考研考博-英语-西南石油大学考试押题卷含答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-西南石油大学考试押题卷含 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！卷I一.综合题库-全考点押密(共100题)1.单选题Whenthecommittee（ ）todetails,theproposedplanseemedimpractical.问题1选项A.gotdownB.setaboutC.wentoffD.cameup【答案】A【解析】考查词组getdowndosth./doingsth.“开始认真注意（或对待）某事”。句意：当委员会着手讨论所提出的 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 的细节时，发现该计划似乎并不实际。结合句意可知A选项正确。2.单选题Thelocalgovernmentreducedthetaxonpetrolasa（）tothepublicoutcry.问题1选项A.conceptionB.consensusC.contemptD.concession【答案】D【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项conception“怀孕；概念；设想”；B选项consensus“一致；舆论；合意”；C选项contempt“轻视，蔑视；耻辱”；D选项concession“让步；承认；退位”。句意：当地政府减少汽油税来当作对公众强烈抗议的让步。根据句意可知D选项正确。3.单选题Wecan（ ）broadlybetweentheintentionofknowing,andtheintentionofdoing,whichcorrespondroughlytotheconventionaldistinctionbetweenpureandappliedmathematics.问题1选项A.separateB.extinguishC.distinguishD.disguise【答案】C【解析】考察动词辨析。separate“隔离”；extinguish“压制”；distinguish“区分”；disguise“伪装”。句意：我们可以大致区分为求知意图和行为意图，大约对应传统观点对纯理论数学和应用数学的区分。选项C符合句意。4.单选题Seniorcitizens,especiallythoseabove70,are____tosomeprivilegesinmanycountries.问题1选项A.enforcedB.engagedC.enabledD.entitled【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A.enforced强制执行B.engaged从事；忙于C.enabled使能够D.entitled使享有权利【考查点】动词辨析【解题思路】空格处填入的是动词，与其搭配的介词为to，其宾语为privileges“特权”，D选项entitled“使享有权利”能够满足语义搭配要求，且常搭配的介词为to，beentitledtosth“被赋予某种权利或享有某种资格”。【干扰项排除】A选项enforced“（enforcesthon/againstsb/sth）强制执行”，与“特权”及介词to不搭配；B选项engaged“（beengagedin/onsth）从事；忙于”，与“特权”及介词to不搭配；C选项enabled“使能够”，与“特权”不搭配，语义不完整。【句意】在许多国家，老年人，尤其是70岁以上的老年人享有一些特权。5.单选题Thebadweathermeant（）therocketlaunch(发射)for48hours.问题1选项A.delayingB.havingdelayedC.todelayD.tohavedelayed【答案】A【解析】句意:糟糕的天气意味着火箭发射推延48小时。考查固定搭配。meantodosth.打算做某事。meandoingsth.意味着做某事。故选A。6.单选题II.(EconomicLaw)Forfourhundredyears,companylawhastriedtosolvethecoreproblemofcorporategovernance,theseparationofownershipandcontrol.InEurope,corporategovernancedidnotbecomearesearchdisciplineofitsownbeforetheendofthelastmillennium.Theanalysisofthefunctioningofmanagementandcontrolunderdistinctboardmodelswasthestartingpointandstillisoneofthemostimportantfieldsoftheincreasinglycomparativeandinterdisciplinaryresearchagenda.ThehistoryoftheVerenigdeOostindischeCorapagnie(V.O.C.)impressivelyillustratesearlyproblemsofcompanylaw.Itsevolutionestablishedthefirstinstitutionalsupervisorystructure.TheV.O.C.goesbacktoamergeroftheearlycompanies,theVoorcompagnieen.Muchlikemodernbusinessamalgamations,itwassoughttoimprovethemarketpositionagainstcompetitors.ManyoftheV.O.C.’sfeaturesarestillcharacteristicformoderncompanies.Withitsincorporationin1602,theV.O.C.hadaninternalstructurecomparabletowhatwedescribetodayasaone-tierboardmodel.Theboardofseventeendirectors,electedbythegovernorsofthesixchambers,haduniversalmanagementpowerandactednearlyfreefromanyinterferencebyminorityshareholders.Theboarddevelopedthebusinessstrategy,settheshippingroutes,andissuedresolutionsthatwerebindingforthechambers.Inthecourseoffurtherbusinessexpansionin1648,anexecutivecommitteeoftheboard(TheHagueCommittee)helpedtoorganizetheworkofthedirectors.Committeesformedforaccountingorspecificbusinessmatters,werealsofoundatthechamberlevel.Themajorgovernanceproblemresultedthelackofadefinitionofdirectors’dutiesasanalignmentofdecisionmakingandthecompany’sinterest.Thegovernors—themerchantsandownersoftheearlycompanies—wereunawarethatanentitywithitsowninteresthademergedastheycontinuedtomanagetheV.O.C.inthewaytheyhadmanagedtheirearlycompanies.Inparticular,thegovernors’righttopriorpurchaseturnedouttobeunfortunate,leadingtoanearlyformofwhatwetodaycallself-dealing.Withtheseconddashofregulationin1623,thelicensewaschangedandthegovernorswerepermittedtobuyfromthecompanyonlyinpublicauctionsunderthesameconditionsasanyoneelse.Further,theywereallowedtosupplythecompanyonlyiftheyhadbeengrantedalicensetodoso.Themajorchangeintheinternalstructurecamewiththeintroductionofthecommitteeofninein1623,whichcanbedescribedasanearlyformofthemodernsupervisoryboard.KlausJ.Hopt,PatrickC.Leyens:“BoardModelsinEurope—RecentDevelopmentsofInternalCorporateGovernanceStructuresinGermany,theUnitedKingdom,France,andItaly”55.Inthe17thcentury,theboardofseventeendirectorshaduniversalmanagementpowertodothefollowingexcept___.56.Fromthefirstparagraph,onecanknowthat___.57.Thewordwhichcanbestreplacetheword“alignment”intheunderlinedsentenceis___.58.WhichofthefollowingdidNOThappenin1623?问题1选项A.developingthebusinessstrategyB.decidingwhichwaytotakefortheshippingC.helpingtoorganizetheworkofthechambersD.issuingresolutionsthatwerebindingforthechambers问题2选项A.thestartingpointoftheresearchwastheanalysisofthefunctioningofmanagementandcontrolunderdistinctboardmodelsB.corporategovernancewasaresearchdisciplineofitsownintheearly1900’sC.mergeroftheearlycompanieswassoughttoimprovethecompetitorsD.thehistoryoftheVerenigdeOostindischeCorapagnie(V.O.C.)wasveryimpressive问题3选项A.groupingB.associationC.arrangementD.coalition问题4选项A.Governorswerepermittedtobuyfromthecompanyonlyinpublicauctionsunderthesameconditions.B.Thecommitteeofninewasintroducedwithinternalstructure.C.Governorswerenotallowedtosupplythecompanyiftheyhadnotbeengrantedalicensetodoso.D.Quitesomeregulationsweremade.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:D【解析】55.【试题答案】C【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第二段Theboarddevelopedthebusinessstrategy,settheshippingroutes,andissuedresolutionsthatwerebindingforthechambers.（董事会制定了商业战略，制定了航运路线，并发布了对商会有约束力的决议）可知C选项“帮助组织商会的工作”未提及；A选项“制定商业策略”，B选项“决定用哪种方式装运”以及D选项“发布对商会有约束力的决议”符合原文。因此C选项符合题意。56.【试题答案】A【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键字定位到第一段InEurope,corporategovernancedidnotbecomearesearchdisciplineofitsownbeforetheendofthelastmillennium.Theanalysisofthefunctioningofmanagementandcontrolunderdistinctboardmodelswasthestartingpointandstillisoneofthemostimportantfieldsoftheincreasinglycomparativeandinterdisciplinaryresearchagenda.（在20世纪前，欧洲的企业治理并没有形成自己的研究学科。在不同的董事会模式下，对管理和控制功能的分析是研究的起点，并且仍然是比较和跨学科研究议程中最重要的领域之一）可知选A选项“本研究的出发点是分析不同董事会模式下的管理和控制功能”，同时可知B选项“公司治理在20世纪早期是一门独立的研究学科”错误；第一段TheV.O.C.goesbacktoamergeroftheearlycompanies,theVoorcompagnieen.Muchlikemodernbusinessamalgamations,itwassoughttoimprovethemarketpositionagainstcompetitors.（V.O.C.可追溯到早期公司Voorcompagnieen的合并。与现代企业合并非常相似，其目的是提高相对于竞争对手的市场地位）可知C选项“早期公司的合并是为了改善竞争对手”错误；第二段ThehistoryoftheVerenigdeOostindischeCorapagnie(V.O.C.)impressivelyillustratesearlyproblemsofcompanylaw.（VerenigdeOostindischeCorapagnie的历史深刻地说明了早期的公司法问题）可知不是V.O.C.的历史非常令人印象深刻，而是V.O.C.的历史深刻地说明一些问题，D选项“VerenigdeOostindischeCorapagnie的历史非常令人印象深刻”错误。因此A选项正确。57.【试题答案】D【试题解析】词义辨析题。根据题干关键字“alignment”定位到原文Themajorgovernanceproblemresultedthelackofadefinitionofdirectors’dutiesasanalignmentofdecisionmakingandthecompany’sinterest.（主要的管治问题导致缺乏对董事职责的定义，将其界定为决策与公司利益的结合）可知alignment在本句 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示“结合，结盟”；A选项“分组，分类”，B选项“协会，社团；联合；联想”；C选项“布置；整理；准备；安排”；D选项“联合；结合，合并”。因此D选项正确。58.【试题答案】D【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干关键词“1623”可以定位到原文最后一段Withtheseconddashofregulationin1623,thelicensewaschangedandthegovernorswerepermittedtobuyfromthecompanyonlyinpublicauctionsunderthesameconditionsasanyoneelse.（1623年的第二次监管改变了许可，州长只能在公开拍卖的情况下从公司购买，条件和其他人一样）可知A选项“州长只能在相同条件下通过公开拍卖从公司购买”符合原文；最后一句Themajorchangeintheinternalstructurecamewiththeintroductionofthecommitteeofninein1623,whichcanbedescribedasanearlyformofthemodernsupervisoryboard.（1623年，九人委员会成立，这是现代监事会的早期形式，是监事会内部结构的主要变化）可知B选项“九人委员会引入了内部结构”符合原文；最后一段Further,theywereallowedtosupplythecompanyonlyiftheyhadbeengrantedalicensetodoso.（此外，只有在获得许可的情况下，他们（指州长们）才被允许向公司供货）可知C选项“州长不允许供应公司，如果他们没有被授予许可证这样做”符合原文；根据原文和排除法可知D选项“相当多的规则被制定”和原文相悖。因此D选项符合题意。7.单选题Manyofthesuccessfulmen,hadtheybeenabletochooseforthemselves,wouldhaveselectedsomequitedifferentprofessions（）theyhavemadefortunes.问题1选项A.fromthatinwhichB.fromwhichC.inwhichD.fromwhat【答案】A【解析】考查名词性从句。differentfrom“与……不同”，that代指professions,inwhich引导名词性从句，其中in是makefortunesinsth.短语中的in；makefortunesinsth“靠……致富”。句意：许多成功的人，如果他们能够自己选择的话，会选择一些与致使他们发财的工作截然不同的职业。因此A选项正确。8.单选题Itiswellknownlanguagebelongstoeveryone,tothedustman______totheprofessor.问题1选项A.asmuchasB.asfarasC.thesameasD.aslongas【答案】C【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项asmuchas“差不多，尽……那样多”；B选项asfaras“就……而言，至于”；C选项thesameas“与……一样”；D选项aslongas“只要；和……一样长”。句意：众所周知，语言是属于每个人的，______清洁工和教授。根据语境，这里是指语言对于清洁工和教授一样，C选项thesameas“与……一样”符合题意。因此C选项正确。9.翻译题TranslatethefollowingpassagefromChineseintoEnglish 人皆生而为新，为前所未有之所存在：人皆生而能赢。人皆有其特立独行之方式去审视，聆听，触摸，品味及思考，因而都具备独特潜质，能力和局限。人皆能举足轻重，富有创意，成就功业。“成者”与“败者”含义颇多。谈及成者我们并非指的是使他人失败的人。对我们而言，成者必为人守信，值得信赖，有求必应，态度诚恳，或为个人，或为社会一员皆能以真诚回应他人。成者敢于利用所学，独立思考，区分事实与观点，且并不佯装通晓所有答案，他们倾听，权衡他人意见，但能得出自己的结论。尽管他们尊重，敬佩他们，但并不为他们所局限，所束缚，也不对他人敬若神灵。【答案】Eachhumanbeingisbornassomethingnew,somethingthatneverexistedbefore.Eachisbornwiththecapacitytowinatlife.Eachpersonhasauniquewayofseeing,hearing,touching,tastingandthinking.Eachhashisorherownuniquepotentials,capabilitiesandlimitations.Eachcanbeasignificantandcreativebeing,aswellasbeawinner.Theword“winner”and“loser”havemanymeanings.Whenwerefertoapersonasawinner,wedonotmeanonewhomakessomeoneelselose.Tous,awinnerisonewhorespondsauthenticallybybeingcredible,trustworthy,responsive,andgenuine,bothasanindividualandasamemberofasociety.Winnersarenotafraidtodotheirownthinkingandtousetheirownknowledge.Theycanseparatefactsfromopinionsanddon’tpretendtohavealltheanswers.Theylistentoothers;evaluatewhattheysay,butcometotheirownconclusions.Althoughwinnerscanadmireandrespectotherpeople,theyarenottotallydefined,demolished,bound,orawedbythem.10.单选题Iboughtanalarmclockwitha(n)（）dial,whichcanbeseenclearlyinthedark.问题1选项A.supersonicB.luminousC.audibleD.amplified【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。supersonic“超音速的，超音波的”；luminous“发光的，明亮的”；audible“听得见的”；amplified“放大的，扩充的”。句意：我买了一个带有发光钟面的闹钟，这样在黑暗中也能看清时间了。由后半句句意可知B项符合题意。11.单选题Heisnotshyaboutnamingthenamesofthefamouswomenwhohavesuccumbedtohisromantic（）.问题1选项A.wieldsB.wilesC.tacitD.tiles【答案】B【解析】考查词义辨析。A选项wields“拿着（武器、工具或设备）；掌握（权力）”；B选项wiles“花言巧语；巧计；引诱”；C选项tacit“默许的，心照不宣的”；D选项tiles“（贴墙或铺地用的）瓷砖，地毯，地板；（覆盖屋顶的）瓦片”。句意：他毫不羞于说出那些被他浪漫的（）所征服的著名女性的名字。只有wiles“花言巧语”和romantic“浪漫”可搭配，也符合语境。因此B选项正确。12.单选题Theparentsfeltverydelightedwhentheirdaughterdecidedto（）themoviesanddoherlessons.问题1选项A.forgiveB.forbidC.forgoD.foresee【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项forgive“原谅”；B选项forbid“禁止”；C选项forgo“放弃，停止”；D选项foresee“预见”。句意：当他们的女儿决定_____看电影而去做功课时，父母感到非常高兴。本句表达的意思是，女儿放弃去看电影而做功课，让父母很开心。因此C选项符合题意。13.单选题Whytheinductiveandmathematicalsciences,aftertheirfirstrapiddevelopmentattheculminationofGreekcivilization,advancedasslowlyfortwothousandyears—andwhyinthefollowingtwohundredyearsaknowledgeofnaturalandmathematicalsciencehasaccumulated,whichsovastlyexceedsallthatwaspreviouslyknownthatthesesciencesmaybejustlyregardedastheproductsofourowntimes—arequestionswhichhaveinterestedthemodernphilosophernotlessthantheobjectswithwhichthesesciencesaremoreimmediatelyconversant.Wasittheemploymentofanewmethodofresearch,orintheexerciseofgreatervirtueintheuseoftheoldmethods,thatthissingularmodernphenomenonhaditsorigin?Wasthelongperiodoneofarresteddevelopment,andisthemoderneraoneofnormalgrowth?Orshouldweascribethecharacteristicsofbothperiodstoso-calledhistoricalaccidents—totheinfluenceofconjunctionsincircumstancesofwhichnoexplanationispossible,saveintheomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence?Theexplanationwhichhasbecomecommonplace,thattheancientsemployeddeductionchieflyintheirscientificinquiries,whilethemodernsemployinduction,provestobetoonarrow,andfailsuponcloseexaminationtopointwithsufficientdistinctnessthecontrastthatisevidentbetweenancientandmodernscientificdoctrinesandinquiries.Forallknowledgeisfoundedonobservation,andproceedsfromthisbyanalysis,bysynthesisandanalysis,byinductionanddeduction,andifpossiblebyverification,orbynewappealstoobservationundertheguidanceofdeduction—bystepswhichareindeedcorrelativepartsofonemethod;andtheancientsciencesaffordexamplesofeveryoneofthesemethods,orpartsofonemethod,whichhavebeengeneralizedfromtheexamplesofscience.Afailuretoemployortoemployadequatelyanyoneofthesepartialmethods,animperfectionintheartsandresourcesofobservationandexperiment,carelessnessinobservation,neglectofrelevantfacts,byappealtoexperimentandobservation—thesearethefaultswhichcauseallfailurestoascertaintruth,whetheramongtheancientsorthemoderns;butthisstatementdoesnotexplainwhythemodernispossessedofagreatervirtue,andbywhatmeansheattainedhissuperiority.Muchlessdoesitexplainthesuddengrowthofscienceinrecenttimes.Theattempttodiscovertheexplanationofthisphenomenonintheantithesisof“facts”and“theories”or“facts”and“ideas”—intheneglectamongtheancientsoftheformer,andtheirtooexclusiveattentiontothelatter—provesalsotobetoonarrow,aswellasopentothechargeofvagueness.Forinthefirstplace,theantithesisisnotcomplete.Factsandtheoriesarenotcoordinatespecies.Theories,iftrue,arefacts—aparticularclassoffactsindeed,generallycomplex,andifalogicalconnectionsubsistsbetweentheirconstituents,haveallthepositiveattributesoftheories.Nevertheless,thisdistinction,howeverinadequateitmaybetoexplainthesourceoftruemethodinscience,iswellfounded,andconnotesanimportantcharacterintruemethod.Afactisapropositionofsimple.Atheory,ontheotherhand,iftruehasallthecharacteristicsofafact,exceptthatitsverificationispossibleonlybyindirect,remote,anddifficultmeans.Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification,andthetheorythusacquiresthefullcharacteristicsofafact.25.Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?26.Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.27.Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.28.Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.29.Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.30.Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.问题1选项A.PhilosophyofmathematicsB.TheRecentGrowthinScience.C.TheVerificationofFacts.D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.问题2选项A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiodsB.thatitwasanactofGodC.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethodD.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethod问题3选项A.findoutB.confirmC.announceD.makesure问题4选项A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmationB.restsonthesimplicityoftheformerC.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeksD.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethod问题5选项A.aninductivescienceB.inneedofsimpleverificationC.adeductivescienceD.basedonfactandtheory问题6选项A.ametaphorB.aparadoxC.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethodsD.apun【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:B第4题:A第5题:C第6题:B【解析】25.【选项释义】Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis?最能表达这篇文章观点的题目是？A.Philosophyofmathematics.A.数学的哲学B.TheRecentGrowthinScience.B.科学的最新发展C.TheVerificationofFacts.C.事实的核实D.MethodsofScientificInquiry.D.科学探究的方法【考查点】主旨大意题。【解题思路】1）分析文章行文结构：本文的结构大致为“提出问题——对已有的解释进行分析”。第一段提到“现代哲学家感兴趣的问题，为什么归纳和数学科学，在希腊文明达到顶峰时第一次快速发展（theirfirstrapiddevelopment）之后，两千年来发展缓慢（slowlyfortwothousandyears），以及为什么在接下来的二百年中，自然科学和数学的发展（sovastlyexceeds）大大超过了以前所知道的一切”；第二段否定了解释1——“古人在科学研究中主要采用演绎法（deduction），而现代人则采用归纳法（induction），这种解释过于狭隘（toonarrow），经仔细考察，无法充分（fails）清楚地指出古代和现代科学学说和研究之间明显的对比”；第三段否定了解释2——“没有使用或充分使用这些局部方法中的任何一种，在观察和实验的艺术和资源上的缺陷，在观察中粗心，忽视相关事实，诉诸于实验和观察”；第四段否定了解释3——古人试图通过将“事实”与“理论”或“事实”与“观念”对立来解释这一现象；第五段肯定了第四段中将“事实”与“理论”进行区分的可取之处，即这种区分包含了真正方法的一个重要特征。2）提炼复现词：methods“方法”。综上所述，D选项“科学探究的方法”最适合做本文的标题。【干扰项排除】A选项“数学的哲学”，本文并未提及，属于无中生有；B选项“科学的最新发展”，只是在开头第一段引入问题时被提到，属于背景信息，并不能概括全文，不适合做本文标题，属于本末倒置；C选项“事实的核实”，只是本文第四、五段的 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 ，并不能概括全文，不适合做本文标题，属于本末倒置。26【选项释义】Accordingtotheauthor,onepossiblereasonforthegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimesis____.作者认为，古希腊和现代科学发展的一个可能原因是____。A.thesimilaritybetweenthetwoperiodsA.这两个时期的相似之处B.thatitwasanactofGodB.是上帝的杰作C.thatbothtriedtodeveloptheinductivemethodC.他们都试图发展归纳法D.duetothedeclineofthedeductivemethodD.由于演绎法的衰落【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词thegrowthofscienceduringthedaysoftheancientGreeksandinmoderntimes可定位到本文第1段最后一句，该句说到“或者，我们是否应该把这两个时期的特点归因于所谓的历史偶然性——归因于环境中结合的影响？这种影响，除非以指导我们的上帝的全能和智慧（theomnipotenceandwisdomofaguidingProvidence）来解释，否则是无法解释的。”由此可知，作者认为上帝是一个可能的原因。“God”是“aguidingProvidence”的同义替换。【干扰项排除】A选项“这两个时期的相似之处”，原文并未提及，属于无中生有；C选项“他们都试图发展归纳法”，原文虽然提到了归纳法，但并没有说这两个时期都试图发展归纳法，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“由于演绎法的衰落”，原文虽然提到了演绎法，但并没有说演绎法的衰落，该选项属于无中生有。27.【选项释义】Theunderlinedword“ascertain”inthethirdparagraphprobablymeans____.第三段中划线的单词“ascertain”的意思可能是____。A.findoutA.发现B.confirmB.证实C.announceC.宣布D.makesureD.确保【考查点】词汇推测题。【解题思路】句中前后信息衔接：根据题干关键词thethirdparagraph定位到原文第3段。本段第1句破折号后ascertain所在部分的句意是“无论是古代还是现代，这些都是导致不能____真理/真相的错误。”2）上下文语义衔接：由第一题的解析可得，本文的主题是“科学研究的方法”，第3段第1句破折号前的句子是展开介绍在科学实验中犯的错误，那么此处的truth指的应该是科学真理，由此可知，ascertain是搭配“真理”的动词，“宣布真理”和“确保真理”不能搭配，由此可排除C、D选项；3）分析词汇本身：ascertain中certain是“确实，确信”的意思，因此B选项“证实”更符合题意。【干扰项排除】A、C、D三个选项均不符合原文。28.【选项释义】Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”____.“事实”和“理论”的区别____。A.isthatthelatterneedsconfirmationA.是后者需要证实B.restsonthesimplicityoftheformerB.在于前者的简单性C.isthedifferencebetweenthemodernscientistsandtheancientGreeksC.是现代科学家和古希腊科学家的区别D.helpsustounderstandthedeductivemethodD.帮助我们理解演绎法【考查点】事实细节题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Thedifferencebetween“fact”and“theory”定位到原文最后一段。该段最后两句提到“如果一个理论是正确的，它就具有事实的所有特征，只是它的证实（exceptthatitsverification）只能通过间接的、遥远的和困难的手段。”“将理论转化为事实就是增加了简单的验证（addsimpleverification），从而使理论获得了事实的全部特征。”由此可知，理论得到验证之后就会变成真理，因此，A选项“是后者需要证实”就是“事实”和“理论”的区别。【干扰项排除】B选项“在于前者的简单性”，可定位到原文最后一段第2句，该句说“事实是简单的命题”，原文虽然提到了“事实”很简单，但并没有说这是两者之间的区别，该选项属于无中生有；C选项“是现代科学家和古希腊科学家的区别”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有；D选项“帮助我们理解演绎法”，原文并未提及，该选项属于无中生有。29.【选项释义】Accordingtotheauthor,mathematicsis____.据作者介绍，数学是____。A.aninductivescienceA.归纳科学B.inneedofsimpleverificationB.需要简单的验证C.adeductivescienceC.演绎科学D.basedonfactandtheoryD.以事实和理论为基础【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】原文并未直接介绍数学是什么科学，只在首段引入话题时提到了数学。根据原文第一段第1句“为什么归纳和数学科学（theinductiveandmathematicalsciences），在希腊文明达到顶峰时第一次快速发展之后，两千年来发展缓慢”，由此可知，数学是一种科学，根据作者将归纳科学（inductivescience）与数学（mathematicalscience）并列可推断，作者认为两者非同类的科学，“归纳和演绎”是相对的两种科学方法分类，因此，作者认为数学是一种演绎科学。【干扰项排除】A选项“归纳科学”，根据【解题思路】可排除该选项；B选项“需要简单的验证”，可定位到原文最后一段最后一句，该句提到“理论变成事实需要简单的验证（Toconverttheoriesintofactsistoaddsimpleverification）”，由此可知，该选项表述的是一种科学方法，不是对数学的介绍，属于偷换概念；D选项“以事实和理论为基础”，原文在最后两段提到了“事实和理论”，但并未涉及数学，该选项属于无中生有。30.【选项释义】Thestatement“Theoriesarefacts”maybecalled____.“理论就是事实”这句话可以叫作____。A.ametaphorA.比喻（暗喻）B.aparadoxB.悖论C.anappraisaloftheinductiveanddeductivemethodsC.对归纳和演绎方法的赞美D.apunD.双关【考查点】推理判断题。【解题思路】根据题干关键词Theories和facts定位到原文最后两段。倒数第2段第2句提到“事实和理论不是完全对立的（theantithesisisnotcomplete）”，后一句又说“事实和理论不是协调的类别（notcoordinatespecies）”由此可知，事实和理论不是完全对立又不是完全统一的。第4段最后一句说到“如果理论是正确的（Theories,iftrue），那么它就是一类特定的事实（aparticularclassoffacts）”，由此可知，正确的理论是事实，错误的理论不是事实。因此题干中“理论就是事实”的表述是B选项“悖论”。（注：悖论是“如果其中一部分是正确的，那么另一部分就不可能是正确的”的陈述。）【干扰项排除】A、C、D三个选项均没有依据，属于无中生有。14.单选题 Stanleywas（）bywhatIhadsaidandwhenIrealizedthis,Iapologizedtohimforbeingsotactless.问题1选项A.woundedB.frustratedC.resentedD.offended【答案】D【解析】动词词义辨析。Wound“伤害，使受伤”；frustrate“挫败，阻挠”；resent“怨恨，愤恨”；offend“冒犯”。句意：斯坦利对我的话感到了被冒犯，当我意识到这一点，我为我的不得体向他道歉。15.单选题Everybodylikeshim.Heisvery（ ）withallhiscolleagues. 问题1选项A.popularB.familiarC.closeD.vulgar【答案】A【解析】根据句意可知，大家都很喜欢他，说明他很受欢迎。选项A最符合语境。16.不定项选择题FewpeoplewoulddefendtheVictorianattitudetochildren,butifyouwereaparentinthosedays,atleastyouknewwhereyoustood:childrenweretobeseenandnotheard.Freudandcompanydidawaywithallthatandparentshavebeen（71）eversince.Thechild’shappinessisall-important,thepsychologistssay,（72）whatabouttheparents’happiness?Parentssufferconstantlyfromfearandguiltwhiletheirchildren（73）rompaboutpullingtheplaceapart.Agoodold-fashionedspankingisoutofthe（74）;nomodernchild-rearing（75）wouldpermitsuchbarbarity.Thetroubleisyouarenotallowed（76）toshout.Whoknowswhatdeep（77）woundsyoumightinflict?Thepoorchildmayneverrecoverfromthedreadfultraumatic（78）.Soitisthatparent’s（79）toavoidgivingtheirchildrencomplexes（80）ahundredyearsagowasn’tevenheardof.Certainlyachildneedslove,andalotofit.Buttheexcessive（81）ofmodernparentsissurelydoingmoreharmthangood.Psychologistshavesucceededin（82）parents’confidenceintheirownauthority.Andithasn’ttakenchildrenlongtogetwindofthefact.（83）thegreatmodernclassicsonchildcare,therearecountlessarticlesinmagazinesandnewspapers.Withsomuchunsolicited（84）flyingabout,mumanddadjustdon’tknowwhattodoanymore.Intheend,theydonothingatall.So,fromearlychildhood,thekidsareinchargeandparents’livesare（85）accordingtotheneedsoftheiroffspring.Whenthelittledearsdevelopinto（86）,theytakecompletecontrol.Laxauthorityovertheyearsmakesadolescent（87）againstparentsallthemoreviolent.Iftheyoungpeoplearegoingtohaveaparty,（88）,parentsareaskedtoleavethehouse.Theirpresencemerely（89）thefun.Whatelsecanthepoorparentsdobut（90）?问题1选项A.relaxedB.thrilledC.bewilderedD.inspired问题2选项A.soB.butC.andD.or问题3选项A.pleasantlyB.enthusiastically