英语演讲Chapter 10 Using Language

Chapter10UsingLanguageUsingLanguageAccuratelyUsingLanguageClearlyUsingLanguageVividlyUsingLanguageInclusivelyUsingLanguageUsingLanguageUsingLanguageWordsarethetoolsofaspeaker’scraft.Theyhavespecialuses,justlikethetoolsofanyotherprofession.Goodspeakersknowhowtouselanguageaccurately,clearly,vividly,appropriately,andinclusively.UsingLanguageAccuratelyUsingLanguageAccuratelyUsingLanguageAccuratelyUsingLanguageAccuratelyUsingLanguageAccuratelyisasvitaltoaspeakerasusingnumbersaccuratelyistoanaccountant.Everywordhasthatdistinguishitfromeveryotherword,shadesofmeaning.AsMarkTwainsaid，“Thedifferencebetweentherightwordandthealmostrightwordisthedifferencebetweenlightningandthelightningbug.”UseFamiliarWordsUseFamiliarWordsChooseConcreteWordsEliminateClutterwhereshort,shapeoneswilldothejobbetter.ThisisespeciallytruewhenitcomestotechnicalOneofthebiggestbarrierstoclearspeechisusingbig,bloatedwordslanguagethatmaybefamiliartothespeakerbutnottotheaudience.ChooseConcretewordsUseFamiliarWordsChooseConcreteWordsEliminateClutterConcretewords:wordsthatrefertotangibleobjectsE.g.:carrot,pencil,nose......Fewwordsarecompletelyabstractorconcrete.E.g.:GreatWall.Abstractwords:wordsthatrefertoideasorconceptsE.g.:science,progress,philosophyChooseConcretewordsAspeechdominatedbyconcretewordswillalmostalwaysbeclearer,mostinteresting,andeasiertorecallthanonedominatedbyabstractwords.UseFamiliarWordsChooseConcreteWordsEliminateClutterEliminateClutterUseFamiliarWordsChooseConcreteWordsEliminateClutterWhenyoumakeaspeech,keepyoulanguageleanandlively.BewareofusingseveralwordswhereoneorYoucanalsohelpeliminateclutterbypracticingyouspeecheswithadigitalrecorder.twowilldo.Avoidflabbyphrases.Letyourideasemergesharplyandfirmly.UsingLanguageClearlyUsingLanguageClearlyImageryJustasyoucanbeaccuratewithoutbeingclear,soyoucanbebothaccurateandclearwithoutbeinginteresting.Ifyouwanttomovepeoplewithyourspeeches,usevivid,animatedlanguage.Althoughthereareseveralwaystodothis,twoofthemostimportantareimageryandrhythm.RhythmUsingLanguageClearly-Image$ConcreteWordsSmileMetaphor123UsingLanguageClearly-ImageADDYOURTITLEConcretewords11Choosingconcretewordsoverabstractwordsisonewaytoenhancetheclarityofyourspeeches.Concretewordsarealsothekeytoeffectiveimagery.Italsocallupmentalimpressionsofsights,sounds,touch,smellandtaste.Theconcretewordscreateimagesthatpullusirresistiblyintospeech.UsingLanguageClearly-ImageADDYOURTITLESmile2Anotherwaytocreateimageryisthroughtheuseofsimile.Smileisanexplicitcomparisonbetweenthingsthatareessentiallydifferentyethavesomethingincommon.Italwayscontainstheword"like"or"as".UsingLanguageClearly-ImageADDYOURTITLEMetaphor3Youcanalsousemetaphortocreateimageryinyourspeeches.Metaphorisanimplicitcomparisonbetweenthingsthatareessentiallydifferentyethavesomethingincommon.Unlikesmile,metaphordoesnotcontaintheword"like"or"as".Whenusedeffectively,metaphor-likesimile-isanexcellentwaytobringcolortoaspeech,tomakeabstractideasconcrete,toclarifytheunknown,andtoexpressfeelingsandemotions.UsingLanguageClearly-Rhythm$ParallelismRepetitionAlliteration1234AntithesisUsingLanguageClearly-RhythmADDYOURTITLEParallelism11Thefirstdeviceisparallelism--thesimilararrangementofapairorseriesofrelatedwords,phrases,orsentences.Theeffectsofparallelismareperhapsbestillustratedbyseeingwhathappenswhenitisabsent.UsingLanguageClearly-RhythmADDYOURTITLERepetition2Repetitionmeansreiteratingthesamewordorsetofwordsatthebeginningorendofsuccessiveclausesorsentences.Repetitionusuallyresultsinparallelism.Inadditiontobuildingastrongcadence,italsounifiesasequenceofideas,emphasizesanideabystatingitmorethanonce,andhelpscreateastrongemotionaleffect.UsingLanguageClearly-RhythmADDYOURTITLEAlliteration3Thethirddeviceyoucanusetoenhancetherhythmofyourspeechesisalliteration.Themostcommonmethodofalliterationisrepeatingtheinitialconsonantsoundofcloseoradjoiningwords.Byhighlightingthesoundsofwords,alliterationcatchestheattentionoflistenersandcanmakeideaseasiertoremember.Usedsparinglyitisamarvelouswaytospruceupyourspeeches.Usedtoexcess,however,itcanbelaughableanddrawtoomuchattention,sothatlistenersgetmoreinvolvedinlisteningforthenextalliterationthaninabsorbingthecontentofspeech.UsingLanguageClearly-RhythmADDYOURTITLEAntithesis4Finally,youmighttryusingantithesis-thejuxtapositionofcontrastingideas,usuallyinparallelstructure.Antithesisalwaysproducesaneatlyturnedphrase,itisafinewaytogiveyourspeechesaspecialtouchofclass.UsinglanguageappropriatelyUsinglanguageappropriatelyAppropriatenesstotheoccasionAppropriatenesstothetopicAppropriatenesstothespeaker01020304AppropriatenesstotheaudienceAppropriatenesstotheaudiencetechnicaltopicsformalandinformalmodesofaddressspeakinginasecondtongueandacrossculturalboundariesUsinglanguageinclusivelyADDYOURTITLEHEREAvoidtheGeneric“He”Avoidusing“Man”whenbothmenandwomenAvoidstereotypingjobsandsocialrolesAvoidnamesothersconsideroffensiveTHANKS