unit1蔡基刚 学术英语 答案

Unit1ChoosingaTopicCriticalReadingUnderstandingthetextTASK1KeywordsLaypeople,radiation,understandingObjectiveToinvestigatelaypeople，knowledgeofradiationphenomenaandriskMethodsusedQuestionnairesandinterviewsTASK21Respondentswereawareoftheharmfulhealtheffectsofradiation,whiletheyhadalittleunderstandingoftheconceptofradiation.2Thereareabigproportionofrespondentswhosupporttocontinuetheproductionofnuclearpower.3Themassmediaplaysaveryimportantroleinthemisunderstandingofradiation.4Aschoolprogramshouldbedesignedtoanalyzingeverydayconceptionsaboutradiation.TASK3Paras.1-2efbaParas.3-6khcdPara.7bchaParas.8-11faikParas.12-18dhgfParas.19-20gcabParas.21-28ijahchgdabejfigdfeghgcjbdeabceidhefkbcgdefTASK41-5254136-1097106811-15131511141216-20201918171621-25252321242226-28272628TASK51Theanswerrevealsthattherespondentsfailtounderstandthatanewnucleuswillbeproducedwhenaradioactiveatomisbroken.2Accordingtotheviewofconstructivists,aperson’sideaswillsurviveschooleducationandformanimportantbasisfornewlearning.3Thesolutionistoconsiderlayideasandcombinefactualknowledgewithpracticalorpoliticalfactors.1TASK6Differenttypesofradioactiveelementswillmakedifferenthealtheffects,accordingtocharacteristicsofeachtype.TASK7Itmaybearguedthatthepopulationshouldhaveasufficientunderstandingofradiationphenomenatosecureindividualsafetyaswellasdemocraticdecisions.Toattainthis,itisnecessaryforthecommunicatorsofradiationinformationtobefamiliarwiththelaypeople’sperceptionsofthesephenomena.Aquestionnairesurveywasconductedtoexaminenon-experts’conceptionsofradiationphenomena.Thesurveyrevealedanincompleteunderstandingofconceptssuchasradioactivedecay,half-lifeandabsorptionofradiationandalackofdifferentiationofbetweenradiationandradioactivematerials.Manyrespondentsdidnotdistinguishbetweensourcesofionisingradiationandotherenvironmentalhazards.Nuclearpowerplantsandsubmarineswerethemostfearedsourcesofradiation.Thereareindicationsthatthelayunderstandingofradiationphenomenaandriskistoalargeextentformedbymassmediaandthat“schoolknowledge”ofthesephenomenaisnotappliedinsituationsbelongingtothe“realworld”Toresolvethisproblem,newteachingandinformationproceduresareneeded.Theseshouldtakeintoaccountthelearners’perceptionsandshouldintegrate“schoolknowledge”withconsiderationsbelongingtothe“realworld”.EnhancinglanguageabilityTASK21betrays,conception2renders3exemplified,perception4prevalent,secure5priorto6proportion,gloomy7alternatives8characterized,constitutes,hazard9Fromthestandpointof,ranks10external,aprerequisiteTASK31include:contain,embrace,encompass,comprise,becomposedof,consistof2valid:powerful,convincing,sensible,rational,viable,credible,plausible,weighty,well-founded,cogent,well-grounded3basic:underlying,fundamental,essential,root,prime,primary4danger:hazard,risk,threat,menace,peril,jeopardize5describe:depict,portray,characterize,narrate,outline,represent6different:discrepant,contrary,conflicting,contradictory,inconsistent,incompatible,incongruous,various,diverse7cause:prompt,move,inspire,stimulate,urge,spur,motivate,induce,evoke,instigate,impel8clarify:accountfor,justify,explain,illuminate,clearup,rationalize,elucidate,explicate29highlight:emphasize,stress,accent,feature,underline,spotlight,accentuate,giveprominenceto,attachimportanceto,givepriorityto,underscore10factor:component,item,element,ingredient,constituent,contributorDoingresearchprojectsTASK11Solvent,pesticide,smoke,viralaggressions,ultraveradiationandionizingradiation.2CellscouldidentifytheDNAdamage,andremovethedamagedpartandre-synthesistorepairtheDNA.3TheStochasticeffectsarenotsystematictoeachpersonbeingexposed.Theirdevelopmentcouldnotbepredictedbythescaleofindividualwhichisoppositefromthedeterministeffect.4Thehealthysurroundingsmaybeexposedtoradiationduringthetreatment.5Radiationdoseshouldbekeepaslowaspossible.academicWritingUnderstandingaresearchreportorresearcharticleTASK21Four.Theyareproblemsection,proceduressection,resultsectionanddiscussionsection.2Becauseitwillcontributetothecredibilityoftheresearch.3Itcanallowthereadertoduplicatetheexperimentifthereissomedoubtaboutyourfindings.4Itmayevaluatetheresearchresultsfully,pointoutwhatquestionsremainunansweredandperhapssuggestdirectionsforfurtherresearch.5Accuracy,clarity,andcompleteness.DecidingonatopicTASK21GeneticallyEngineering->TheImpactofGeneticallyEngineering->TheImpactofGeneticallyEngineeringonAgriculturalPractice/FoodShortage2Breast-feedingPractice->Breast-feedingPracticeinChineseBigCities^TheImpactofUrbanizationonBreast-feedingPracticeinChineseBigCities3InternetTechnology->TheGeneralImpactofInternetTechnologyonEducation->ThePositiveImpactsofInternetTechnologyonTeachingMethodologyTASK311)VulnerabilitiesandtheRiskfromGlobalWarming2)SocialIssuesandGlobalWarming3)TheImpactsofGlobalWarmingonFoodProducts3GeneticallyModifiedFoodsandHealthIssuesControversiesastoGeneticallyModifiedFoodsTheDevelopmentofGeneticallyModifiedFoodsinChinaTheFutureofNuclearEnergySafetyIssuesaboutNuclearPowerPlantsWasteManagementandNuclearPowerPlantsScienceFraudintheMedicalFieldScienceFraudinChinaResearchPressureandScienceFraudFormulatingresearchquestionsTASK11NuclearWaste1)Whatisnuclearwaste?2)Whyisitdifficulttodisposeofnuclearwaste?3)Whatharmfuleffectsifnuclearwasteisnotappropriatelydisposedof?4)Howtodisposeofnuclearwastesafelyandeconomically?2ThreatsofArtificialIntelligence1)Whatarethepresentthreatsofartificialintelligence?2)Whatarethefuturethreats?3)Howcanhumanbeingscontrolthosethreats?3GlobalWarmingandItsEffects1)WhatisGlobalwarming?2)Howdoesitaffectagriculture?3)Howdoesitaffectourenvironment?4)Howdoesitaffectourhealth?4GeneticallyModifiedFoods1)WhatareadvantagesanddisadvantagesofGMFs?2)WhydoGMFsgainmorepopularityinthedevelopingcountries?3)HowsafeareGMFs?4)WhataretheeffectsofGMFsonhumanhealth?TASK2Mytopic:ScienceFraudEpidemicinChina1Itisprevalentinuniversitiesandscientificinstitutes.2Therearemanyreportsandarticlesdiscussingsciencefraud.3Itismanageablesincethestudyinvolvesquestionnaireandinterviews.4ResearchQuestions1Whatisthecurrentsituationofsciencefraudintertiaryinstitutions?2Whataretheunderlyingcausesfortheprevalenceofsciencefraud?3Whatmeasurescouldbetakentoaddresstheproblem?WritingaworkingtitleTASK21Questiontitlesarenotappropriate.Itisbettertouse“EconomicEffectsofClimateChange”2Good3ImpactsofGlobalWarmingonChina4Good5Good6Good7Good3LiteracySkillsAvoidingplagiarismTASK11Y2Y3Y4Y5Y6Y7N8Y9Y10YTASK31Notcommonknowledge2Not3Not4Not5NotCitationTASKNumerousresearchstudiesdemonstrateconsistentlythatteachingpromotesbothlanguageacquisitionandacademicKasper,1994;Krueger&Ryan,1993;Snow&Brinton,Wesche,1993).Studentsreceivinglinkedinstructionperformbetterinlanguagecoursesthanthosenotreceivingsuchinstruction(Kasper,1997).Theyreapthebenefitsofsignificantcontent-basedsecondlanguagesuccess(Grabe&Stoller,1997;1997;Stryker&Leaver,1997;5gainsinthesecondlanguage,e.g.,inthereceptiveskillsoflisteningandreading(Burgeretal.,1997;Ready&Wesche,1992)andintheproductiveskillsofwriting(Burger,1989)andspeaking(Burger&Chretien.2001).TheyalsoachievecomparableorevenbettermasteryofdisciplinarycontentthanESLstudentsornativeEnglish-speakingstudentsnotreceivingcontent-basedlanguageinstruction(Andrade&Makaafi,2001;Babbitt,2001;Kasper,1994;Winter,2004).Thetopicsentenceis“content-basedsecondlanguageteachingpromotesbothlanguageacquisitionandacademicsuccess.”Thewriterusesliteratureevidencetosupporttheideaintermsofspeaking,readingandwriting.QuotingTASK11Author-focusedversion:AccordingtoAnyanwu(1983),mostNigeriansbelievethat“urbanexistenceissynonymouswithextremeindividualandcommunitypoverty”.Information-focusedversion:Influencedbywesterncultures，mostNigeriansbelievethat“urbanexistenceissynonymouswithextremeindividualandcommunitypoverty”(Anyanwu,1883).2Author-focusedversion:Anyanwu(1983)suggestedthatmothersshouldbeeducated“howtoprepareandusehygienicallyacceptablesupplementaryfoods”.Information-focusedversion:Wemayeducatemother““howtoprepareandusehygienicallyacceptablesupplementaryfoods”(Anyanwu,1983).SummarizingTASK11c.b.a.d2b.a.c.d3a.d.c.bTASK21Chinesebigcitiessufferfromgrowingtrafficproblems.2Somelongandcomplicatedsentencesmeanverylittle.3Thebasictenetofconstructivismholdsthatlearnersthemselvesconstructknowledge,ratherthanreceiveitfromoutside.4Someeducationalistscontendthatdecidingonamajoristhemostcriticaldecisionstudentsfacewhenenteringcollege,whereasothersarguethatthemostimportantthingforstudentstodiscoverinuniversityistheirtrueinterests,becausemanyestablishcareersnotrelatedtothemajortheystudiedincollege.5ThemajorityofAmericanInternetusers,especiallyteenagers,useSNS,whichhasalteredthepaceandprocessofmakingandmaintainingfriendships.6AccordingtoHirshiandGottfredson,thepropensity(倾向）ofsomeonetocommitcrimecomesfromhisorherlackofself-control,wherebytheurgetofeeddesirescausesonetoevenbreakthelaw.6TASK31Gordon&Taylor(1989)believesthatalthoughmostpeoplefeelagreatdealofanguishwhenfacedwithwritingtasks,thisfeelingcanbemanagedbydevelopingpersonalprocrastination-avoidancestrategy.2Frick(1991)claimsthathistoryhasdemonstratedthattechnologyaffectseducationprofoundly.Consideringthedefinitionoftechnologybroadly,onemaysaythatprehistoricpeopleusedprimitivetechnologiestoteachskillstotheiryoung.3Hewitt(1996)believesthatactsofacademicdishonestyunderminethevalidityofteachingandlearning.4Edelso(2002)claimsthatlegalrightsandsafeguardsleadtoinvestmentsbyindividuals,whichhasahigherimpactonraisinglivingstandardsofcountriesthanthesecountries，naturalresourceshave.7