Prep2012_Pack1_RC(题目)(1)

PREP2012PACK1阅读部分不带解释付答案共75 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 PREP2012-Pack1-RC-001Themodernmultinationalcorporationisdescribedashavingoriginatedwhentheowner-managersofnineteenth-centuryBritishfirmscarryingoninternationaltradewerereplacedbyteamsofsalariedmanagersorganizedintohierarchies.Increasesinthevolumeoftransactionsinsuchfirmsarecommonlybelievedtohavenecessitatedthisstructuralchange.Nineteenth-centuryinventionsthesteamshipandthetelegraph,byfacilitatingcoordinationofmanagerialactivities,aredescribedaskeyfactors.Sixteenth-andseventeenth-centurycharteredtradingcompanies,despitetheinternationalscopeoftheiractivities,areusuallyconsideredirrelevanttothisdiscussion:thevolumeoftheirtransactionsisassumedtohavebeentoolowandthecommunicationsandtransportoftheirdaytooprimitivetomakecomparisonswithmodernmultinationalsinteresting.Inreality,however,earlytradingcompaniessuccessfullypurchasedandoutfittedships,builtandoperatedofficesandwarehouses,manufacturedtradegoodsforuseabroad,maintainedtradingpostsandproductionfacilitiesoverseas,procuredgoodsforimport,andsoldthosegoodsbothathomeandinothercountries.Thelargevolumeoftransactionsassociatedwiththeseactivitiesseemstohavenecessitatedhierarchicalmanagementstructureswellbeforetheadventofmoderncommunicationsandtransportation.Forexample,intheHudson'sBayCompany,eachtradingoutpostwasmanagedbyasalariedagent,whocarriedoutthetradewiththeNativeAmericans,managedday-to-dayoperations,andoversawthepost'sworkersandservants.Onechiefagent,answerabletotheCourtofDirectorsinLondonthroughthecorrespondencecommittee,wasappointedwithcontroloveralloftheagentsonthebay.Theearlytradingcompaniesdiddifferstrikinglyfrommodernmultinationalsinmanyrespects.Theydependedheavilyonthenationalgovernmentsoftheirhomecountriesandthuscharacteristicallyactedabroadtopromotenationalinterests.Theirtopmanagersweretypicallyownerswithasubstantialminorityshare,whereasseniormanagers’holdingsinmodernmultinationalsareusuallyinsignificant.Theyoperatedinapreindustrialworld,graftingasystemofcapitalistinternationaltradeontoapre-modernsystemofartisanandpeasantproduction.Despitethesedifferences,however,earlytradingcompaniesorganizedeffectivelyinremarkablymodernwaysandmeritfurtherstudyasanaloguesofmoremodernstructures.PREP2012-Pack1-RC-001-01 VRC00009-01 MediumTheauthor'smainpointisthatA. modernmultinationalsoriginatedinthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturieswiththeestablishmentofcharteredtradingcompaniesB. thesuccessofearlycharteredtradingcompanies,likethatofmodernmultinationals,dependedprimarilyontheirabilitytocarryoutcomplexoperationsC. earlycharteredtradingcompaniesshouldbemoreseriouslyconsideredbyscholarsstudyingtheoriginsofmodernmultinationalsD. scholarsarequitemistakenconcerningtheoriginsofmodernmultinationalsE. themanagementstructuresofearlycharteredtradingcompaniesarefundamentallythesameasthoseofmodernmultinationalsA. PREP2012-Pack1-RC-001-02 VRC00009-02 MediumItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorwouldcharacterizetheactivitiesengagedinbyearlycharteredtradingcompaniesasbeingA. complexenoughinscopetorequireasubstantialamountofplanningandcoordinationonthepartofmanagementB. toosimpletobeconsideredsimilartothoseofamodernmultinationalcorporationC. asintricateasthosecarriedoutbythelargestmultinationalcorporationstodayD. oftenunprofitableduetoslowcommunicationsandunreliablemeansoftransportationE. hamperedbythepoliticaldemandsimposedonthembythegovernmentsoftheirhomecountriesPREP2012-Pack1-RC-001-03 VRC00009-03 HardTheauthorthevariousactivitiesofearlycharteredtradingcompaniesinordertoA. analyzethevariouswaysinwhichtheseactivitiescontributedtochangesinmanagementstructureinsuchcompaniesB. demonstratethatthevolumeofbusinesstransactionsofsuchcompaniesexceededthatofearlierfirmsC. refutetheviewthatthevolumeofbusinessundertakenbysuchcompanieswasrelativelylowD. emphasizetheinternationalscopeofthesecompanies‘operationsE. supporttheargumentthatsuchfirmscoordinatedsuchactivitiesbyusingavailablemeansofcommunicationandtransportPREP2012-Pack1-RC-001-04 VRC00009-04 MediumWithwhichofthefollowinggeneralizationsregardingmanagementstructureswouldtheauthorofthepassagemostprobablyagree?A. Hierarchicalmanagementstructuresarethemostefficientmanagementstructurespossibleinamoderncontext.B. Firmsthatroutinelyhaveahighvolumeofbusinesstransactionsfinditnecessarytoadopthierarchicalmanagementstructures.C. Hierarchicalmanagementstructurescannotbesuccessfullyimplementedwithoutmoderncommunicationsandtransportation.D. Modernmultinationalfirmswitharelativelysmallvolumeofbusinesstransactionsusuallydonothavehierarchicallyorganizedmanagementstructures.E. Companiesthatadopthierarchicalmanagementstructuresusuallydosoinordertofacilitateexpansionintoforeigntrade.PREP2012-Pack1-RC-001-05 VRC00009-05 MediumThepassagesuggeststhatmodernmultinationalsdifferfromearlycharteredtradingcompaniesinthatA. thetopmanagersofmodernmultinationalsownstockintheirowncompaniesratherthansimplyreceivingasalaryB. modernmultinationalsdependonasystemofcapitalistinternationaltraderatherthanonlessmoderntradingsystemsC. modernmultinationalshaveoperationsinanumberofdifferentforeigncountriesratherthanmerelyinoneortwoD. theoperationsofmodernmultinationalsarehighlyprofitabledespitethemorestringentenvironmentalandsafetyregulationsofmoderngovernmentsE. theoverseasoperationsofmodernmultinationalsarenotgovernedbythenationalinterestsoftheirhomecountriesPREP2012-Pack1-RC-002Ameteorstreamiscomposedofdustparticlesthathavebeenejectedfromaparentcometatavarietyofvelocities.Theseparticlesfollowthesameorbitastheparentcomet,butduetotheirdifferingvelocitiestheyslowlygainonorfallbehindthedisintegratingcometuntilashroudofdustsurroundstheentirecometaryorbit.Astronomershavehypothesizedthatameteorstreamshouldbroadenwithtimeasthedustparticles’individualorbitsareperturbedbyplanetarygravitationalfields.Arecentcomputer-modelingexperimenttestedthishypothesisbytrackingtheinfluenceofplanetarygravitationoveraprojected5,000-yearperiodonthepositionofagroupofhypotheticaldustparticles.Inthemodel,theparticleswererandomlydistributedthroughoutacomputersimulationoftheorbitofanactualmeteorstream,theGeminid.Theresearcherfound,asexpected,thatthecomputer-modelstreambroadenedwithtime.Conventionaltheories,however,predictedthatthedistributionofparticleswouldbeincreasinglydensetowardthecenterofameteorstream.Surprisingly,thecomputer-modelmeteorstreamgraduallycametoresembleathick-walled,hollowpipe.WhenevertheEarthpassesthroughameteorstream,ameteorshoweroccurs.Movingatover1,500,000milesperdayarounditsorbit,theEarthwouldtake,onaverage,justoveradaytocrossthehollow,computer-modelGeminidstreamifthestreamwere5,000yearsold.Twobriefperiodsofpeakmeteoractivityduringtheshowerwouldbeobserved,oneastheEarthenteredthethick-walled“pipe"andoneasitexited.ThereisnoreasonwhytheEarthshouldalwayspassthroughthestream'sexactcenter,sothetimeintervalbetweenthetwoburstsofactivitywouldvaryfromoneyeartothenext.Hasthepredictedtwin-peakedactivitybeenobservedfortheactualyearlyGeminidmeteorshower?TheGeminiddatabetween1970and1979showjustsuchabifurcation,asecondaryburstofmeteoractivitybeingclearlyvisibleatanaverageof19hours(1,200,000miles)afterthefirstburst.ThetimeintervalsbetweentheburstssuggesttheactualGeminidstreamisabout3,000yearsold.PREP2012-Pack1-RC-002-01 VRC07544-01 HardTheauthorstatesthattheresearchdescribedinthefirstparagraphwasundertakeninordertoA. determinetheageofanactualmeteorstreamB. dentifythevariousstructuralfeaturesofmeteorstreamsC. explorethenatureofaparticularlyinterestingmeteorstreamD. testthehypothesisthatmeteorstreamsbecomebroaderastheyageE. showthatacomputermodelcouldhelpinexplainingactualastronomicaldataPREP2012-Pack1-RC-002-02 VRC07544-02 HardItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeobservedduringtheEarth'spassagethroughameteorstreamiftheconventionaltheoriesmentionedinthehighlightedtextwerecorrect?A. Meteoractivitywouldgraduallyincreasetoasingle,intensepeak,andthengraduallydecline.B. Meteoractivitywouldbesteadythroughouttheperiodofthemeteorshower.C. Meteoractivitywouldrisetoapeakatthebeginningandattheendofthemeteorshower.D. Randomburstsofveryhighmeteoractivitywouldbeinterspersedwithperiodsofveryactivity.E. InyearsinwhichtheEarthpassedthroughonlytheouterareasofameteorstream,meteoractivitywouldbeabsent.PREP2012-Pack1-RC-002-03 VRC07544-03 HardAccordingtothepassage,whydothedustparticlesinameteorstreameventuallysurroundacomet'soriginalorbit?A. Theyareejectedbythecometatdifferingvelocities.B. Theirorbitsareuncontrolledbyplanetarygravitationalfields.C. Theybecomepartofthemeteorstreamatdifferenttimes.D. Theirvelocityslowsovertime.E. Theirejectionvelocityisslowerthanthatofthecomet.PREP2012-Pack1-RC-002-04 VRC07544-04 HardThepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingisapredictionconcerningmeteorstreamsthatcanbederivedfromboththeconventionaltheoriesmentionedinthehighlightedtextandthenewcomputerderivedtheory?A. Dustparticlesinameteorstreamwillusuallybedistributedevenlythroughoutanycrosssectionofthestream.B. TheorbitsofmostmeteorstreamsshouldcrosstheorbitoftheEarthatsomepointandgiverisetoameteorshower.A. C. Overtimethedistributionofdustinameteorstreamwillusuallybecomedenserattheoutsideedgesofthestreamthanatthecenter.D. Meteorshowerscausedbyoldermeteorstreamsshouldbe,onaverage,longerindurationthanthosecausedbyveryyoungmeteorstreams.E. Theindividualdustparticlesinoldermeteorstreamsshouldbe,onaverage,smallerthanthosethatcomposeyoungermeteorstreams.PREP2012-Pack1-RC-002-05 VRC07544-05 MediumWhichofthefollowingisanassumptionunderlyingthelastsentenceofthepassage?A. Ineachoftheyearsbetween1970and1979,theEarthtookexactly19hourstocrosstheGeminidmeteorstream.B. ThecometassociatedwiththeGeminidmeteorstreamhastotallydisintegrated.C. TheGeminidmeteorstreamshouldcontinuetoexistforatleast5,000years.D. TheGeminidmeteorstreamhasnotbroadenedasrapidlyastheconventionaltheorieswouldhavepredicted.E. Thecomputer—modelGeminidmeteorstreamprovidesanaccuraterepresentationofthedevelopmentoftheactualGeminidstream.PREP2012-Pack1-RC-003TworecentpublicationsofferdifferentassessmentsofthecareerofthefamousBritishnurseFlorenceNightingale.AbookbyAnneSummersseekstodebunktheidealizationsandpresentarealityatoddswithNightingale'sheroicreputation.AccordingtoSummers,Nightingale'simportanceduringtheCrimeanWarhasbeenexaggerated:notuntilnearthewar'senddidshebecomesupervisorofthefemalenurses.Additionally,Summerswritesthatthecontributionofthenursestothereliefofthewoundedwasatbestmarginal.Theprevailingproblemsofmilitarymedicinewerecausedbyarmyorganizationalpractices,andtheadditionofafewnursestothemedicalstaffcouldbenomorethansymbolic.Nightingale’splaceinthenationalpantheon,Summersasserts,islargelyduetothepropagandisticeffortsofcontemporarynewspaperreporters.Bycontrast,theeditorsofanewvolumeofNightingale'slettersviewNightingaleasapersonwhosignificantlyinfluencednotonlyherownagebutalsosubsequentgenerations.Theyhighlightherongoingeffortstoreformsanitaryconditionsafterthewar.Forexample,whenshelearnedthatpeacetimelivingconditionsinBritishbarracksweresohorriblethatthedeathrateofenlistedmenfarexceededthatofneighboringcivilianpopulations,shesucceededinpersuadingthegovernmenttoestablishaRoyalCommissionontheHealthoftheArmy.Sheusedsumsraisedthroughpubliccontributionstofoundanurses’traininghospitalinLondon.Eveninadministrativematters,theeditorsassert,herpracticalintelligencewasformidable:asrecentlyas1947theBritishArmy'smedicalserviceswerestillusingthecost-accountingsystemshehaddevisedinthe1860's.IbelievethattheevidenceofherletterssupportscontinuedrespectforNightingale'sbrillianceandcreativity.Whencounselingavillageschoolmastertoencouragechildrentousetheirfacultiesofobservation,shesoundslikeamoderneducator.Herinsistenceonclassifyingtheproblemsoftheneedyinordertodeviseappropriatetreatmentsissimilartotheapproachofmodernsocialworkers.Insum,althoughNightingalemaynothaveachievedallofhergoalsduringtheCrimeanWar,herbreadthofvisionandabilitytorealizeambitiousprojectshaveearnedheraneminentplaceamongtheranksofsocialpioneers.PREP2012-Pack1-RC-003-01 VRC07619-01 MediumThepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithevaluatingA. theimportanceofFlorenceNightingale'sinnovationsinthefieldofnursingB. contrastingapproachestothewritingofhistoricalbiographyC. contradictoryaccountsofFlorenceNightingale’shistoricalsignificanceD. thequalityofhealthcareinnineteenthcenturyEnglandE. theeffectoftheCrimeanWarondevelopmentsinthefieldofhealthcarePREP2012-Pack1-RC-003-02 VRC07619-02 HardAccordingtothepassage,theeditorsofNightingale’sletterscreditherwithcontributingtowhichofthefollowing?A. ImprovementofthesurvivalrateforsoldiersinBritishArmyhospitalsduringtheCrimeanWarB. Thedevelopmentofanurses’trainingcurriculumthatwasfarinadvanceofitsdayC. TheincreaseinthenumberofwomendoctorspracticinginBritishArmyhospitalsD. EstablishmentofthefirstfacilityfortrainingnursesatamajorBritishuniversityE. ThecreationofanorganizationformonitoringthepeacetimeIrvingconditionsofBritishsoldiersPREP2012-Pack1-RC-003-03 VRC07619-03 EasyThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutNightingale’srelationshipwiththeBritishpublicofherday?A. Shewashighlyrespected,herprojectsreceivingpopularandgovernmentalsupport.B. Sheencounteredresistancebothfromthearmyestablishmentandthegeneralpublic.C. Shewassupportedbytheworkingclassesandopposedbythewealthierclasses.D. Shewassupportedbythemilitaryestablishmentbuthadtofightthegovernmentalbureaucrat.E. Afterinitiallybeingreceivedwithenthusiasm,shewasquicklyforgotten.PREP2012-Pack1-RC-003-04 VRC07619-04 EasyWithwhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingthedifferinginterpretationsofNightingale’simportancewouldtheauthormostA. SummersmisunderstoodboththeimportanceofNightingale'sachievementsduringtheCrimeanWarandhersubsequentinfluenceonBritishpolicy.B. TheeditorsofNightingale’slettersmadesomevalidpointsaboutherpracticalachievements,buttheystillexaggeratedherinfluenceonsubsequentgenerations.C. AlthoughSummers’accountofNightingale’sroleintheCrimeanWarmaybeaccurate;sheignoredevidenceofNightingale’ssubsequentachievementthatsuggeststhatherreputationasaneminentsocialreformeriswelldeserved.D. TheeditorsofNightingale'slettersmistakenlypropagatedtheoutdatedidealizationofNightingalethatonlyimpedesattemptstoarriveatabalancedassessmentofhertruerole.E. TheevidenceofNightingale'sLetterssupportsSummers’conclusionsbothaboutNightingale’sactivitiesandaboutherinfluence.PREP2012-Pack1-RC-003-05 VRC07619-05 MediumInthelastparagraph,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwithA. summarizingtheargumentsaboutNightingalepresentedinthefirsttwoparagraphsB. refutingtheviewofNightingale'scareerpresentedintheprecedingparagraphC. analyzingtheweaknessesoftheevidencepresentedelsewhereinthepassageD. citingevidencetosupportaviewofNightingale’scareerE. correctingafactualerroroccurringinoneoftheworksunderreviewPREP2012-Pack1-RC-004Customerloyaltyprogramsareattemptstobondcustomerstoacompanyanditsproductsandservicesbyofferingincentives—suchasairlinefrequentflyerprogramsorspecialcreditcardswithvaluablebenefits—t0loyalcustomers.Insupportofloyaltyprograms,companiesofteninvokethe“80/20"principle,whichstatesthatabout80percentofrevenuetypicallycomesfromonlyabout20percentofcustomers.However,thisprofitable20percentarenotnecessarilyloyalbuyers,especiallyinthesenseofexclusiveloyalty.Studieshavedemonstratedthatonlyabout10percentofbuyersformanytypesoffrequentlypurchasedconsumergoodsare100percentloyaltoaparticularbrandoveraone-yearperiod.Moreover,100-percent-loyalbuyerstendtobelightbuyersoftheproductorservice.“Dividedloyalty”betterdescribesactualconsumerbehavior,sincecustomerstypicallyvarythebrandstheybuy.Thereasonsforthisbehaviorarefairlystraightforward:peoplebuydifferentbrandsfordifferentoccasionsorforvariety,orabrandmaybetheonlyoneinstockormayofferbettervaluebecauseofaspecialdeal.Mostbuyerswhochangebrandsarenotlostforever;usually,theyareheavyconsumerswhosimplyprefertobuyanumberofbrands.Suchmultibandloyaltymeansthatonecompany'smostprofitablecustomerswillprobablybeitscompetitors’mostprofitablecustomersaswell.Still,advocatesofloyaltyprogramscontendthatsuchprogramsarebeneficialbecausethecostsofservinghighlyloyalcustomersarelower,andbecausesuchloyalcustomersarelesspricesensitivethanothercustomers.Itistruethatwhentherearestart-upcosts,suchascreditchecks,involvedinservinganewcustomer,thecostsexceedthoseofservingarepeatcustomer.However,itisnotatallclearwhythecostsofservingahighlyloyalcustomershouldinprinciplebedifferentfromthoseofservinganyothertypeofrepeatcustomer.Thekeyvariablesdrivingcostaresizeandtypeoforder,specialversusstandardorder,andsoon,nothigh-loyaltyversusdivided-loyaltycustomers.Asforpricesensitivity,highlyloyalcustomersmayinfactcometoexpectapricediscountasarewardfortheirloyalty.PREP2012-Pack1-RC-004-01 VRC000108-01 MediumTheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoA. questionthenotionthatcustomerloyaltyprogramsarebeneficialB. examinethereasonswhymanycustomersbuymultiplebrandsofproductsC. proposesomepossiblealternativestocustomerloyaltyprogramsD. demonstratethatmostcustomersarenotcompletelyloyaltoanyonebrandofproductorserviceE. comparethebenefitsofcustomerloyaltyprogramswiththoseofothertypesofpurchaseincentiveprogramsPREP2012-Pack1-RC-004-02 VRC000108-02 EasyThepassagementionseachofthefollowingasapotentialreasonforcustomers’dividedloyaltyEXCEPTA. aparticularbrandmaybetheonlyoneavailableB. aparticularbrandmaybeofferedatadiscountC. customerswilloftenbuymultiplebrandsoutofadesireforvarietyD. customerswilloftenbuyanunfamiliarbrandwhenitisnewonthemarketE. customerswilloftenbuycertainbrandsforcertainoccasionsPREP2012-Pack1-RC-004-03 VRC000108-03 EasyAccordingtothepassage,advocatesofcustomerloyaltyprogramsclaimwhichofthefollowingabouthighlyloyalcustomers?A. Theyoftenexpectpricediscountsasarewardfortheirloyaltytoaproduct.B. Theycanbeservedatlowerexpensetoacompanythancannonloyalcustomers.C. Theytendtobelightbutpredictablebuyersoftheproductorserviceinquestion.D. Theyaretotryoutnewbrandsorproductsthatappearonthemarket.E. Theyaredifficulttodifferentiatestatisticallyfromothertypesofrepeatcustomers.PREP2012-Pack1-RC-004-04 VRC000108-04 EasyThepassagesuggeststhatcompaniesthatinvokethe“80/20"principleinsupportofcustomerloyaltyprogramswhichofthefollowingA. Awell-designedcustomerloyaltyprogramcanincreasethenumberofacompany'sloyalcustomersbyasmuchas80percent.B. About20percentofanygivencompany'smostprofitablecustomersarelikelytobeitscompetitors’mostprofitablecustomersaswell.C. Itisunreasonabletoexpectmorethan20percentofcustomerstobe100percentloyaltoanyparticularbrandofproduct.D. Even“loyal”customerscannotreasonablybeexpectedtosticktooneparticularbrandofproductmorethan80percentofthetime.E. Arelativelysmallnumberofloyalcustomersisresponsibleforabout80percentofacompany'sprofits.PREP2012-Pack1-RC-004-05 VRC000108-05 MediumThesecondparagraphfunctionsprimarilytoA. proposesolutionstocertainproblemsinherentincustomerloyaltyprogramsB. emphasizecertainrisksinherentincustomerloyaltyprogramsC. addresscertaincontentionsputforthbyadvocatesofcustomerloyaltyprogramsD. defendcertainspecificaspectsofcustomerloyaltyprogramsagainstcriticismE. reconcilecompetingviewpointsregardingtheofcustomerloyaltyprogramsPREP2012-Pack1-RC-004-06 VRC000108-07 MediumTheauthorofthepassagesuggeststhatwhichofthefollowingismostlikelytobetrueofacustomerwhoisexclusivelyloyaltoaparticularbrandofproduct?A. Thecustomerprobablybeganbuyingthatbrandofproductonlywithinthepastyear.B. Thecustomerisprobablyamongthemostprofitablecustomersforthecompanythatmanufacturesthatbrandofproduct.C. Thecustomerisprobablynotaheavyconsumerofthatparticulartypeofproduct.D. Thecustomerisprobablyaloyalcustomerwhenpurchasingothertypesofproductsaswell.E. Thecustomerprobablysamplednumerousbrandsofthattypeofproductbeforebecomingloyaltoaparticularbrand.PREP2012-Pack1-RC-005Manymanagersareinfluencedbydangerousmythsaboutpaythatleadtocounterproductivedecisionsabouthowtheircom