首页 (精心整理)Three days to See 英文翻译

(精心整理)Three days to See 英文翻译

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(精心整理)Three days to See 英文翻译参考译文1.课文一(​http:​/​​/​www.thnu.edu.cn​/​data​/​ce​/​er​/​4​/​KECHENX​/​BOOK4​/​UNIT2​/​2reference.htm"\l"Text1#Text1​)2.课文二(​http:​/​​/​www.thnu.edu.cn​/​data​/​ce​/​er​/​4​/​KECHENX​/​BOOK4​/​UNIT2​/​2reference.htm"\l"Text2#Text2​) Text1ThreeDaystoSeebyHelenK...

(精心整理)Three days to See 英文翻译
参考译文1.课文一(​http:​/​​/​www.thnu.edu.cn​/​data​/​ce​/​er​/​4​/​KECHENX​/​BOOK4​/​UNIT2​/​2reference.htm"\l"Text1#Text1​)2.课文二(​http:​/​​/​www.thnu.edu.cn​/​data​/​ce​/​er​/​4​/​KECHENX​/​BOOK4​/​UNIT2​/​2reference.htm"\l"Text2#Text2​) Text1ThreeDaystoSeebyHelenKellerHelenKeller,blindanddeaffrominfancy,becameasuccessfullecturer,authorandeducatorwiththehelpofherteacher.Inthefollowingessay,shediscussedhowpeopleshouldvaluetheirabilitytosee.Allofushavereadthrillingstoriesinwhichtheherohadonlyalimitedandspecifiedtimetolive.Sometimesitwasaslongasayear;sometimesasshortastwenty-fourhours.Butalwayswewereinterestedindiscoveringjusthowthedoomedmanchosetospendhislastdaysorhislasthours.Ispeak,ofcourse,offreemenwhohaveachoice,notcondemnedcriminalswhosesphereofactivitiesisstrictlydelimited.Suchstoriessetusthinking,wonderingwhatweshoulddoundersimilarcircumstances.Whatevents,whatexperiences,whatassociationsshouldwecrowdintothoselasthoursasmortalbeings?Whathappinessshouldwefindinreviewingthepast,whatregrets?SometimesIhavethoughtitwouldbeanexcellentruletoliveeachdayasifweshoulddietomorrow.Suchanattitudewouldemphasizesharplythevaluesoflife.Weshouldliveeachdaywithagentleness,avigor,andakeennessofappreciationwhichareoftenlostwhentimestretchesbeforeusintheconstantpanoramaofmoredaysandmonthsandyearstocome.Therearethose,ofcourse,whowouldadopttheEpicureanmottoof“Eat,drink,andbemerry;”butmostpeoplewouldbechastenedbythecertaintyofimpendingdeath.Instories,thedoomedheroisusuallysavedatthelastminutebysomestrokeoffortune,butalmostalwayshissenseofvaluesischanged.Hebecomesmoreappreciativeofthemeaningoflifeanditspermanentspiritualvalues.Ithasoftenbeennotedthatthosewholive,orhavelived,intheshadowofdeathbringamellowsweetnesstoeverythingtheydo. 课文一假如我有三天光明海伦·凯勒   海伦·凯勒自幼就又盲又聋,在老师的帮助下成为一名成功的讲师、作家及教育家。在这篇文章里,海伦·凯勒讨论了人们应该怎样珍惜自己的视觉能力   我们大家都读过这样一些惊心动魄的 故事 滥竽充数故事班主任管理故事5分钟二年级语文看图讲故事传统美德小故事50字120个国学经典故事ppt ,故事中的主人公能活的时间有限而具体,或长达一年,或短至24小时。但是我们总是感兴趣的是,行将死亡的人究竟愿意怎样度过他的最后时光。当然,我说的是能进行选择的自由人,而不是活动范围受到严格限制的囚犯。    这些故事启迪我们思考,诱发我们想象,当我们处于此类情况时,该怎么做呢?作为常人,我们在最后的时刻会急于想干些什么,体验些什么,联想些什么呢?回首往事时,我们又能领略到何种快慰,何种悔恨呢?    有时我想,如果我们度过每一天时都假定明天即将去世,这会是个极好的准则。这样的处世态度会强烈地突出生命的价值。我们会亲切地、朝气蓬勃地、感受强烈地来度过每一天,而这一切却往往在日复一日延续的时光与岁月之中消失。当然,有些人会奉行享乐主义“吃喝玩乐”的信条,但是大多数人则会因死亡就在眼前而使心灵得到净化。   在故事中,那死神呼唤的主人公通常在最后时刻交上好运而获得拯救,但他的价值观几乎总是发生了变化。他更加珍视生命的意义及其永恒而神圣的价值。人们常常注意到,那些生活在或者曾经生活在死亡的阴影下的人,对他们所做的每一件事都赋予甜美的色彩。Mostofus,however,takelifeforgranted.Weknowthatonedaywemustdie,butusuallywepicturethatdayasfarinthefuture.Whenweareinbuoyanthealth,deathisallbutunimaginable.Weseldomthinkofit.Thedaysstretchoutinanendlessvista.Sowegoaboutourpettytasks,hardlyawareofourlistlessattitudetowardlife.Thesamelethargy,Iamafraid,characterizestheuseofallourfacultiesandsenses.Onlythedeafappreciatehearing,onlytheblindrealizethemanifoldblessingsthatlieinsight.Particularlydoesthisobservationapplytothosewhohavelostsightandhearinginadultlife.Butthosewhohaveneversufferedimpairmentofsightorhearingseldommakethefullestuseoftheseblessedfaculties.Theireyesandearstakeinallsightsandsoundshazily,withoutconcentration,andwithlittleappreciation.Itisthesameoldstoryofnotbeinggratefulforwhatwehaveuntilweloseit,ofnotbeingconsciousofhealthuntilweareill.Ihaveoftenthoughtitwouldbeablessingifeachhumanbeingwerestrickenblindanddeafforafewdaysatsometimeduringhisearlyadultlife.Darknesswouldmakehimmoreappreciativeofsight;silencewouldteachhimthejoysofsound.NowandthenIhavetestedmyseeingfriendstodiscoverwhattheysee.RecentlyIwasvisitedbyaverygoodfriendwhohadjustreturnedfromalongwalkinthewoods,andIaskedherwhatshehadobserved.“Nothinginparticular,”shereplied.ImighthavebeenincreduloushadInotbeenaccustomedtosuchresponses,forlongagoIbecameconvincedthattheseeingseelittle.Howwasitpossible,Iaskedmyself,towalkforanhourthroughthewoodsandseenothingworthyofnote?Iwhocannotseefindhundredsofthingstointerestmethroughmeretouch.Ifeelthedelicatesymmetryofaleaf.Ipassmyhandslovinglyaboutthesmoothskinofasilverbirch,ortheroughshaggybarkofapine.InspringItouchthebranchesoftreeshopefullyinsearchofabud,thefirstsignofawakeningNatureafterherwinter'ssleep.Ifeelthedelightful,velvetytextureofaflower,anddiscoveritsremarkableconvolutions;andsomethingofthemiracleofNatureisrevealedtome.Occasionally,ifIamveryfortunate,Iplacemyhandgentlyonasmalltreeandfeelthehappyquiverofabirdinfullsong.Iamdelightedtohavethecoolwaterofabrookrushthroughmyopenfingers.TomealushcarpetofpineneedlesorspongygrassismorewelcomethanthemostluxuriousPersianrug.Tomethepageantofseasonsisathrillingandunendingdrama,theactionofwhichstreamsthroughmyfingertips.   然而,我们中间大多数人则把生命视为理所当然。我们知道,总有一天我们会死去,但通常我们又把那一天想象为遥远的未来。当我们身体健康时,死亡是件难以想象的事,我们几乎不会想到它。岁月无穷,因此我们忙于种种琐事,几乎意识不到我们漠然的生活态度。    我们在使用感觉功能时,恐怕也持同样的冷漠态度。只有聋者才知道听觉的重要,只有盲人才理解视觉给人带来的各种恩赐。这一观点特别适用于那些在成年后才丧失视觉和听觉的人。而那些视觉和听觉从未受到损害的人,则很少充分利用这些神圣的官能。他们的眼睛和耳朵模糊地、漫不经心地、不加欣赏地纳入所有的景象和声音。还是那句老话:东西丢失后方知珍贵,直到生病时才思健康。      我常常想,如果每个人在刚成年时某个时候能失明或失聪几天,这或许将是件喜事。黑暗将使他更加珍视景象;而寂静则将教他领略声音的欢乐。   我不时考一考我的有视力的朋友,以了解他们看到了什么。最近一位好朋友来看我,她是在林中溜达了好一会儿才回来的,我问她观察到了些什么。“没什么特别的东西,”她答道。要不是我对类似的反应已习以为常的话,我是会觉得难以置信的。其实,我早已深信:有视力者所见甚少。    我问自己,在林中溜达了一个小时而竟未看到什么值得注意的东西,这怎么可能呢?我这个看不见东西的人,仅凭触摸就发现千百种使我感兴趣的东西。Attimesmyheartcriesoutwithlongingtoseeallthesethings.IfIcangetsomuchpleasurefrommeretouch,howmuchmorebeautymustberevealedbysight.Yet,thosewhohaveeyesapparentlyseelittle.Thepanoramaofcolourandactionwhichfillstheworldistakenforgranted.Itishuman,perhaps,toappreciatelittlethatwhichwehaveandtolongforthatwhichwehavenot,butitisagreatpitythatintheworldoflightthegiftofsightisusedonlyasamereconvenienceratherthanasameansofaddingfullnesstolife.IfIwerethepresidentofauniversityIshouldestablishacompulsorycoursein“HowtoUseYourEyes”.Theprofessorwouldtrytoshowhispupilshowtheycouldaddjoytotheirlivesbyreallyseeingwhatpassesunnoticedbeforethem.Hewouldtrytoawaketheirdormantandsluggishfaculties.Supposeyousetyourmindtoworkontheproblemofhowyouwoulduseyourowneyesifyouhadonlythreemoredaystosee.Ifwiththeoncomingdarknessofthethirdnightyouknewthatthesunwouldneverriseforyouagain,howwouldyouspendthosethreepreciousinterveningdays?Whatwouldyoumostwanttoletyourgazerestupon?I,naturally,shouldwantmosttoseethethingswhichhavebecomedeartomethroughmyyearsofdarkness.You,too,wouldwanttoletyoureyesrestlongonthethingsthathavebecomedeartoyousothatyoucouldtakethememoryofthemwithyouintothenightthatloomedbeforeyou.我感觉到树叶精致的对称。我用手爱抚着光滑的白烨树皮,或是粗糙的松树皮。春天里,我满怀希望地触摸树枝,寻找一个幼芽-大自然经过冬日沉睡重又苏醒的最初征兆。我摸着花朵上那可爱的天鹅绒般的质地,以及它那叠合巧妙的花苞,于是我领略到了某种大自然的神奇。偶尔,如果十分幸运的话,我把手轻轻搭在一棵小树上,能感到一只小鸟儿尽情欢歌的颤动。我非常高兴让清凉的溪水流过我张开的手指。对我来说,那厚密的松针层或茂盛松软的草地比豪华的波斯地毯更惬意;对我来说,四季的变幻多姿宛如一出动人心弦永不尽止的戏剧,它的情节似流水从我指尖缓缓流过。    我的心时时在呼喊,渴望能见到所有这一切。如果我单靠触摸就能获得如此多的乐趣,那么通过视觉则能领略到更多美景!可是,那些视觉完好的人显然所见甚少。大千世界的五光十色与千姿百态被认为是理所当然。对已获得的不以为然,而对未获得的却期盼不已,这一点或许是人类的特性,可是,非常遗憾,在光明的世界里,天赐的视觉只被当作一种单纯的方便,而不是一种使生活日益完美的手段。    如果我是大学校长,我就要开设一门必修课,“如何使用你们的眼睛”。教授应尽力向学生演示,如何做到真正看见那些从他们面前不知不觉溜掉的东西,从而为自己的生活增添快乐。他将尽力唤醒他们那些昏睡懒散的感官。    假定你在开动脑筋研究这一问题:如果你只有三天的视力,你将如何使用你的眼睛呢?如果你知道,当第三天的黑夜来临,太阳就永远不再为你升起,你将如何度过这宝贵的三天呢?你最想让你的目光落在何处?Ishouldwanttoseethepeoplewhosekindnessandgentlenessandcompanionshiphavemademylifeworthliving.FirstIshouldliketogazelonguponthefaceofmydearteacher,Mrs.AnneSullivanMacy,whocametomewhenIwasachildandopenedtheouterworldtome.Ishouldwantnotmerelytoseetheoutlineofherface,sothatIcouldcherishitinmymemory,buttostudythatfaceandfindinitthelivingevidenceofthesympathetictendernessandpatiencewithwhichsheaccomplishedthedifficulttasksofmyeducation.Ishouldliketoseeinhereyesthatstrengthofcharacterwhichhasenabledhertostandfirminthefaceofdifficulties,andthatcompassionforallhumanitywhichshehasrevealedtomesooften.Idonotknowwhatitistoseeintotheheartofafriendthroughthat“windowofthesoul”,theeye.Icanonly“see”throughmyfingertipstheoutlineofaface.Icandetectlaughter,sorrow,andmanyotherobviousemotions.Iknowmyfriendsfromthefeeloftheirfaces.ButIcannotreallypicturetheirpersonalitiesbytouch.Iknowtheirpersonalities,ofcourse,throughothermeans,throughthethoughtstheyexpresstome,throughwhateveroftheiractionsarerevealedtome.ButIamdeniedthatdeeperunderstandingofthemwhichIamsurewouldcomethroughsightofthemthroughwatchingtheirreactionstovariousexpressedthoughtsandcircumstances,throughnotingtheimmediateandfleetingreactionsoftheireyesandcountenance.FriendswhoareneartomeIknowwell,becausethroughthemonthsandyearstheyrevealthemselvestomeinalltheirphases;butofcausalfriendsIhaveonlyanincompleteimpression,animpressiongainedfromahandclasp,fromspokenwordswhichItakefromtheirlipswithmyfingertips,orwhichtheytapintothepalmofmyhand.   我当然最愿意看的,是那些在我整个失明岁月里对我已变得亲切的东西。你也会想让你的目光长久地停留在那些对你已变得亲切的东西上,这样你就可以把对它们的记忆带进那悄然而来的漫漫长夜中去。   我要看看那些待我仁慈、温和、友好,从而使我的生活变得有价值的人。首先,我要好好地端详我的恩师安·沙利文·梅丝夫人的脸。她在我年幼的时候就来到我身边,替我打开了外部世界。我不仅想看她的脸形,以便能把它珍藏在我的记忆中,而且还想细细揣摩这脸容,为她那柔情与耐心找到活生生的证据,她正是怀着这种柔情与耐心完成了教育我的艰巨任务。我想在她的眼中看到那种使她坚定地面对各种困难的个性的力量,以及那种经常在我面前流露出来的对全人类的同情心。    我不知道,透过"心灵之窗",即眼睛,来探视一个朋友的心是怎么回事。我只能通过我的指尖来"看"一张脸的轮廓。我能探察到欢笑、忧伤和许多其他明显的感情。我根据触摸脸庞的感觉来辨认朋友,但是我的确不能靠触摸来描绘出他们的个性。当然,我通过其他手段,通过他们向我表达的思想,通过他们向我表现出的行动来了解他们的个性。但是,我无法对他们有更深的理解,因为我确信,要达到这种更深的理解,必须要目视他们,观察他们对各种所表达的思想及情况所作的反应,留意他们眼睛里和脸上那种转瞬即逝的反应。    我熟悉和我亲近的朋友,因为长年累月他们向我显露了自己的各个方面;然而对于偶尔结识的朋友我只有一种不完全的印象,这种印象是仅凭一次握手,一些言语获得的。我用指尖触摸他们的嘴唇,或是靠他们叩击我的手掌而获取这些言语。Howmucheasier,howmuchmoresatisfyingitisforyouwhocanseetograspquicklytheessentialqualitiesofanotherpersonbywatchingthesubtletiesofexpression,thequiverofamuscle,theflutterofahand.Butdoesiteveroccurtoyoutouseyoursighttoseeintotheinnernatureofafriendoracquaintance?Donotmostofyouseeingpeoplegraspcasuallytheoutwardfeaturesofafaceandletitgoatthat?Forinstance,canyoudescribeaccuratelythefacesoffivegoodfriends?Someofyoucan,butmanycannot.Asanexperiment,Ihavequestionedhusbandsoflongstandingaboutthecoloroftheirwives'eyes,andoftentheyexpressembarrassedconfusionandadmitthattheydonotknow.And,incidentally,itisachroniccomplaintofwivesthattheirhusbandsdonotnoticenewdresses,newhats,andchangesinhouseholdarrangements.Theeyesofseeingpersonssoonbecomeaccustomedtotheroutineoftheirsurroundings,andtheyactuallyseeonlythestartlingandspectacular.Buteveninviewingthemostspectacularsightstheeyesarelazy.Courtrecordsrevealeverydayhowinaccurately“eyewitnesses”see.Agiveneventwillbe“seen”inseveraldifferentwaysbyasmanywitnesses.Someseemorethanothers,butfewseeeverythingthatiswithintherangeoftheirvision.Oh,thethingsthatIshouldseeifIhadthepowerofsightforjustthreedays!(1634words)TOP(​http:​/​​/​www.thnu.edu.cn​/​data​/​ce​/​er​/​4​/​KECHENX​/​BOOK4​/​UNIT2​/​2reference.htm"\l"1#1​)    相比之下,你们这些能看见的人,通过观察表情的微妙变化、肌肉的颤动和手的摆动来迅速地把握别人的本质特点,就容易得多,也令人满意得多。但是,你们可曾想到要用自己的视觉去看透一个朋友或熟人的内在性格?你们这些有视觉的人中的大多数,不就是随便看到一张脸的外部特征就到此为止了吗?    举例来说,你能准确地描绘出五个好朋友的脸形吗?你们中有些人可以,但许多人不行。作为试验,我曾向一些结婚多年的丈夫询问过他们妻子眼睛的颜色,但他们常常表现出尴尬困惑,承认不知道。顺便提一下,妻子们老是埋怨丈夫不注意她们的新衣服、新帽子以及房间布置中的变化。    有视觉的人,眼睛很快就习惯了周围的日常事物,因此他实际上只见到一些惊人的、壮观的景象。但是,哪怕是在看最壮观的场面时,他们的眼睛也是懒洋洋的。法院记录天天都表明“目击者”所见是多么地不准确。某一事件可能被几个目击者从几个不同角度“看到”;有些人比别人看得多些,但几乎没有人看到他们视野之内的一切。    哦,如果我能有即使仅仅三天的光明,我将能见到多少我想看到的东西啊!返回(​http:​/​​/​www.thnu.edu.cn​/​data​/​ce​/​er​/​4​/​KECHENX​/​BOOK4​/​UNIT2​/​2reference.htm"\l"1#1​)Text2BeethovenbyAnnePimlottBakerBeethovenarrivedinViennaon10November1792,notyettwenty-twoandeagertobegincompositionlessonswithHaydn.Hefoundhimselfanatticroombuthehadscarcelyhadtimetosettleinbeforehereceivedthenewsthathisfatherhaddiedsuddenly,in课文二贝多芬 安妮·平罗特·贝克   贝多芬于Bonn,on18December.Interestingly,Beethovendidnotmentionhisfather'sdeathinhisdiary,buthewrotetotheElectorpointingoutthathestillneededtosupportandeducatehistwoyoungbrothers.Asaresult,theElectordoubledhissalary.ThesequarterlypaymentscontinueduntilMarch1794,andhisbrothersweresoontofollowhimtoVienna,Carlin1794andJohannattheendof1795.BeethovensoonattractedtheattentionofPrinceCarlLichnowsky,andmovedintohisapartmentsasaguest,remainingthereforabouttwoyears.LichnowskybecameanimportantpatronandBeethovenoftenplayedathisFridaymorningchambermusicconcerts.Lichnowskyretainedhisownstringquartet,ledbyIgnazSchuppanzigh,whowasstillateenagerwhenBeethovenfirstmovedthere.SeveralofBeethoven'scompositionshadtheirfirstperformancesthere,andBeethovenlaterdedicatedhispianosonataop.13,thePathetique,toLichnowsky.BeethovenbeganlessonswithHaydnatonceandthesecontinuedthroughout1793,butheseemstohavefoundthemdisappointing.“Papa”Haydnwasenjoyingenormoussuccessatthistimeandevidentlydevotedverylittleattentiontohispupil.HesetBeethoventoworkoncounterpoint,usingthestandardtextbook,Fux'sGradusadParnassum(1725),butBeethovencomplained(thoughnottoHaydn)thathewasnotmakinganyprogressbecauseHaydnwasmuchtoobusytocorrecttheexercisesproperlyanditseemsthatforthatyearthecomposerJohanSchenksecretlyhelpedBeethovenwiththeexercises,evengoingsofarastogetBeethoventocopyoutanycorrectionsinhisownhandsothatHaydnwouldnotrealizewhatwasgoingon.HaydnwantedBeethoventoput“pupilofHaydn”onthetitlepageofanyworkspublishedduringtheseearlyyearsinVienna,butBeethovenrefused,tellinghisfriendsthatalthoughhehadhadlessonsfromHaydn,hehadlearnednothingfromhim.However,Beethovenkepthisgrievancestohimself,andaccompaniedHaydntoEisenstadt,thesummerresidenceofPrinceNikolausEsterhazy,inthesummerof1793.AccordingtoNeefe,Beethoven'sformerteacherin1792年11月10日抵达维也纳。他年龄还不到22岁,急于向海顿学习作曲。他替自己找了一间阁楼,可几乎还没来得及搬进去,就得知父亲12月18号在波恩突然去世的消息。有趣的是,贝多芬没有在日记中提到父亲的去世,但他给汉诺威选侯去信说,自己仍然需要资助两个弟弟上学;结果选侯把他的薪水增加了一倍,这些按季付的薪水一直延续到1794年,他的两个弟弟卡尔、约翰也分别于1794年、1795年年底先后跟随他来到了维也纳。   贝多芬很快就引起了卡尔·里奇洛乌斯基王子的注意,并且作为座上客搬进了王子的宫殿;他在此度过了两年。里奇洛乌斯基成了主要的资助人,贝多芬经常在他的礼拜五上午室内音乐会上演奏。里奇洛乌斯基有自己的弦乐四重奏乐队,由伊格纳兹·叔番泽领队。当贝多芬搬来时,他还是个少年。贝多芬的几部作品是在那儿首先演奏的,后来贝多芬将钢琴奏鸣曲作品第13号《悲怆》献给了里奇洛乌斯基。      贝多芬立即师从海顿,课程一直延续到1793年,但他似乎发现这些课程令人失望。海顿“爸爸”当时沉浸在巨大成功的喜悦之中,显然很少顾及自己的弟子。他让贝多芬学习复调音乐,采用标准的教材,弗克斯的《艺术津梁》(1725),但贝多芬抱怨自己没有取得任何进步(虽然不是对海顿抱怨),因为海顿太忙,不能恰当地纠正练习中的错误;在这一年,似乎是作曲家约翰·尚克暗中帮助贝多芬进行练习,甚至到了让贝多芬把修改的错误自己抄写出来的地步,这样海顿就不会意识到所发生的事情。在维也纳的头几年,海顿要贝多芬在任何发表作品的头页标上“海顿弟子”,但贝多芬拒绝了。他告诉朋友们,尽管他跟海顿学,其实什么也没学到。然而,贝多芬忍受着委屈,在1793年的夏天,陪海顿来到尼可劳斯·埃斯特海王子在艾森施塔特的避暑住宅;椐贝多芬从前在波恩的老师尼弗说,海顿叫贝多芬陪他去伦敦进行第二次巡回演出,这是为1794年而 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 的,但在这以前,一个令人尴尬的插曲恶化了他们的关系。尽管科隆的选侯在年初就把他的薪水增加了一倍,而且每年还另外送给他500弗罗林作为生活费用,贝多芬仍然觉得手头过紧。1793年他要海顿亲自给选侯写信,海顿指出贝多芬欠了债,不得不向他借钱,并且要选侯增加贝多芬的薪水;他附上5首曲子,并报告说,他的学生自从来到维也纳后取得了很大的进步,他预言贝多芬将成为欧洲最伟大的作曲家之一。可事实上,这5首曲子中,只有一首是在维也纳作的——其它几首是他修订的在波恩时写的演奏作品。选侯意识到这一情况,冷冷地答道,“我十分怀疑,他目前是否真的在作曲方面取得了重大进步,而且我担心,他会象第一次去维也纳那样,除了债务外什么也不会带回来。”既然与海顿在一起什么曲子也没作,选侯建议贝多芬回到波恩。在作曲和收入方面,似乎贝多芬一直在欺骗海顿,这也许能充分地解释,为什么1794年1月贝多芬最终没有陪海顿去英国。Bonn,HaydnhadaskedBeethoventoaccompanyhimonhissecondconcerttourtoLondon,plannedfor1794,butbeforethenanembarrassingepisodesouredtheirrelationship.AlthoughtheElectorofColognehaddoubledBeethoven'ssalaryearlierintheyearandwassendinghimanadditional500florinsayeartocoverhislivingexpenses,Beethovenstillfeltshortofmoney,andhegotHaydntowritetotheElectoronhisbehalfinNovember1793.HaydnpointedoutthatBeethovenwasindebt,andhadhadtoborrowmoneyfromhim,andaskedtheElectortoincreaseBeethoven'ssalary.HesentcopiesoffivecompositionsandreportedthathispupilhadmadegreatprogresssincecomingtoVienna,predictingthatBeethovenwouldbecomeoneofthegreatestcomposersinEurope.Butinfact,ofthefiveworks,onlyonehadbeencomposedinVienna-theotherswererevisionsofpieceswritten,andperformed,while,hewasstillinBonn.TheElectornoticedthisandrepliedcoolly,“Iverymuchdoubtthathehasmadeanyimportantprogressincompositionduringhispresentstay,andIfearthat,asinthecaseofhisfirstjourneytoVienna,hewillbringbacknothingbutdebts,”andsuggestedthatBeethovenreturntoBonn,sincehehadnotcomposedanythingnewwhilestudyingwithHaydn.ItlooksasthoughBeethovenhadbeendeceivingHaydn,bothabouthiscompositionsandhisincome,andthismaywellexplainwhyhedidnotafterallaccompanyHaydntoLondoninJanuary1794.Relationsbetweenthetwomenremainedstrainedforsomeyears.ThereisastorythatwhenBeethoven'sthreePianoTrios,op.1,werefirstperformedatoneofPrinceLichnowsky'ssoirees,Haydnlikedthem,butadvisedBeethovennottopublishthethird,theCminortrio,becauseitwastoodifficultforthepublic.Beethoven,whothoughtitthebest,evidentlybelievedthiswasbecauseHaydnwasjealous(althoughthisisunlikely,asBeethovenwasverymuchinHaydn'sshadowasacomposeratthistime),andinfactthetriossoldwell,andBeethovenmadealargeprofitoutofthem.However,hededicatedhisfirstthreepianosonatas,op.2,toHaydn,andtheywereperformedatPrinceLichnowsky'shouseintheearlyautumnof1795,justafterHaydn'sreturnfrom               England.Inthefollowingyears,thetwomenoftenappearedtogetherinconcerts,withHaydnconductingandBeethovenplayingthepiano,aswhenBeethovenplayedhisownpianoconcertoinBI,op.19,inDecember1795,andalthoughBeethovencontinuedtomakecarpingremarksaboutHaydninprivate,afterhisdeathin1809BeethoventalkedofhiminthesamebreathasHandelandMozart,andin1815wroteintheTagebuch(hisjournal)that“portraitsofHandel,Bach,Gluck,MozartandHaydnareinmyroom...Theycanpromotemycapacityforendurance.”AfterHaydnwenttoEngland,Beethovenbegantofeelmoresecure,andbegantocomposenewworks.InHaydn'sabsencehehadlessonswithJohannGeorgAlbrechtsberger,KapellmeisteratSt.Stephan'sCathedral,andthemostfamousteacherofcounterpointinVienna.ItisalsolikelythathelaterhadlessonsinItaliansongwritingfromSalieri.ButBeethovenwasfarmorefamousatthispointasavirtuosopianistthanasacomposerandasearlyas1793wordwasbuzzingroundViennathatsuchplayinghadnotbeenheardsinceMozart.ThevirtuosoJosephGelinekcomplainedthat“heisnoman;he'sadevil.Hewillplaymeandallofustodeath.Andhowheimprovises!”AccordingtoJosephMahler,writingin1803,whenBeethovenplayed,hishandswereverystill,andseemedtoglideoverthekeys,withhisfingersdoingthework-therewasnotossingaroundorbendingoverthekeyboard.CarlCzernynoticedthatwhenheplayed,Beethoven'sbearingwasveryquiet,andnoble.NodoubtthiswasthestyleofplayingtaughthimbyNeefe,whotrainedhiminclavichordtechnique,andBeethovenhimselfstressedthepositionofthefingersinhisteaching.BeethovenplayedinthepalacesandtownhousesoftheViennesearistocracy,andhisimprovisationatthepianowasrenowned.Hisfirstpublicappearanceaspianistandcomposerwason29March1795attheBurgtheater(theImperialcourttheatre),atthefirstofthetwoannualbenefitconcertsforthewidowsandorphansofthemusiciansof   两人的关系在以后几年里处于紧张状态。有这样一个传说:当贝多芬的三个钢琴三重奏的第1号作品首次在里奇洛乌斯基王子的晚会上演奏时,海顿对这些作品十分欣赏,但建议他不要发表第3首,即C小调三重奏,因为这首曲子对公众来说难度太大;贝多芬认为这是最好的一首曲子,显然认为这是海顿对他心怀嫉妒(尽管这是不可能的,因为作为一位作曲家,贝多芬当时被海顿的盛名遮挡得厉害),事实上这些三重奏销路很好,贝多芬因此赚了一大笔钱。然而他把钢琴奏鸣曲,作品第2号的头3首献给了海顿,并于1795年秋初在奇洛乌斯基王子的家中上演,此时海顿刚刚从伦敦回来。在以后的数月里,两人经常在音乐会上同时露面,海顿任指挥,贝多芬弹钢琴,就象1795年12月上演贝多芬的降B大调钢琴奏鸣曲作品第19号时一样。尽管贝多芬一直在背地里抱怨海顿,1809年海顿死后,贝多芬以谈论亨德尔和莫扎特那样的口吻谈论他,并于1815年在日记中写到:“亨德尔、巴赫、格鲁克、莫扎特及海顿的画像在我的房间里……他们能够增强我的忍耐力。”          在海顿去英国后,贝多芬开始觉得更为安全,也开始了新的创作。当海顿不在的时候,他求教圣斯弟凡大教堂的指挥以及维也纳最著名的复调音乐教师约翰·乔治·阿巴拉彻斯柏格。他后来还向萨里埃利学习意大利歌曲创作。不过,此时贝多芬作为钢琴演奏家的名声远远大于他作为作曲家的名声。早在1793年就有人说:自莫扎特以来,还从未听到过如此娴熟的演奏;演奏家约瑟夫·格林内克曾抱怨道,“他不是人,他是魔鬼,他将用钢琴把我和所有的人都弹死。他多么精通即兴演奏啊!”根据约瑟夫·马勒1803年的记载,贝多芬在演奏时,他的手十分平稳,手指在键盘上流利地滑动,身体丝毫不会晃来晃去或俯向键盘。卡尔·泽尼注意到:当贝多芬弹奏钢琴时,举止镇静,仪态优美。毫无疑问,这是尼弗教他的演奏风格,尼弗训练过他古钢琴演奏法。在教学中,贝多芬自己很注重指法到位。贝多芬在宫廷及维也纳贵族的城内住宅演奏,他的即兴演奏才能也名扬天下。Vienna.HeperformedhisPianoConcertono.1inCmajor,andthestorygoesthathefinishedtheRondoonlytwodaysbeforetheconcert,andasthepianowasasemitoneflat,hehadtoplayhispartinC#major,withitssevensharps.Thesameyear,on22November1795,hemadehisdebutasanorchestralcomposerinVienna,whenhewascommissionedtowritethedancesforthesmallballroomintheRedoutensaalattheannualmaskedballforthepensionfundinaidoftheSocietyofArtists.Thiswasagreathonour-Haydnhadbeenaskedin1792-andheconductedhisowntwelveminuetsandtwelveGermandances.InFebruary1796,inthecompanyofPrinceLichnowsky,Beethovensetoffonaconcerttourlastingseveralmonths,andperformedinPrague,Dresden,LeipzigandBerlin;inNovemberthatyear,heagainleftViennatogiveconcertsinPressburt(Bratislava)andPest(Budapest).HereturnedtoPraguein1798.Bytheendofthe1790sBeethovenwasbeginningtomoveawayfromcomposingonlyforthepiano,althoughperhapshismostfamouspiecefromthistimeisthepianosonatainCminor,p.13,thePathetique(thistitleappearedonthefirstedition),whichwaspublishedin1799.Hisfirstsetofstringquartets,op.18,belongstothisperiod(theywerewrittenin1798andpublishedin1800),andhisFirstSymphony,op.21inC,wasfirstperformedon2April1800,whenheorganizedabenefitconcertattheBurgtheaterandhiredtheorchestraoftheItalianOpera.ThisconcertalsoincludedthefirstperformanceofhisSeptet,op.20,whichbecameverypopular.HeintendedtodedicatetheFirstSymphonytoMaximilianFranz,theElectorofCologne,whohadsettlednearViennain1800,buttheElectordiedinJuly1801beforeitwaspublished,anditwasdedicatedtoBaronvanSwiet
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