawprotectedtherightsofplebeians(平民).18、TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.19、After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andWest.20、Cicero西赛罗hislegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction拉丁语用词describedasCiceronian.西赛罗式的anenormousinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.21、Virgil:Aeneid阿尼德22、Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.Theworld’sfirstvastinteriorspace.世界上第一所最大的室内场所23、TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式24、TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希腊民主的具体形式25.ManyofPlato’sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop?(1)、Threefounders1、Pythagoras①Allthingswerenumbers.②Scientificmathematics.③Theoryofproportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue①Fireistheprimaryelementsoftheuniverse.火是万物之源②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus①theatomictheory.第一个原子理论开拓者②materialism.唯物主义(2)、Threethinkers1、Socrates①Hehadn’tworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.2、Plato①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyPlato.②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues,Apology,SymposiumandRepublic.3、Aristotle①TheLyceumisthesecondschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyAristotle.②Aristotleisahumanist.(2)、Fivecontendingschools1、TheSophists诡辩派①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.诸神论③Hisdoctrineis“manisthemeasureofallthings”.2、TheCynics犬儒派①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.③Heproclaimedhisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.3、TheSceptics置疑学派①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon.②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable,anddoubtingthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.4、TheEpicureans享乐派①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus.②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensualenjoyment.Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.Epicuruswasamaterialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.5、TheStoics斯多哥派①UndertheleadershipofZeno.②Histhoughtisdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife.Oneshouldendurehardshipandmisfortunewithcourage.HedevelopedintoStoics’duty.Hewasalsoamaterialist.What’sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(system)？1、Foronething,Aristotleemphasizeddirectobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.ThisisdifferentfromPlato’srelianceonsubjectivethinking.2、Foranother,hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcreteindividualrealities.Here,too,hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld3、Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen’saiminlife，butnothappinessinthevulgarsense,butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason,goodnessandcontemplation.WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment?TherehasbeenanenduringexcitementaboutclassicalGreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhere.RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavitalpartintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.1、Spiritofinnovation创新精神TheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy;Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposedtomereannals;Theyspeculatedfreelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife,withoutbeingboundinthefettersofanyinheritedorthodoxy.2、SupremeAchievement至高无上的成就TheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhumanendeavour:Philosophy,science,epicpoetry,comedy,historicalwriting,architecture,etc.3、Lastingeffect持续的影响①Countlesswritershavequoted,borrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomer’sepics,thetragediesofAeschylusandSophoclesandEuripides,Aristophanes’scomedies,Plato’sDialogues,ect.②Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetsexpressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbecomeclassics经典之作:Byron’sIslesofGreece,Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats’sOdeonaGrecianUrn.③Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallelsintheIrishmanJamesJoyce’smodernistmasterpieceUlysses.DivisionTwo：TheBibleandChristianity1、ChristianityisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.2、Judeo-ChristiantraditionconstitutesoneofthetwomajorcomponentsofEuropeanculture:JudaismandChristianity.3、TheJewishtradition,whichgavebirthtoChristianity.(犹太教是基督教的前身)BothoriginatedinPalestine,whichwasknownasCanaan.4、TheancestorsoftheJews—theHebrews.5、TheHebrewshistorywasrecordedintheOldTestamentoftheBible.6、TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.7、TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.8、TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrineofJesusChrist.9、Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.10、TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.摩西五经11、TheFallofManwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,TheBible.12、Noah’sArkwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,TheBible.13、ThecontentofhistoricalBooks:1200B.C.586B.C.DealingwithhistoryoftheHebrewpeoplefromtheirentryintoPalestinearound1200B.C.,tillthefallofPalestineintohandsofAssyriansandChaldeansin586B.C.14、TheHistoryBooks①Thedevelopmentofsystemoflandednobles.②Thedevelopmentofmonarchy.君主专制③EstablishmentofthetwoKingdoms.两大王国的初步形成④Thesettlementinthehighlands⑤AgeofgreatprosperityunderSaul,DavidandSolomon.15、TowardstheendofthefourthcenturyfouraccountswereacceptedaspartoftheNewTestament,whichtellsthebeginningofChristianity.16、TheBirthofJesuswasrecordedinMatthew(马修福音 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf )17、ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformersledbyJohnWycliff.WhatdifferencebetweenChristianityandtheotherreligions?Christianitybaseditselfontwoforcefulbeliefswhichseparateitfromallotherreligions.1、OneisthatJesusChrististheSonofGod,andthatGodsenthimtoearthtoliveashumanslive,sufferashumanssuffer,anddietoredeemmankind.2、TheotheristhatGodgavehisonlybegottenson,sothatwhosoeverbelievesinhimshouldnotperish,buthaveeverlastinglife.(加尔文主义也有这样的观点)Whatisthegreatsignificanceofthetranslationsofthebible?1、ItisgenerallyacceptedthattheEnglishBibleandShakespearearetwogreatreservoirsofModernEnglish.2、Miltion’sParadiseLost,Bunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress,Byron’sCain,uptothecontemporaryHemingway’sTheSunAlsoRises,andSteinbeck’sEastofEden.DivisionThree：TheMiddleAgestheMiddleagesInEuropeanhistory,thethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitwasthetransitionalperiod(过渡时期)betweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.Tobespecific,fromthe5thcenturyto15thcentury.2、In476A.D.aGermanic(日耳曼)generalkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrolofthegovernment.西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭3、FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding(土地所有)—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice(军事力量).Theword“feudalism”wasderivedfromtheLatin“feudum”,agrantofland.4、5、TheCatholicChurchmadeLatintheofficiallanguageandhelpedtopreserveandpassontheheritage(传统)oftheRomanEmpire.6、Theword“catholic”meant“universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的)7、St.Jerome,whotranslatedintoLatinbothOldandNewTestamentfromtheHebrewandGreekoriginals.Vulgate(拉丁语圣经)8、Augustine—→“Confession”and“TheCityofGod”9、ThemostimportantofallcourseswasJerusalem.(耶路撒冷)10、Crusadeswentonabout200years.TherewerealtogethereightchiefCrusades.11、ThecrusadesendedupwiththevictoryofMoslems.(穆斯林)By1291theMoslems(穆斯林)hadtakenoverthelastChristianstronghold.TheywonthecrusadesandruledalltheterritoryinPalestinethattheCrusadershadfoughttocontrol.12、CarolingianRenaissanceCarolingianRenaissanceisderivedfromCharlemagne’snameinLatin,Carolus.Themostinterestingfacet(一面)ofthisratherminorrenaissanceisthespectacle(有见解)ofFrankishorGermanicstatereachingouttoassimilate(吸收)therichesoftheRomanClassicalandtheChristianizedHebraicculture.13、NationalEpics(民族史诗运动)TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedforminancientliterature.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages—thatis,thelanguagesofvariousnationalstates(民族国家)thatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.LiteraryworkswerenolongerallwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.14、Chaucer(乔叟)的诗歌特点：①powerofobservation(观察)②piercingirony(敏锐的讽刺)③senseofhumour④warmhumanity(温暖的人性)15、Gothic①TheGothicstylestartedinFranceandquicklyspreadthroughallpartsofWesternEurope.②Itlastedfromthemid-12thtotheendof15thcenturyand,insomeareas,intothe16th.Morechurcheswerebuiltinthismannerthaninanyotherstyleinhistory.③TheGothicwasanoutgrowth(丰富与发展)oftheRomanesque.（罗马式）16、TheCanterburyTales:①TheCanterburyTaleswaswrittenbyChaucer.②ChaucerintroducedFrenchandItalywritingtheEnglishnativealliterativeverse.③BothChaucerandTheCanterburyTalesarethebestrepresentativeofthemiddleEnglish.17Inthemiddleages,whatculturesbegantomerge？Classical,HebrewandGothicheritagesmerged(文化融合).Itpavedthewayforthedevelopmentofwhatisthepresent-dayEuropeanculture.WhyisthemiddleagesiscalledAgeofFaith(信仰的年代)？1、DuringtheMedievaltimestherewasnocentralgovernmenttokeeptheorder.TheonlyorganizationthatseemedtouniteEuropewastheChristianchurch.2、TheChristianchurchcontinuedtogainwidespreadpowerandinfluence.3、IntheLatemiddleages,almosteveryoneinwesternEuropewasaChristianandamemberoftheChristianChurch.Christianitytooktheleadinpolitics,law,art,andlearningforhundredsofyears.4、Itshapedpeople’slives.Thatiswhythemiddleagesisalsocalledthe“AgeofFaith”.HowdidFeudalismdevelopinEuropeinmiddleages?1、feudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding—asystemofholdinglandinexchangeformilitaryservice.Theword“feudalism”wasderivedfromtheLatin“feudum”,agrantofland.2、Inordertoseektheprotectionoflargeland-owners,thepeopleofsmallfarmsorlandgavetheirfarmsandlandtolargeland-owners,buttheystillhadfreedom,theywerecalledfreemen.3、Whilethepeoplefromtownsandcitiesdidnotpossessfarmsorland.Theyhadnothingbuttheirfreedomtobegiventolargeland-owners,andthentheylosttheirfreedomforprotection.Theywerecalledserfs.4、InFeudalism,therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellorsorsoldiersasarewardfortheirservice.Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.Theownersofthefiefswascallvassals.5、Therecameaformoflocalanddecentralized(分散)government.6、Asaknight,hewerepledgedtoprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry,fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.WhatpositiveinfluencedoestheCrusadesexertontheEuropeanCulture?(WhatisthegreatsignificanceoftheCrusades?)1、ThecrusadesbroughttheEastintoclosercontactwiththeWest.AndtheygreatlyinfluencedthehistoryofEurope.(拉近了东西方的交流)2、DuringthewarswhilemanyofthefeudallordswenttofightinPalestine,kingsathomefoundopportunitiestostrengthenthemselves.Thusamongotherthings,Crusadeshelpedtobreakdownfeudalism,which,inturnledtotheriseofthemonarchies.(取而代之的是君主专制)3、Besides,throughtheircontactwiththemoreculturedByzantinesandMoslems,thewesternEuropeanschangedmanyoftheiroldideas.Theirdesireforwealthorpowerbegantoovershadowtheirreligiousideals.4、TheCrusadesalsoresultedinrenewingpeople’sinterestinlearningandinvention.Bythe13thcentury,universitieshadspreadalloverEurope.SuchknowledgeasArabicnumerals(阿拉伯数字),algebra(代数),andArabmedicine(医学)wereintroducedtotheWest.5、Astradeincreased,villageandtownsbegantogrowintocities.AndtheriseoftownsandtradeinwesternEuropepavedthewayofthegrowthofstrongnationalgovernments.Howdidliteraturedevelopinthemiddleages?1、TheepicwastheproductoftheHeroicAge.Itwasanimportantandmostlyusedforminancientliterature.“Nationalepic”referstotheepicwritteninvernacularlanguages—thatis,thelanguagesofvariousnationalstates(民族国家)thatcameintobeingintheMiddleAges.LiteraryworkswerenolongerallwritteninLatin.ItwasthestartingpointofagradualtransitionofEuropeanliteraturefromLatinculturetoaculturethatwasthecombinationofavarietyofnationalcharacteristics.BothBeowulfandsongofRolandweretherepresentativeworksoftheNationalEpics.2、DanteAlighieriandTheDivineComedy:(但丁与神曲)①Hismasterpiece,TheDivineComedy,isoneofthelandmarksofworldliterature.②Thepoemexpresseshumanisticideaswhichforeshadowed(预示)thespiritofRenaissance.③DantewrotehismasterpieceinItalianratherthaninLatin.(只用意大利语创作)3、GeofferyChaucerandTheCanterburyTales:(乔叟与坎特布雷集)①TheCanterburyTaleswerehismostpopularwork.②Mostofthetalesarewritteninverse(诗)whichreflects(反映)Chaucer’sinnovation(改革)byintroducingintothenativealliterativeverse(压头韵)theFrenchandItalianstyles.③Chauceristhustobe,regardedasthefirstshortstorytellerandthefirstmodernpoetinEnglishliterature.短篇写作第一人④ChaucerandtheCanterburyTaleswererepresentativeoftheMiddleages.DivisionFour：RenaissanceandReformation1、RenaissanceGenerallyspeaking,Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-17thcentury.Theword“Renaissance”meansrevival,specificallyinthisperiodofhistory,revivalofinterestinancientGreekandRomanculture.Renaissance,inessence,wasahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofconservatism(保守主义思想)infeudalistEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie(资产阶级),tolifttherestrictions(禁忌)inallareasplacedbytheRomanchurchauthorities.RenaissancestartedinFlorenceandVenicewiththefloweringofpaintings,sculptureandarchitecture.2、InRenaissanceliteratureofItaly,Petrarch(彼得拉克)wastherepresentativepoet.3、Intellectualsbecamecloselytiedupwiththerisingbourgeoisie.(人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanisticideastodevelop)4、AttheheartoftheRenaissancephilosophywastheassertionofthegreatnessofman.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)5、LastSupperadaptedfromtheNewTestamentoftheBible.6、Michelangelo——David——SistineChapel(fromtheFirstbookoftheBible,theGenesis)——DyingSlave(垂死的奴隶)——Moses(摩西)7、RaphaelwasbestknownforhisMadonna.(圣母玛利亚)HepaintedhisMadonnasindifferentposturesagainstdifferentbackgrounds.8、OneofthefamouspaintingsbesidestheMadonnasisSchoolofAthens(雅典学派).PlatoandAristotleengagedinargument.9、Titian——TheVenusofUrbino(维纳斯)10、JohnWyclif——translationoftheBibleintoEnglishforthefirsttime.11、MartinLuther——translationofthewholeBiblewiththevernacularlanguage.12、ThereformationgetitsvictoryfirstinEngland.13、ReformationTheReformationwasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementaswellasasocio-political(社会政治)movement.ItbeganasMartinLutherpostedonthedoorofthecastlechurchattheUniversityofWittenberghis95thesis.ThismovementwhichsweptoverthewholeofEuropewasaimedatopposingtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandreplacingitwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible.ThereformistsengagedthemselvesintranslatingtheBibleintotheirmothertongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、CalvinismCalvinismwasestablishedbyCalvinintheperiodofRenaissance.Presbyteriangovernment(长老会).OnlythosespeciallyelectedbyGodcanbesaved(上帝的选民).Thisbeliefservessowelltohelptherisingbourgeoisieonitspath(有助于资本主义的兴起)。15、ThenationalreligionestablishedafterreformationinEnglandwascalledThechurchofEnglandorTheAnglicanChurch.16、TheEnglishBiblewasadoptedinEnglandafterReformation.17、Counter-Reformation(反宗教改革)Bylate1520theRomanCatholicChurchhadlostitscontroloverthechurchinGermany.TheRomanCatholicChurchdidnotstayidle.Theymusteredtheirforces,thededicatedCatholicgroups,toexaminetheChurchinstitutionsandintroducereformsandimprovements,tobringbackitsvitality.ThisrecoveryofpowerisoftencalledbyhistorianstheCounter-Reformation.18、FrancisBaconintroducedMontaigne“Essais”intotheEnglishliterature.19、MontaignewasaFrenchhumanistknownforhis“Essais”(Essays).TherepresentativeauthorofRenaissanceinFrancewasMontaignewithhisfamousworkEssais.TherepresentativenovelistofRenaissanceinSpainwasCervanteswithhisfamousworkDoQuixote,whichmarkedEuropeancultureentryintoanewstage.(歧视文学作品)20、RenaissanceinGermany:Dürer——TheFourHorsemenofApocalpse——Knight,DeathandtheDevil21、文艺复兴影响到达英国晚的原因：ThewarofRosesandItsweakandunimportantpositioninworldtrade.22、在英国达到文艺复兴高潮的第一个原因：Itwastoproducesometoweringfigures(顶级人物)intheEnglish.WilliamShakespeare,EdmundSpenser,SirThomasMore.第二个原因：TheReignofElizabethIwasaperiodofpoliticalandreligiousstabilityontheonehandandeconomicprosperityontheother.23、Englandbegantoembark(从事)ontheroadtocolonization(殖民扩张)andforeigncontrolthatwastotakeitontoitsheyday(鼎盛)ofcapitalistdevelopment.24、WilliamShakespeare悲剧—→Hamlet(哈姆雷特),Othello(奥赛罗),KingLear(李尔王),Macbeth(麦克白)喜剧—→AsYouLikeItandTwelfthNight(第十二夜)25、Copernicus(哥白尼):—→Centric(日心说)WhichwasprovedbyKeplerandGalieo?Centric(日心说)26、Dante:Theequalityofthedivinepowerandthesecularpower.Whatisthegreatsignificanceofthereformation?(Whatpositiveinfluencedoesthereformationexertonworldculture?)1、TheRomanCatholicChurchwasnevertheinternationalcourt(法院)towhichallrulersandstatesweretobemorallyresponsiblefor.2、Economically,peasantsalloverEuropehadnoneedtopayagoodamountoftheirgains(利益)tothePope.3、Ineducationalandculturalmatters,themonopoly(垄断)ofthechurchwasbroken.4、Inreligion,ProtestantismbroughtintobeingdifferentformsofChristianitytochallenge(挑战)theabsoluteruleoftheRomanCatholicChurch.5、Inlanguage,thedominantpositionofLatinhadtogivewaytothenationallanguagesasaresultofvarioustranslationsoftheBibleintothevernacular.6、Inspirit,absoluteobedience(盲从)becameout-molded(不复存在)andthespiritofquest(探索),debate(争论),wasusheredinbythereformists.WhatcontributiondidtheRenaissancemaketotheworldculture?1、TheRenaissancecreatedaculturewhichfreedmantodiscoverandenjoytheworldinawaynotpossibleunderthemedievalChurch’sdispensation.2、TheReformationdealtthefeudaltheocracyafatalblow.(给…以致命打击)DivisionFiveTheSeventeenthCentury1、Thefirsttimetolookatmen’splaceintheUniversestartedinthe17thcentury.2、Inmodernism,men’spositionintheuniversewaslookedatinafreshnewway.3、Theoutlookofeducatedmenwastransformed.Therewasaprofoundchangeintheconceptionofmen’splaceintheuniverse.(人在宇宙中的位置)4、The17thcenturyphilosophywasfocusonmaterialistinnature.5、17thcenturyScience:☆physics☆mathematics☆chemistrybiologypsychology6、Themodernworld,sofarasmentaloutlookisconcerned,beginsinthe17thcentury.7、Kepler’sLawsformedthebasisofallmodernplanetaryastronomyandledtoNewton’sdiscoveryofthelawsofgravitation8、thelawsofgravitation(万有引力的内容):thesun,themoon,theearth,theplanets,andalltheotherbodies(天体)intheuniversemoveinaccordancewiththesamebasicforce,whichiscallgravitation.9、FrancisBacon’sworks—→TheAdvancementofLearning—→TheNewAtlantis—→TheNovumOrganum(NewMethod)—→Essays(散文集)EssaysareBacon’smostwidelyreadwork，58essayswereincluded.10、FrancisBacon①Knowledgeispower.(知识就是力量)②Virtueislikepreciousodours—mostfragrantwhentheyareincensedorc