国际贸易实务英文版第二版课后习题

Chapter2InternationalTradeTerms12345678910I.MultiplechoicesBCACCDABCDII.TrueorfalsestatementsTTFFTFFFFTIII.Explainthefollowingterms1.shipmentcontractShipmentcontractisacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthatthedeliveryhappensatthetimeorbeforethetimeofshipment.symbolicdeliverySymbolicdeliveryisadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerdeliversthebuyerdoesnotphysicallyreceivethegoods.Thiskindofdeliveryisprovedbythesubmissionoftransportdocumentbythesellertothebuyer.arrivalcontractArrivalcontractmeansacontractusinganIncotermwhichindicatesthatthedeliveryhappenswhenthegoodsarriveatthedestination.actualdeliveryActualdeliveryreferstoadeliverysituationinwhichwhenthesellerdeliversthebuyerdoesphysicallyreceivethegoods.IV.Shortquestions1.WhopaysforloadingforshipmentunderFOB?Theseller.WhopaysforunloadingunderCIF?Thebuyer.CompareandcontrastFOB,CFRandCIF?Similarities:a.Theseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsareloadedonboard,b.Thesellerisresponsibleforexportcustomsformalitieswhilethebuyerisresponsibleforimportcustomsformalities,c.Thebuyerisresponsibleforunloadingthegoodsattheportofdestination,d.Allthreetermscanonlybeusedforwaterwaytransportation.Differences:a.FOBrequiresthebuyertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportation;CFRrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportation;CIFrequiresthesellertoarrangeandpayfortheoceantransportationandinsuranceagainstthebuyer'srisk.4.Whatarethetwotypesoftradetermsconcerningthetransferofrisks?Shipmentcontracttermsvs.arrivalcontractterms.Undershipmentcontracttermstheseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerbeforethegoodsdepartfromtheplace/portofshipment.Underarrivalcontracttermsthesellerwillbeartheriskofthegoodsuntilthegoodsarriveatthedestination.5.WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCPTandCFR?Majorsimilarities:a.Thesellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Thesellerisnottakingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation.Difference:a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforwaterwaytransport,b.UnderCPTtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarriernominatedbytheseller.UnderCFRtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodsareloadedonboardthevessel.6.WhatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenCIPandCIF?Majorsimilarities:a.Thesellershouldcontractandpayforthemajorcarriage.b.Thesellerisnottakingtheriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthetransportation,c.Thesellermustobtaininsuranceagainstthebuyer'srisk.Difference:a.CPTisapplicabletoanykindoftransportationmodewhileCFRisonlyusedforseawayorinlandwaterwaytransport,b.UnderCPTtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredtothebuyerwhenthegoodsarehandedovertothefirstcarriernominatedbytheseller.UnderCFRtheseller'sriskwillbetransferredwhenthegoodsareloadedonboardthevessel.IfyoutradewithanAmerican,isthesalescontractsubjecttoIncotermswithoutanydoubt?Whatshouldyoudo?No.TheRevisedAmericanForeignTradeDefinitions1941isstillinuse,especiallyintheNorthAmericanarea.Ithasdifferentinterpretationaboutsometradeterms.Thetradersshouldclarifythechoiceofrulesbeforeanyfurtherdiscussion.8.Whatarethemostcommonlyusedtradeterms?FOB,CFR&CIF.9.WhoisresponsibleforcarryingoutcustomsformalitiesforexportsunderanFOBcontract?Theseller.AccordingtoIncoterms2010,exceptEXWandDDPthesetwoterms,alltheothereleventermsrequirethesellertohandletheexportcustomsformalities,whilethebuyertheimportcustomsformalities.IfaChinesetradersignsanFOBHamburgcontract,isheexportingorimporting?Importing.FOBshouldbeusedwitha"namedportofshipment",ifHamburgistheportofshipment,fromtheChinesetrader'sperspective,heisimporting.V.Casestudies1.AnFOBcontractstipulated"TheshipmentwillbeeffectedinMarch2011."Whenthegoodswerereadyon10March201l,thesellercontactedthebuyerforshipmentdetails.Thebuyerfaxed"Pleasesendthegoodstotheportforloadingon21March.Thevesselwilldeparton22March."Thesellersentthegoodstotheportaccordingly.Howeverthenominatedvesseldidnotturnupandthegoodshadtobestoredinthewarehouseattheport.Onthenightof21Marchafirehappenedinthewarehouseareaandpartofthegoodswasdamaged.Whenthevesselarrivedtwodayslaterthesellerandthebuyerhadanargumentaboutthesettlementoftheloss.Thesellerrequiredthebuyertobearthelosscausedbythefire,butthebuyerbelievedthatthevesselarrivedwithintheshipmentperiodandthelossoccurredbeforethesellerdeliveredthegoodsthereforethesellershouldbeartheloss.Pleaseprovideyoursolution.析：1)第一事例中提到货物发生了损失是因为货物寄存在码头库房时期发生火灾造成的。2)卖方之所以会把货物寄存在码头库房是因为买方指定的船只在约准时间没有出现。3)Incoterms2010有规定，买方有向卖方供给准确、实时的装船通知的义务，假如买方没有执行该义务而致使了货物受损，即便两方没有达成交货，买方也要担当有关损失。答案：买方应当担当损失。答题切入点：1)剖析货物受损原由。2)依据《2010年国际贸易术语解说公则》买方在供给装运通知方面的义务。3)解说供给装运通知与达成交货风险转移之间的关系。2.AcontracttosellgrainusedaCFRterm.ThegrainwasofficiallycertifiedasGradeOneatthetimeofbeingdeliveredonboardportofshipment.Aftermakingtheshipment,thesellergavetheatthebuyertimelynotice.However,duetothelongvoyage,somegrainwentbad.Atthedestination,thegraincouldonlybesoldas"Grade3".Consequently,thebuyerclaimedcompensationforthedamage.Shouldthesellerpay?析：1)货物在装运港已经“officiallycertifiedasGradeOne'’，这就说明货物的质量是合格的，并且是经官方确认的。2)文中提到“duetolongvoyage"这说明货物变质的原由是因为运输时间长。答案：No。答题切入点：a．货物变质的原由．b．CFR术语下风险转移的状况。3.UnderaCIFcontract,thegoodshadbeenloadedonboardthevesselaccordingtothetermsofthecontract.Thenthevesseldeparted.Anhourlater,thevesselstruckarockandsank.Thenextdaytheseller'sbankpresentedtheshippingdocuments,insurancepolicyandinvoicestothebuyer,anddemandedpayment.(1)Knowingthathewillnotreceivethegoods,shouldthebuyerpay?Whichpartywouldhavetotaketheloss?析：此题的重点疑问在于买方明知货物已所有损失，不行能再收到货物，能否还应支付货款。这是观察对“symbolicdelivery”这个观点的理解。CIF术语下，卖方交货时买方并无真实收到货物，卖方的交货是经过货交承运人并获取有关票据(特别是物权凭据)来实现的。而相应的，买方一定接受交货，也就是买方一定接受卖方供给的相应票据并执行有关支付的义务。答案：Yes．答题切入点：1)卖方执行其义务的状况；2)CIF术语对两方交货、领受货物的规定；3)解说“symbolicdelivery”在这里的应用。(2)答案：Thebuyer．答题切入点：CIF术语下风险转移的状况。因为本章主要议论贸易术语的应用，关注的主假如买、卖两方。假如答案是保险企业，则要求说明损失的风险第一是由买方担当的，在风险属于保险企业承保范围内的状况下，保险企业会对买方进行部分或所有的补偿。4.AShanghaicompanysignedaCIFcontracttosellChristmasgoodstoaBritishcompany.TheUSD1millioncontractstipulated,"ThesellerguaranteesthatthegoodsarriveattheportofdestinationbyDecember1,2010.Ifthecarriageislate,thebuyercancancelthepurchase,andgettherefundforthepayment."Sotheshipmentwasmade.Unfortunately,duetomechanicalproblems,thevesselarrivedatthedestinationafewhourslate.Thebuyerrefusedtoacceptthegoods.Asaresult,thegoodshadtobesoldonthespot,andthesellerlostUSD700000.Commentonthiscase.析：卖方受损的原由是货物达到目的港的时间晚于合同规定的时间，因此买方拒收货物。从 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 面上看，仿佛问题就是出在卖方违约上，但假如认真剖析就会发现，该合同自己的内容就存在自相矛盾的问题。合同用的是CIF术语，卖方在货装上船时风险就转移。卖方既不担当运输途中的风险，也不保证货物能否能到达目的港。CIF合同实质上是一个“shipmentcontract”。但加上一条保证到岸时间的条款后，合同的性质发生了变化：它变为了一个“arrivalcontract”。也就是说，在货物准时到达目的港以前的全部风险都由卖方担当，不然卖方就是违约。答题切入点：1)CIF术语对两方风险及义务的区分，点出“shipmentcontract”这一观点；2)解说“arrivaldate”clause对合同性质的改变。5.AChinesecompanyfinalizedatransactionwithaGermancompanyunderCIFpriceandL/Cpayment.BothsalescontractandL/Creceivedstipulatedthattransshipmentwasnotallowed.TheChinesecompanymadetheshipmentonadirectvesselwithinthevalidityperiodoftheL/CandnegotiatedthepaymentwithadirectBillofLadingsuccessfully.AfterdepartingfromtheChineseport,inordertotakeanothershipment,theshippingcompanyunloadedthegoodsfromtheoriginalvesselandreloadedthemontoanother.Duetothedelayandthepoorconditionofthesecondvessel,thegoodsarrived2monthslaterthantheexpectedtime.TheGermancompanysufferedandclaimedcompensationfromtheChinesecompanywiththereasonthattheChinesesidecheatedthemwithadirectB/L.TheChinesecompanybelievedthatsincetheysignedthecontractundera"到岸价"andtheybookedtheshippingcompany,theywouldberesponsibleforwhathappened.AsaresulttheChinesesidecompensated.Commentonthiscase.析：1)卖方依据合同规定执行了各项义务，造成货物到港延迟的原由是船企业私自改变运输安排，卖方对此其实不知情。2)卖方把CIF理解成“到岸价钱”存在错误，混杂了担当风险与担当花费的差异。假如把CIF理解成“到岸价钱”，那么CIF就变为了一个到岸合同术语(arrivalcontractterm)了，而实质上它应当是个装运合同术语(shipmentcontractterm)。3)所以，卖方在此状况下不该进行补偿，而是应当辅助买方向船方进行索赔。答题切入点：1)剖析买方受损的真实原由及责任方：2)解说卖方错误赔偿的原由；3)给出本事例正确的办理方法，特别是卖方应当怎样应付买方的要求。Chapter3ExportPrice123456I.MultiplechoicesBDDACDII.TrueorfalsestatementsFTFFFT7AT8BF9DF10BFExplainthefollowingtermsinquiryAninquiryistheactofapotentialclientaskingforinformationfromthecounterparttohisintentioninbuyingorsellingacertaincommodity.offerAnofferisasufficientlydefiniteproposaladdressedtooneormorespecificpersonsforconcludingacontract,necessarilyindicatingtheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.3.counterofferAcounterofferisareplytoanofferwhichcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodifications.4.acceptanceAnacceptanceisastatementmadebyorotherconductoftheoffereeindicatingassenttoanoffer.IV.ShortquestionsWhatarethefourcomponentsofthestandardformofaprice?Acodeofcurrency,anumber,aunitandatradeterm.Whilemakingpricingdecision,whatmajorfactorsshouldbeconsidered?Whenasellerissettinghisexportprices,themajorfactorshehastoconsiderincludecost,anticipatedprofit,capabilityofhistargetmarket,termsofpayment,competitionandrelationshipbetweentheexporterandtheimporter.Whatarethedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweencommissionanddiscount?Similarities:Bothcommissionanddiscountareusedasincentivetopromotetransactions.Differences:a.Commissionpaymentisanadd-upontopoftheoriginalprice,whilediscountareduction;b.Commissionmainlyappliestotransactionswhichinvolvemiddlepersonoragent.Discountcanbeusedwithoutparticularprerequisites.4.Whenwillanofferbeterminated?Anofferwillbeterminatedwhen:a.itislegallyterminated(beingwithdrawnorrevoked);b.itisnotacceptedbytheoffereewithinthevalidityperiodorareasonableperiodoftime;c.itisrejectedbytheofferee;andd.someuncontrollableeventshappen,preventingtheofferorfromfulfillinghisobligations.5.Whatarethepossiblemodificationsacounteroffermaymaketoanoffer?Ifareplytoanoffermakesmodificationsinthefollowingaspects,thereplywillbeconsideredasacounteroffer:~_priceandpayment;b.qualityandquantityofgoods;c.placeandtimeofdelivery;d.extentofoneparty'sliabilitytotheother;e.settlementofdispute.V.Casestudies1.UnderthepriceofUSD25.5/dozenCFRRotterdamBBCompanysignedacontracttosell1000dozensofT-shirt.TheT-shirtwaspurchasedfromfactorybyRMB135/dozen.BBCompanycalculated3%ofitsproductpurchasingpriceasitsoverheadcosts.ThelocaltransportandcustomsformalitiestookRMB2500andthecontaineroceanfreightwasUSD1500.Ifthebankexchangeratewas1USD/6.5RMB,whatwouldbetheexportprofitmarginforthisdeal?Andwhataboutitsexportcostforforeignexchange?exportprofitmargin:9.26%;exportcostforforeignexchange:5.897Exportprofitmargin=[Exportrevenue(FOB)-Exportcost(FOB)]/Exportrevenue(FOB)ExportCostforForeignExchange=[ExportCostinCurrency]/[ExportRevenueinForeignCurrency]2.ThepricequotedbyaShanghaiexporterwas"USD1200perM/TCFRLiverpool"ThebuyerrequestedarevisedFOBpriceincludingLocal2%commission.ThefreightforShanghai-LiverpoolwasUSD200perM/T.Tokeeptheexportrevenueconstant,whatwouldFOBC2%pricebe?FOBC2%ShanghaiUSD1020.41/M/TACCompanyofferedtosellgoodsat"USD100percaseCIFNewYork".TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforCFRC5%.Thepremiumrateforinsurancewas1.05%andmark-upforinsurancewas10%.Togetthesameexportrevenue,whatwouldAC'snewofferbe?CFRC5%NewYorkUSD104.5/caseI=CIFx110%xRCFRC%=CFR/(1-Commission)4.DDCompanyofferedtosellgoodsat"USD2000perM/TCWToronto'allrisks'and'warrisk'for110%ofthevalue".TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforFOBGuangzhou.ThefreightGuangzhou-TorontowasUSD50perM/T,andthepremiumratesfor"allrisks"and"warrisk"were1%and0.2%respectively.Togettheexportrevenue,whatFOBpriceshouldtheexporteroffer?FOBGuangzhouUSD1923.6/M/TwithforsameI=CIFx110%xRCIF=FOB+Freight+Insurance5.Thepricequotedbyanexporterwas"USD450percaseFOBShanghai".TheimporterrequestedarevisedquoteforCIFAuckland.IfthefreightwasUSD50percase,110%ofthevaluewastobeinsured,andthepremiumrateforinsurancewas0.8%,whatwouldthenewpricebe?CIFAucklandUSD504.44/caseCIF=CFR/(1-110%xR)CFR=FOB+Freight6.XCompanysignedacontracttoexporttwomachinesataninitialprice(P0)ofUSD5millioneach.AtthetimeofsettingP0,thematerialpriceindex(M0)was110,thewageindex(W0)was120.Thecontractcontainedapricerevisionclausethatallowedthefinalpricetobesetondelivery.Atthetimeofdelivery,thematerialpriceindex(M)was112,andthewageindex(W)became125.Ifthefollowingratiosremainedconstant:A(themanagementfeeandprofitasapercentageoftheprice)=15%B(thematerialcostasapercentageoftheprice)=30%C(thewagecostasapercentageoftheprice)=55%Whatisthefinalprice(P)?USD5.14millionP=P0.(A+B.M/M0+C.W/W0)OnNov.20th,LeeCo.offeredtosellgoodstoDeeInc.atUSD500percaseCIFLondon,"Offervalidifreplyhere11/27."OnNov.22ndDeecabledback,"OfferacceptedifUSD480percase."AsLeewasconsideringthebid,themarketpricewentoverUSD500.OnNov.25th,DeecabledanunconditionalacceptanceofLee'sinitialoffer.CouldLeerejectDee'sacceptance?析：1)11月22日DeeInc．的答复对价钱进行了改正，所以这是一个还盘。当DeeInc．对报盘进行还盘，本来的报盘就自动中断了。在这个前提下，LeeCo．能够采纳任何行动而不须顾忌先前的报价。2)只管DeeInc．在原报盘的有效期内又发出了一个无条件接受报盘的答复，但因为以前他们已经进行了还盘，所以此时的接受无效。答案：Yes．答题切入点：1)还盘的定义；2)报盘中断的要素。8.XofferedtosellgoodstoY,"Shipmentwithin2monthsafterreceiptofL/C,offervalidifreplyhere5days."Twodayslater,Ycabledback,"Acceptyouroffershipmentimmediately."Xdidn'treply.Twomoredayslater,XreceivedY'sL/Crequiringimmediateshipment.Atthistime,themarketpriceofthegoodswentupby20%.WhatoptionsdidXhavetodealwithY?析：1)Y在两天后的答复中固然申明接受报盘，但同时要求“shipmentimmediately”，这是对原报盘的船期“shipmentwithin2months”进行了改正，所以组成了一个还盘，原报盘则被中断。2)在这个前提下，再来考虑都有哪些选择以及哪个是最可能或最好的。答题切入点：1)还盘的定义；2)报盘中断的要素；3)X可能有的各项选择；4)X最可能选择的做法及原由。Chapter4TermsofCommodity12345678910I.MultiplechoicesCCDDBCCBDBII.TrueorfalsestatementsFFFTFFTFFFIII.Calculationpackedincartonseachof40lb.(lib=0.45358kg),witha5%moreorlessallowedbothinquantityandinamount.HowmanycartonsofSeafoodcanCompanyCdeliveratmost?HowmanycartonsofSeafoodshouldCompanyCdeliveratleast?1lib=0.45358kg,so40lb=18.144kgMaximum:[10xl000kgx(1+5%)]/18.144=578.7(Attention:0.7shouldbedeletedhere)=578cartonsMinimum:[10xl000kgx(1-5%)]/18.144=523.6(Attention:0,6shouldbeaddedhere)=524cartonsAnswer:1)Atmost,CompanyCcandeliver578cartonsofSeafood.2)Atleast,CompanyCshoulddeliver524cartons.IV.Explainthefollowingterms1.qualitylatitudeQualitylatitudemeansthepermissiblerangewithinwhichthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredbythesellermaybeflexiblycontrolled.qualitytoleranceQualitytolerancereferstothequalitydeviationrecognized(e.g.bysomeindustry),whichallowsthequalityofthegoodsdeliveredtohavecertaindifferencewithinarange.salebycountersampleAcountersampleisareplicamadebythesellerofthesampleprovided,normallybythebuyer.Inasalebycountersample,thecountersamplewillreplacetheoriginalsampleandbecomethefinalstandardofqualityofthetransaction.Bymeansofacountersample,thesellerwouldbemorecomfortabletopreparethemassproductsaccordingtoasampleprovidedbyhimself.Evenintheworstscenariothatthebuyerlaterfindsthecountersampledoesnotmatchwiththeoriginal,thesellerwillnotcarryanyresponsibilityasthecountersamplehasbeenconfirmedbythebuyer.grossfornetInthecaseof"grossfornet",thegoodsarepricedbytheirgrossweightinsteadofthenet.The"grossfornet"practicewillbeadoptedwhenthepackingmaybecomeanindivisiblepartoftheproduct,suchastobaccoflakes;orthepackingmaterialisalmostofthesamevalueasthatofthegoods,likegrainandfodder.5.standardregainStandardregain(rate)referstotheratiobetweenthewatercontentandthedryweightofthegoodswhichisacceptedintheworldmarketoragreeduponbythesellerandthebuyer.6.conditionedweightConditionedweightisadoptedforsomecommoditieslikewoolwhichisnotusuallypackedinavacuumcontainerandtendstoabsorbmoisture,astheweightofthesecommoditiesislikelytobeunstableduetothefluctuationoftheiractualmoisturecontentandvariesgreatlyfromtimetotime,andfromplacestoplaces.Inaddition,theseproductsareofhighvalue,itbecomesimportantforthebuyerandsellertoreachanagreementontheconceptofweight.7.moreorlessclause"Moreorlessclause"referstothestipulationconstitutingpartofthequantityclauseinthecontractthatallowsthesellertodeliverthegoodswithacertainpercentageofmoreorlessinquantityaccordingly.Theuseof"moreorlessclause"isforthesakeofefficientshipmentandlesscomplexityincontractexecutionbecauseinpracticeitisnotthateasytocontrolthequantityofgoodssuppliedstrictlyandexactly.Amoreorlessclauseusuallyconcernsthreeissues:1)howmuchmoreorlessshouldbeallowed;2)whichpartyisentitledtomakethedecision;and3)howshouldthemoreorlessportionofthegoodsbepriced.8.shippingmarksShippingmarksareatypeofmarkingontheshippingpacking.Itquickenstheidentificationandtransportationofthegoodsandhelpsavoidshippingerrors.Internationalstandardshippingmarksareusuallymadeupoffourparts:1)Consignee'scode;2)Destination;3)ReferenceNo.and4)Numberofpackages.F.A.Q.F.A.Q.istheabbreviationof"fairaveragequality".F.A.Q.isakindofstandardusedtoindicatethatthequalityoftheproductofferedisaboutequaltotheaveragequalitylevelofthesamecropwithinacertainperiodoftime(e.g.ayear.).neutralpackingNeutralpackingisaspecialtypeofmarkingratherthanatypeofpackingasitsnamemayindicate.Whileneutralpackingisrequired,nomarkingoforiginornameofthemanufacturershouldappearontheproduct,ontheshippingpackingorsalespackaging.V.Shortquestions1.Whatarethetwocommonwaysofindicatingqualityofgoodsforexport?Salebydescriptionandsalebysamplearethetwocommonwaysofindicatingqualityofgoodsforexport.Salebydescriptionisawaytospecifythequalityofmostcommoditiesininternationaltrade.Salebydescriptionmaytaketheformofsalebyspecification,salebygrade,salebystandard,salebybrandnameortrademark,salebyoriginandsalebydescriptionsorillustrations.Asaleismadebysamplewhenthesellerandbuyeragreethatsamplesareusedasreferenceofqualityandconditionofthegoodstobedelivered.Thismethodisusedwhenitisdifficulttodescribequalityofthecommoditybywords.Accordingtothesupplierofthesample,therearethreecasesundersalebysample:salebyseller'ssample,salebybuyer'ssampleandsalebycountersample.Whataretheissuestobeconcernedwhenspecifyingqualityclauseinasalescontract?Whenstipulatingaqualityclauseinasalescontract,thefollowingaretobeconcerned:~adoptingtherightwaytostipulatethequality:Salebydescriptionisapplicabletocommoditiesofwhichqualitycanbeexpressedbysomescientificindices.Whilesalebysampleisadoptedwhenitisdifficulttodescribequalityofthecommoditybywords.~avoidingdoublestandard,eitherbydescriptionorbysample:Whensamplesarerequiredunderasalebydescription,itisessentialtoindicatethatthesampleisforreferenceonly.~makinguseofthequalitylatitudewhichallowsthesellertohaveflexibilityincontrollingthequalitybecauseabsolutequalityisdifficultorevenimpossibletohandle.~incaseofasampleprovidedbythebuyer,makinguseofprotectingclause.Whatarethecommonwaystomeasuretheweightofexportgoods.'?Thecommonwaystomeasuretheweightofexportgoodsincludegrossweight,netweight,conditionedweight,theoreticalweightandlegalweight.~Grossweightreferstotheweightofthecommodityplustheweightofthepacking.Grossweightisapplicabletocommoditiesofcomparativelylowvalue.Netweightmeanstheactualweightofacommodityitselfexcludingtheweightofthepacking.AccordingtoCISGArticle56,theweightofacommodityiscalculatedbyitsnetweightunlessotherwisestatedinthecontract.Conditionedweightisadoptedformoistureunstablecommoditieswithhighvalue,suchaswool.Theweightisatheoreticalweightwhenthetotalweightoftheproductiscalculatedbymultiplyingthetotalquantityandtheunitweight,ratherthanmeasuredactually.Theoreticalweightisapplicabletocommoditiesofstandardizedsizesandspecifications.~Legalweightistheweightofthegoodsincludingtheimmediate,inner,ordirectpackingofthegoods.Accordingtothecustomslawsandregulationsinsomecountries,legalweightisusuallyusedasthebasisfortariffcalculation.Whatarethedifferentwaysofcalculatingthetarewhennetweightisused?Ininternationaltrade,tarecanbecalculatedbyactual/realtare,byaveragetare,bycustomarytareorbycomputedtarewhennetweightisusedandtheweightofpacking,i.e.thetare,mustbededucted.~Actual/realtarereferstotheactualw