材料专业英语常见词汇

材料专业英语常见词汇（一Structure组织Ceramic陶瓷Ductility塑性Stiffness刚度Grain晶粒Phase相Unitcell单胞Bravaislattice布拉菲点阵Stack堆垛Crystal晶体Metalliccrystalstructure金属性晶体点阵Non-directional无方向性Face-centeredcubic面心立方Body-centeredcubic体心立方Hexagonalclose-packed密排六方Copper铜Aluminum铝Chromium铬Tungsten钨CrystallographicPlane晶面Crystallographicdirection晶向Property性质Millerindices米勒指数Latticeparameters点阵参数Tetragonal四方的Hexagonal六方的Orthorhombic正交的Rhombohedra菱方的Monoclinic单斜的Prism棱镜Cadmium镉Coordinatesystem坐Pointdefec点缺陷Lattice点阵Vacancy空位Solidification结晶Interstitial间隙Substitution置换Solidsolutionstrengthening固溶强化Diffusion扩散Homogeneous均匀的DiffusionMechanisms扩散机制Latticedistortion点阵畸变Self-diffusion自扩散Fick’sFirstLaw菲克第一定律Unittime单位时间Coefficient系数Concentrationgradient浓度梯度Dislocations位错Lineardefect线缺陷Screwdislocation螺型位错Edgedislocation刃型位错Vector矢量Loop环路Burgers’vector柏氏矢量Perpendicular垂直于Surfacedefect面缺陷Grainboundary晶界Twinboundary晶界Shearforce剪应力Deformation变形Small(orlow)angelgrainboundary小角度晶界Tiltboundary倾斜晶界Supercooled过冷的Solidification凝固Orderingprocess有序化过程Crystallinity结晶度Microstructure纤维组织Term术语PhaseDiagram相图Equilibrium平衡Melt熔化Cast浇注Crystallization结晶BinaryIsomorphousSystems二元匀晶相图Soluble溶解PhasePresent存在相Locate确定Tieline连接线Isotherm等温线Concentration浓度Intersection交点TheLeverLaw杠杆定律BinaryEutecticSystem二元共晶相图SolvusLine溶解线Invariant恒定Isotherm恒温线CastIron铸铁Ferrite珠光体Polymorphictransformation多晶体转变Austenite奥氏体Revert回复Intermediatecompound中间化合物Cementite渗碳体Vertical垂线Nonmagnetic无磁性的Solubility溶解度Brittle易脆的Eutectic共晶Eutectoidinvariantpoint共析点Phasetransformation相变Allotropic同素异形体Recrystallization再结晶Metastable亚稳的Martensitictransformation马氏体转变Lamellae薄片Simultaneously同时存在Pearlite珠光体Ductile可塑的Mechanically机械性能Hypoeutectoid过共析的Particle颗粒Matrix基体Proeutectoid先共析Hypereutectoid亚共析的Bainite贝氏体Martensite马氏体Linearity线性的Stress-straincurve应力-应变曲线Proportionallimit比例极限Tensilestrength抗拉强度Ductility延展性Percentreductioninarea断面收缩率Hardness硬度ModulusofElasticity弹性模量Tolerance公差Rub摩擦Wear磨损Corrosionresistance抗腐蚀性Aluminum铝Zinc锌Ironore铁矿Blastfurnace高炉Coke焦炭Limestone石灰石Slag熔渣Pigiron生铁Ladle钢水包Silicon硅Sulphur硫Wrought可锻的Graphite石墨Flaky片状Low-carbonsteels低碳钢Casehardening表面硬化Medium-carbonsteels中碳钢Electrode电极Asarule通常Preheating预热Quench淬火Body-centeredlattice体心晶格Carbide碳化物Hypereutectoid过共晶Chromium铬Manganese锰Molybdenum钼Titanium钛Cobalt钴Tungsten钨Vanadium钒Pearliticmicrostructure珠光体组织Martensiticmicrostructure马氏体组织Viscosity粘性Wrought锻造的Magnesium镁Flake片状Malleable可锻的Nodular球状Spheroidal球状Superiorproperty优越性Galvanization镀锌Versatile通用的Batterygrid电极板Calcium钙Tin锡Toxicity毒性Refractory耐火的Platinum铂Polymer聚合物Composite混合物Erosive腐蚀性Inert惰性Thermochemically热化学Generator发电机Flaw缺陷Variability易变的Annealing退火Tempering回火Texture织构Kinetic动力学Peculiarity特性Criticalpoint临界点Dispersity弥散程度Spontaneous自发的Inherentgrain本质晶粒Toughness韧性Rupture断裂Kineticcurveoftransformation转变动力学曲线Incubationperiod孕育期Sorbite索氏体Troostite屈氏体Disperse弥散的Granular颗粒状Metallurgical冶金学的Precipitation析出Depletion减少Quasi-eutectoid伪共析Superposition重叠Supersede代替Dilatometric膨胀Unstable不稳定Supersaturate使过饱和Tetragonality正方度Shear切变Displacement位移Irreversible不可逆的金属材料工程专业英语acid-baseequilibrium酸碱平衡acid-baseindicator酸碱指示剂acidbath酸槽acid（Bessemer）converter酸性转炉acidbrick酸性耐火砖acidbrittleness酸洗脆性、氢脆性acidburden酸性炉料acidclay酸性粘土acidcleaning（同pickling）酸洗acidconcentration酸浓度acidconverter酸性转炉acidconvertersteel酸性转炉钢acidcontent酸含量acidcorrosion酸腐蚀aciddeficient弱酸的、酸不足的aciddip酸浸aciddippickler(沉浸式)酸洗装置acid（dip）tank酸液（浸洗）槽aciddraintank排酸槽acidlessdescaling无酸除鳞acidmedium酸性介质acidmist酸雾acid-proofpaint耐酸涂料（漆）acid-proofsteel耐酸钢acid-resistant耐酸钢acid-resistingvessel耐酸槽acidstrength酸浓度acidsupplypump供酸泵acidwash酸洗acidvalue酸值acidwashsolution酸洗液acieration渗碳、增碳AcmpointAcm转变点（渗碳体析出温度）acornnut螺母、螺帽acousticabsorptioncoefficient声吸收系数acousticsusceptance声纳actifier再生器actionline作用线actionspot作用点activatedatom激活原子activatedbath活化槽activatedcarbon活性碳activatingtreatment活化处理activecorrosion活性腐蚀、强烈腐蚀activearea有效面积activepower有功功率、有效功率activeproduct放射性产物activeresistance有效电阻、纯电阻activerollgap轧辊的有效（或工作）开口度activestate活性状态activesurface有效（表）面activitycoefficient激活系数、活度系数actualdiameter（钢丝绳）实际直径actualefficiency实际效率actualerror实际误差actualtime实时actualworkingstress实际加工应力actuatingdevice调节装置、传动装置、起动装置actuatinglever驱动杆、起动杆actuatingmechanism动作机构、执行机构actuatingmotor驱动电动机、伺服电动机actuatingpressure作用压力actuationshaft起动轴actuator调节器、传动装置、执行机构acuteangle锐角adaptivefeedbackcontrol自适应反馈控制adaptiveoptimization自适应最优化adaptor接头、接合器、连结装置、转接器、附件材料科学基础专业词汇:第一章晶体结构原子质量单位Atomicmassunit(amu)原子数Atomicnumber原子量Atomicweight波尔原子模型Bohratomicmodel键能Bondingenergy库仑力Coulombicforce共价键Covalentbond分子的构型molecularconfiguration电子构型electronicconfiguration负电的Electronegative正电的Electropositive基态Groundstate氢键Hydrogenbond离子键Ionicbond同位素Isotope金属键Metallicbond摩尔Mole分子Molecule泡利不相容原理Pauliexclusionprinciple元素周期表Periodictable原子atom分子molecule分子量moleculeweight极性分子Polarmolecule量子数quantumnumber价电子valenceelectron范德华键vanderwaalsbond电子轨道electronorbitals点群pointgroup对称要素symmetryelements各向异性anisotropy原子堆积因数atomicpackingfactor(APF)体心立方结构body-centeredcubic(BCC)面心立方结构face-centeredcubic(FCC)布拉格定律bragg’slaw配位数coordinationnumber晶体结构crystalstructure晶系crystalsystem晶体的crystalline衍射diffraction中子衍射neutrondiffraction电子衍射electrondiffraction晶界grainboundary六方密堆积hexagonalclose-packed(HCP)鲍林规则Pauling’srulesNaCl型结构NaCl-typestructureCsCl型结构CaesiumChloridestructure闪锌矿型结构Blende-typestructure纤锌矿型结构Wurtzitestructure金红石型结构Rutilestructure萤石型结构Fluoritestructure钙钛矿型结构Perovskite-typestructure尖晶石型结构Spinel-typestructure硅酸盐结构Structureofsilicates岛状结构Islandstructure链状结构Chainstructure层状结构Layerstructure架状结构Frameworkstructure滑石talc叶蜡石pyrophyllite高岭石kaolinite石英quartz长石feldspar美橄榄石forsterite各向同性的isotropic各向异性的anisotropy晶格lattice晶格参数latticeparameters密勒指数millerindices非结晶的noncrystalline多晶的polycrystalline多晶形polymorphism单晶singlecrystal晶胞unitcell电位electronstates(化合)价valence电子electrons共价键covalentbonding金属键metallicbonding离子键Ionicbonding极性分子polarmolecules原子面密度atomicplanardensity衍射角diffractionangle合金alloy粒度,晶粒大小grainsize显微结构microstructure显微照相photomicrograph扫描电子显微镜scanningelectronmicroscope(SEM)透射电子显微镜transmissionelectronmicroscope(TEM)重量百分数weightpercent四方的tetragonal单斜的monoclinic配位数coordinationnumber材料科学基础专业词汇:第二章晶体结构缺陷缺陷defect,imperfection点缺陷pointdefect线缺陷linedefect,dislocation面缺陷interfacedefect体缺陷volumedefect位错排列dislocationarrangement位错线dislocationline刃位错edgedislocation螺位错screwdislocation混合位错mixeddislocation晶界grainboundaries大角度晶界high-anglegrainboundaries小角度晶界tiltboundary,孪晶界twinboundaries位错阵列dislocationarray位错气团dislocationatmosphere位错轴dislocationaxis位错胞dislocationcell位错爬移dislocationclimb位错聚结dislocationcoalescence位错滑移dislocationslip位错核心能量dislocationcoreenergy位错裂纹dislocationcrack位错阻尼dislocationdamping位错密度dislocationdensity原子错位substitutionofawrongatom间隙原子interstitialatom晶格空位vacantlatticesites间隙位置interstitialsites杂质impurities弗伦克尔缺陷Frenkeldisorder肖脱基缺陷Schottkydisorder主晶相thehostlattice错位原子misplacedatoms缔合中心AssociatedCenters.自由电子FreeElectrons电子空穴ElectronHoles伯格斯矢量Burgers克罗各-明克符号KrogerVinknotation中性原子neutralatom材料科学基础专业词汇:第二章晶体结构缺陷-固溶体固溶体solidsolution固溶度solidsolubility化合物compound间隙固溶体interstitialsolidsolution置换固溶体substitutionalsolidsolution金属间化合物intermetallics不混溶固溶体immisciblesolidsolution转熔型固溶体peritecticsolidsolution有序固溶体orderedsolidsolution无序固溶体disorderedsolidsolution固溶强化solidsolutionstrengthening取代型固溶体Substitutionalsolidsolutions过饱和固溶体supersaturatedsolidsolution非化学计量化合物Nonstoichiometriccompound材料科学基础专业词汇:第三章熔体结构熔体结构structureofmelt过冷液体supercoolingmelt玻璃态vitreousstate软化温度softeningtemperature粘度viscosity表面张力Surfacetension介稳态过渡相metastablephase组织constitution淬火quenching退火的softened玻璃分相phaseseparationinglasses体积收缩volumeshrinkage材料科学基础专业词汇:第四章固体的表面与界面表面surface界面interface同相界面homophaseboundary异相界面heterophaseboundary晶界grainboundary表面能surfaceenergy小角度晶界lowanglegrainboundary大角度晶界highanglegrainboundary共格孪晶界coherenttwinboundary晶界迁移grainboundarymigration错配度mismatch驰豫relaxation重构reconstuction表面吸附surfaceadsorption表面能surfaceenergy倾转晶界titltgrainboundary扭转晶界twistgrainboundary倒易密度reciprocaldensity共格界面coherentboundary半共格界面semi-coherentboundary非共格界面noncoherentboundary界面能interfacialfreeenergy应变能strainenergy晶体学取向关系crystallographicorientation惯习面habitplane材料科学基础专业词汇:第五章相图相图phasediagrams相phase组分component组元compoonent相律Phaserule投影图Projectiondrawing浓度三角形Concentrationtriangle冷却曲线Coolingcurve成分composition自由度freedom相平衡phaseequilibrium化学势chemicalpotential热力学thermodynamics相律phaserule吉布斯相律Gibbsphaserule自由能freeenergy吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy吉布斯混合能Gibbsenergyofmixing吉布斯熵Gibbsentropy吉布斯函数Gibbsfunction热力学函数thermodynamicsfunction热分析thermalanalysis过冷supercooling过冷度degreeofsupercooling杠杆定律leverrule相界phaseboundary相界线phaseboundaryline相界交联phaseboundarycrosslinking共轭线conjugatelines相界有限交联phaseboundarycrosslinking相界反应phaseboundaryreaction相变phasechange相组成phasecomposition共格相phase-coherent金相相组织phaseconstentuent相衬phasecontrast相衬显微镜phasecontrastmicroscope相衬显微术phasecontrastmicroscopy相分布phasedistribution相平衡常数phaseequilibriumconstant相平衡图phaseequilibriumdiagram相变滞后phasetransitionlag相分离phasesegregation相序phaseorder相稳定性phasestability相态phasestate相稳定区phasestabilerange相变温度phasetransitiontemperature相变压力phasetransitionpressure同质多晶转变polymorphictransformation同素异晶转变allotropictransformation相平衡条件phaseequilibriumconditions显微结构microstructures低共熔体eutectoid不混溶性immiscibility材料科学基础专业词汇:第六章扩散活化能activationenergy扩散通量diffusionflux浓度梯度concentrationgradient菲克第一定律Fick’sfirstlaw菲克第二定律Fick’ssecondlaw相关因子correlationfactor稳态扩散steadystatediffusion非稳态扩散nonsteady-statediffusion扩散系数diffusioncoefficient跳动几率jumpfrequency填隙机制interstitalcymechanism晶界扩散grainboundarydiffusion短路扩散short-circuitdiffusion上坡扩散uphilldiffusion下坡扩散Downhilldiffusion互扩散系数Mutualdiffusion渗碳剂carburizing浓度梯度concentrationgradient浓度分布曲线concentrationprofile扩散流量diffusionflux驱动力drivingforce间隙扩散interstitialdiffusion自扩散self-diffusion表面扩散surfacediffusion空位扩散vacancydiffusion扩散偶diffusioncouple扩散方程diffusionequation扩散机理diffusionmechanism扩散特性diffusionproperty无规行走Randomwalk达肯方程Darkequation柯肯达尔效应Kirkendallequation本征热缺陷Intrinsicthermaldefect本征扩散系数Intrinsicdiffusioncoefficient离子电导率Ion-conductivity空位机制Vacancyconcentration材料科学基础专业词汇:第七章相变过冷supercooling过冷度degreeofsupercooling晶核nucleus形核nucleation形核功nucleationenergy晶体长大crystalgrowth均匀形核homogeneousnucleation非均匀形核heterogeneousnucleation形核率nucleationrate长大速率growthrate热力学函数thermodynamicsfunction临界晶核criticalnucleus临界晶核半径criticalnucleusradius枝晶偏析dendriticsegregation局部平衡localizedequilibrium平衡分配系数equilibriumdistributioncoefficient有效分配系数effectivedistributioncoefficient成分过冷constitutionalsupercooling引领（领先）相leadingphase共晶组织eutecticstructure层状共晶体lamellareutectic伪共晶pseudoeutectic离异共晶divorsedeutectic表面等轴晶区chillzone柱状晶区columnarzone中心等轴晶区equiaxedcrystalzone定向凝固unidirectionalsolidification急冷技术splatcooling区域提纯zonerefining单晶提拉法Czochralskimethod晶界形核boundarynucleation位错形核dislocationnucleation晶核长大nucleigrowth斯宾那多分解spinodaldecomposition有序无序转变disordered-ordertransition马氏体相变martensitephasetransformation马氏体martensite材料科学基础专业词汇:第八、九章固相反应和烧结固相反应solidstatereaction烧结sintering烧成fire合金alloy再结晶Recrystallization二次再结晶Secondaryrecrystallization成核nucleation结晶crystallization子晶，雏晶mattedcrystal耔晶取向seedorientation异质核化heterogeneousnucleation均匀化热处理homogenizationheattreatment铁碳合金iron-carbonalloy渗碳体cementite铁素体ferrite奥氏体austenite共晶反应eutecticreaction固溶处理solutionheattreatment