二战地图册02

41Opposite:Continuationand(belowright)conclusionoftheBattleoftheAtlantic.Below:AU-boatvictimburnsinmid-Atlantic.Bythesummerof1943theworstAlliedshippinglosseswereover.correspondingshippinglosses.InMarch1943,theclimaxoftheBattleoftheAtlantic,120Alliedshipsweresunk.ThenthesupportgroupsreturnedfromNorthAfricanwaters,andtheUSindust-rialeffortpaiddividendsinacceleratedproductionofescortcarriersandotherneededequipment.Improvementsinradarandlong-rangescoutplanes,yearsinthemaking,cametothefore,andAlliedcrewsbegantocapitalizeontheirhard-wonexperience.InApril1943,ship-pinglossesdeclined,andthefollowingmonth41U-boatsweredestroyed.On22MaytheGermansubmarineswereorderedtowithdrawfromtheNorthAtlantic.Afterthesummerof1943,theU-boatswereneveragainthethreatthattheyhadbeen.The'wolf-pack'tacticwasabandonedin1944,andtheremainingsubmarinesprowledsinglyinanareain-creasinglyfocusedaroundtheBritishIsles.Atthewar'send,fewerthan200werestilloperational.AlliedvictoryintheAtlanticwaslargelyafunctionofsuperiorco-ordinationofeffort,whichultimatelyoffsettheinitialGermanadvantageinsubmarinetechnology.44Previouspages:TheGermanretreatfromElAlamein,November1942.Rommel'sFirstRight:TheGermanspresseastwardsthroughLibyaintoEgypt.OffensiveBelow:RommelentersEgypt.Bottomleft:RommelandhisofficersinspectacapturedBritishtank.Bottom:TheAlliesisolatedatTobruk.Belowright:Rommeldirectsoperations.hefirstGermantroopsbeganland-sionpenetratedtheTobrukperimeterabrokethroughtheHalfayaPassintoinginNorthAfricaonFebruaryshortdistance,butwasdrivenback.Ita-Egypt.RommelwasdissatisfiedwiththeT1941,undercommandofGeneralliantroopswerenowcominguptoreplacefailuretocaptureTobruk,andanotherErwinRommel,whowouldearnthenick-theGermanunitsmakingreadytocrossfull-scaleattackstrucktheBritishtherename'DesertFox.'Hisleadershipabili-theEgyptianfrontier.TheBritishgarri-on30April.AxistroopspushedasalienttieswereacknowledgedbycomradesandsonatTobrukwasisolatedinthemidstofintothewesternsector,butitwascon-enemiesalike.RommelsoonsawthatAxisforces,andon25ApriltheGermanstainedafterfourdaysoffighting.BritishforcesinAfricawereweak,andthatnoreinforcementswouldbeforth-coming.On24MarchGermanforcestookElAgheilaeasily,andthe5LightDivi-sionwentontoattacktheBritish2ArmoredDivisionatMersaBrega.Theretheyencounteredstiffresistance,buttheBritishfailedtocounterattackandlosttheiradvantage.Insteadofchoosingamongthreealternativecoursesofattack,Rommelmovedboldlyonallthreefronts:northtoBenghazi,northeasttoMsusandMechiliandeasttoTengeder,tothreatenBritishsupplylines.FieldMarshalArchibaldWavell,inoverallcommandofBritishforces,lackedthementocounterthismultipleattack,launchedon5April.Hissinglearmoreddivisionfellbackandwasreducedtoaremnantbymechanicalfail-ure.ThedefenseatMechili,3IndianBri-gade,wassoonoverwhelmed,withwhatremainedofthe2ArmoredDivision.The8AustralianDivisionretreatedfromBenghazitoDerna,thencetowardTob-ruk,whichwasbeingreinforcedwiththe7AustralianDivision.On14ApriltheGerman5LightDivi-4546TheGermanDriveonGazalaommel'sGermanunits,theDeut-schesAfrikaKorps(DAK),andRtheiralliessufferedasetbackintheCrusaderBattleswiththeBritishEighthArmylatein1941.Tobrukwasrelieved,andRommelhadtopullbacktoElAgheila,havingsuffered38,000Axiscasualtiesasagainst18,000fortheBrit-ish.Hismenwereexhausted,supplieswererunningoutand300GermantankshadbeendestroyedintheLibyandesert.BritishforcespursuedRommeltoElAgheila,believingthathisshatteredun-itswouldbeunabletoreact.However,successfulairraidsonMaltahadrestoredtheGermansupplylineacrosstheMediterranean,andRommel'sforceswerequicklyrebuilttofightingstrength.On21January1942theymadeanunex-pectedadvancethatpushedEighthArmy47backtowardAgedabia.InamatterofdaystheBritishfacedencirclementatBenghaziandwereforcedtoretreattothedefensivepositionatGazala.ThelinethereconsistedofminefieldsrunningsouthtoBirHacheimandaseriesoffor-tifiedkeepsthatweremannedbyXIIICorpsbrigades.DAKforcesunderCruewellswungaroundBirHacheimon26Maytoout-flanktheGazalaLine,buttheywereattackedfrombothsidesonSidraRidgeandstoppedshortwithlossofathirdoftheirarmor.Theirwaterandfuelwererunningout,andRommeltriedtopushasupplylinethroughtheBritishminefieldswithoutsuccess.Hethenmovedallhisremainingarmorinto'theCauldron'toawaittheimpendingBritishcounterattack.Cruewell'sisolatedforceswerefinallysuppliedon4June,andEighthArmyfailedtocounterattackuntil5/6June,whenitwasbeatenoffwithheavylosses.ThedefenseatBirHacheimcrumbledandDAKbrokeoutoftheCauldrontoforcetheBritishbackfromtheGazalaLineevenbeyondTobruk.AxisforceshadsurroundedtheBritishgarrisonthereby18June.Oppositeabove:RommeladvancesOpposite:TheAlliedstandon26May,Aboveleft:BreakoutfromtheCauldron.eastwards,pushingtheEighthArmywithfortifiedkeeps(shaded)scatteredBelow:AnAfrikaKorpsPanzerIIIbacktowardGazalaandTobruk.alongtheminefield(boldline).advances.48TheFallofTobrukighthArmywasseverelydemoral-izedbytheGermantriumphatEGazala,whichcontributedtothedistrustbetweeninfantryandtankunitsthathadsurfacedduringtheCrusaderBattles.Britishleadershiphadfailedtocapitalizeonseveraladvantages,includ-inganumericalsuperiorityinarmor,theDAKcontainmentintheCauldronandthewell-prepareddefenselineatGazala.RommellaunchedhisdriveonTobrukfromthesoutheasternsectoron20June1942.Heavydive-bomberattacksdis-playedGermanairsuperioritytodevas-tatingeffect,afterwhichDAKpushedthroughtheperimeterdefenses.Bymid-morningGermantroopshadreachedtheminefields,andtheairfieldswereover-runsoonafter.At1900hours21PanzerDivisionmovedintoTobruk.Therewassporadicfightingwithintheperimeterthroughthenight,buttheGer-manshadovercomealmostallresistancebythemorningof21June.GeneralKlop-per,theSouthAfricanincommandofthegarrison,surrendered,andtheroadtoEgyptwasopen.Right:Theperimeterdefensesarebreached,andthefallofTobrukislessthan12hoursaway.Below:BritishtroopssurrendertotheirAxisadversaries.Rommel'svictory,completedon21June,clearedthewayforanadvanceintoEgypt.49TheNavalWarintheMediterraneanheRoyalNavyfacedadifficulttaskintheMediterranean,wheretheTwell-equippedandmodernItalianNavyenjoyedapositionfromwhichitcouldstrikeatwill.BritishforcesweresplitbetweenGibraltar(ForceH)andAlexandria,withMaltaatthecenter-akeyposition,buthighlyvulnerable.OnlylightandsubmarinenavalforceswerebasedonMalta,andMediterraneanFleetcommanderSirAndrewCunninghamwasconstantlyseekingwaystoenhancetheBritishpositionintheMediterraneanthroughflexibleuseofhissurfaceships,includingalimitednumberofcarriers.Cunningham'sforcesscoredseveralsuccessesagainsttheItalianNavyinchanceencountersduringJuly1940,andMarch,RAFscoutsreportedthreeItalianbacktohelp;allthreeweredestroyed.planswerelaidtoattacktheItalianfleetcruisersheadingeast,andAdmiralCun-TheremainderoftheItalianforcefledinharboratTaranto.Onthenightof11ninghamputtoseafromAlexandria.backtoitsbases,includingtheVittorioNovember,21Swordfishtorpedo-Threebattleships,anaircraftcarrierandVeneto,whichfoundsafeharboratbomberswerelaunchedfromthecarrierdestroyerescortscomprisedhisforce,TarantotothedisappointmentofIllustrious:allbuttworeturned,havingwhichwastorendezvoussouthofCreteAdmiralCunninghamandhismen.sunkthenewbattleshipLittorioandtwowithVice-AdmiralIIDPridham-WippellmodernizedbattleshipsandinflictedcommandingaforceoffourcruisersandAbove:Thesuccessfulnightattackontheheavydamageonothercraft.Itwasafourdestroyers.ItalianfleetinTarantoon11NovembermajorcoupfortheBritish,andsoonfol-TheprincipaltargetamongtheItalian1940mountedby21Swordfishtorpedo-lowedbyanothersuccessfulstrikeatforceconvergingsouthofCretewasthebombersfromHMSIllustrious.CapeMatapan,Greece.battleshipVittorioVeneto,theprideofBelow:AsecondblowwasdealttoItalianItaliannavalforcesmovedtowardMussolini'sfleet.Airstrikeswerelaun-navalmightatCapeMatapanon28GreeceinlateMarch1941,tointerdictchedagainsther,butonlyonetorpedoMarch1941.convoyscarryingBritishtroopstoassistfounditsmark.ThentheItaliancruiserFollowingpages:HMSBarham,atheGreeksduringtheAxisinvasionofPolawasheavilydamaged,andthebattleshipoftheAlliedMediterraneantheBalkans,thenimminent.On27heavycruisersZaraandFlumeweresentfleet,atGibraltar.52TheMaltaConvoysheBritishislandfortressofMaltaplanesofftoMaltaandturnedback,andwasinseriousstraitsbymid1942.theAxismadeitsfirstovertmoveintheTItslocationastrideAxissupplyformofaU-boatattackonthecarrierlinesmadeitthetargetofincessantairEagle,whichwassunk.attack,anditsownsupplylineswerein-ThenextdaybroughtheavyAlliedlos-creasinglytenuous.ConvoystoMaltasestoAxisplanesandsubmarines.ThehadtobesuspendedinJulyduetotheirfreighterDeucalionwentdown,thedes-heavylosses.ItwasclearthatMaltatroyerForesightwassobadlydamagedcouldnotholdoutagainstboththeLuft-thatshehadtobesunkandtheIndomit-waffeandtheItalianRegiaAeronauticaable'sflightdeckwasbombedoutofop-withoutfoodorfuel,andOperationeration.AtthispointSyfretturnedbackPedestalwasmountedasadesperateaccordingtoplan,leavingRearAdmiralefforttoconvoysuppliesfromEngland.HMBurroughtoescorttheconvoytheTwentywarshipsundercommandofrestofthewaywithfourcruisersandfourVice-AdmiralENSyfretlefttheClydeondestroyers.Twoofthecruisersweredis-3Augustwith14merchantmen,32des-abledinthenextfewhours,Cairosobad-troyersandvarioussmallercraft.Thelythatshehadtobesunk.Atdusk,twoofaircraftcarrierFuriousaccompaniedthethemerchantmenweredestroyedandgroupwithacargooffighterplanesforonedamaged.TheAmericantankerOhiosunk,alongwithoneaircraftcarrier,twoMalta'sRAFsquadron.On10Septem-washitbutstayedwiththeconvoy,asdidcruisersandadestroyer.Butthefuelandber,whentheconvoypassedthroughthethedamagedcruiserKenya.othersuppliesthatgotthroughenabledStraitofGibraltarinfog,adummycon-Earlyonthemorningof13September,Maltatoholdon.voywasdispatchedfromPortSaidto-fivemoremerchantmenandthecruiserwardMaltaasadiversion.NextdayitManchesterwerelosttotorpedoes,andAbove:ThehazardouspassagetoMalta.returnedtoport,havingfailedtodistractrenewedairattackssankWairanamaBelow:ThedamagedtankerHMSOhioAxisleadersfromthemainoperation,anddidadditionaldamagetoOhio,withlimpstowardportwithdestroyerescort.whichwasshadowedbyreconnaissanceitsirreplaceablefuelcargo.BythetimeRight:GeneralEisenhower(left)onaircraftfromthemorningof11Septem-lightforcesfromMaltamettheconvoy,MaltawithViscountGort,theisland'sber.ThatafternoonFuriousflewherallbutfiveofthemerchantmenhadbeengovernor.535,12August1215,12August1600,12August1840,12August2000,12AugustNight,12/13August0800,13August1125,13August1900,13AugustondairattackDeucaliondamaged,U-boatsunkForesightsunk,Cairo,ClanFergusonSantaEliza,Wairangi,WaimaramaRochesterCastleMerchantshipsunklatercarrierIndomitable&EmpireHopesunk.Almeria,Lykes&sunk,Ohio&Ohiodamaged.stragglersunkbydamaged.MainNigeria,BrisbaneGlenorchysunk.damagedDorsetdamaged,Germanaircraftcoveringforce{'X')Star,Kenya&OhioManchesterdamaged,sunklaterwithdrawsasplanneddamagedsunklater.RochesterCastledamaged54Below:TheGermantanksadvance,withItaliansupport.ElAlamein:TheRight:ThefirstBattleofElAlamein.Belowright:GeneralGranttanksoftheFirstBattleAUied22ndArmoredBrigadeadvancesouthofElAlamein.fterthefallofTobruk,RommelwaspromotedtoFieldMarshal,aAstatusthatstrengthenedhisargu-mentforadvancingtoEgyptatonce.(TheoriginalAxisplancalledforahaltwhilenavalandairforcesmassedtoinvadeMalta.)Usingthesuppliesnewlycap-turedatTobruk,RommelcrossedtheEgyptianfrontierandattackedtheBrit-ishatMersaMatruh(26-27June),whereEighthArmywasnowundertacticalcommandofGeneralClaudeAuchinleck,CommanderinChief,MiddleEast.TheBritishcouldnotcontaintheGermanadvanceandretreatedtothenextde-fensibleposition-alinesouthfromthesmallrailstationofElAlamein.AuchinleckhadfewreserveunitswithwhichtopreparehispositionfromElAlamein,nearthecoast,totheQattaraDepression,anareaofwildernessthatwasconsideredalmostimpassable.HisdepletedforcestooktheirpositionsalongthislinetobarthewaytotheNile.Mean-while,Rommel'sforceshadalsobeenmuchreducedinrecentbattles—tosome2000Germaninfantryand65tanks-whilefuelandothersuppliesweredwind-ling(thesehadconsistedlargelyofbootycapturedatTobrukandMersaMatruh).EighthArmy'sartilleryunitswerein-strumentalinrepellingthefirstGermanandItalianattackson2-4July;theirco-ordinationwasmuchbetterthanithadbeenunderGeneralNMRitchiefromwhomAuchinleckhadassumedcom-mand.TheBritishCommanderinChiefTheSabrathaunitfelltothe9AustralianandAuchinleck'srefusaltocontinuethewasnowinapositiontoessaysomeDivisionon10-11July,andtheBritishattacksknowncollectivelyastheFirstlimitedcounterattacks,whosetargetsrecoveredTellelEisaasaresult.BattleofElAlameinwastocosthimhiswereItalianratherthanGermandivi-LargerAlliedeffortsweremountedincommand.sions.Thischoicewasdeliberate,asittheRuweisatRidgearea,whereopposingcompelledRommeltowastefuelinwide-forcesgrappledtoanexhaustedstand-Below:TheAlliedretreatalongthespreadeffortstoassisthisItaliancohorts.still.Bothsidesweresimplywornout,MediterraneancoasttoElAlamein.55r>«TheBattleofAlamHaifanAugust1942ChurchillarrivedinbasedlooselyuponAuchinleck's:toholdforcedhimtoturnnorthearlierthanhetheMiddleEasttomakechanges.theAlamHaifaRidgeandcounteraGer-hadintended,withtheresultthatDAKIGeneralHaroldAlexanderreplacedmanthreatintheSouthwith7ArmoredfailedtobreakthroughtheAlamHaifaAuchinleckasCommanderinChief,andDivision.Rommelusedthetacticthisposition.HarassingairattacksandaGeneralBernardMontgomerytookplanhadanticipatedwhen,on30August,shortageoffuelcompoundedRommel'schargeofEighthArmy.LessthanthreehismainattacksswungsouthoftheBrit-difficulties.His15PanzerDivisiontriedweekslater,hewouldfaceRommel'slastishpositionswiththeobjectofturningtooutflank22ArmoredBrigadeon1attempttobreakthroughthepositionatnorthagainbeyondAlamHaifatosur-September,butthiseffortwasstymiedbyElAlamein.roundEighthArmy.Thepresenceof7animprovedBritishantitanksystem.Montgomery'sdefensiveplanwasArmoredDivisionontherightflankAxisforcespulledbacktoprepareadeep57Below:AVickersgunnosesoverthebarricades.Right:TheAxisattackonAlamHalfafailedtoachieveitsobjectives.Belowright:Rommel'sstaffconferastheAllieddefenseturnsintocounterattack.defensivepositionbetweentheQattaraDepressionandthesea.Rommelhadtoholdthenewlineofdefenseorbeoverwhelmed—helackedboththevehiclesandthefuelforamobilebattle.Bythesametokenhecouldnotretreat.On6September,Axisforceswerebackwheretheyhadstarted,committedtoanimmediatecounterattackforeveryfootofdisputedground.58ElAlamein:TheSecondBattlenhisnewcommand,GeneralMont-gomeryliveduptohisreputationasaIcarefulplannerwhoemphasizedbothtrainingandmorale.EighthArmyhadsufferedmanychangesoffortuneandcommandintheNorthAfricanTheater,andmoralehaderodedtoaseriousde-gree.Failuresofco-operationandcon-fidencehadresultedinfaultyoperations,andMontgomeryaddressedhimselftore-buildingEighthArmyintoanoptimumfightingunit.Atthesametime,hewasamassingaforcesuperiortotheGer-mans'ineveryrespect:troops,tanks,gunsandaircraft.TheGermanswerewellduginalongalinebetweentheseaandtheQattaraDe-pression,andMontgomery'splanwastoattacknorthoftheMiteiryaRidge.TheinfantryofXXXCorpswastopushfor-wardtotheOxalicLineandopencorri-dorsthroughtheminefieldsforpassageoftheXCorps'Shermantanks,whichwerefinallyprovingamatchfortheGermanMarkIV.AxisforwarddefensesweremannedlargelybyItaliantroops,andRommelwashospitalizedinGermany;hedidnotarriveuntil25October,whenthebattlewasunderway.GeneralStummecommandedinhisabsence.TheBritishinfantrymadeagoodstarttowarditsobjectiveson24October,butitprovedimpossibletomovethetanksfor-wardasplanned.TheGerman21stPan-zerDivisionwaskeptoutofthemainbattleforseveraldaysbydiversionaryeffortsfromXIIICorps,andtheGermandefensesufferedasaresultofGeneralStumme'sdeathfromaheartattackdur-ingthefirstdayoffighting.TheAxisfuelshortagehadbecomecriticalwiththesinkingoftwotankersinTobrukHarbor.WhenRommelreturnedtoNorthAfri-ca,helaunchedaseriesofunsuccessfulcounterattacksthatendedon3Novem-ber,whentheBritisharmorbegantobreakthroughintoopenground.Hitleratfirstforbadeawithdrawal,butby4NovemberAxislosseshadmadeitinevit-able.Rommelandhisremainingforcesmadegoodtheirretreat.Aboveright:TheattackplanforcorridorstobedriventhroughAxisminefieldstoprovidesafepassageforAlliedtanks.Right:GeneralMontgomerydirectsoperationsatElAlamein.OnhisrightisGeneralSirBrianHorrocks.59Above:ItalianinfantrymeninthefieldatElAlamein.Right:ThesecondbattlesawtheEighthArmyrepelAxisattacks.60OperationTorchn8November1942,fourdaysaf-FieldMarshalKesselring.AlliedforcesBelow:UStroopsmarchonAlgiersterRommelbegantoretreatfromunderGeneralDwightDEisenhower,MaisonBlancheairfield.OElAlamein,AmericanandBrit-AmericanCommanderinChiefoftheBottom:TheOperationTorchlandings.ishforcesmadeaseriesoflandingsinTorchoperation,werestoppedshortinRight:TheAlliedpushintoTunisia.FrenchNorthAfrica.Thisoperation,TunisiabyearlyDecember.Belowright:TheGermansreinforce.code-namedTorch,wasthefirstrealAlliedeffortofthewar.ItwashopedthatthenumerousVichyFrenchforcesinNorthAfricawouldnotresisttheland-ings,andtheUShadundertakendiplo-maticmissionstolocalFrenchleaderswiththisobjectinview.(Anglo-Frenchrelationswerestillembitteredbytheeventsof1940.)Despitetheseefforts,sporadicFrenchoppositiondelayedplan-nedAlliedattacksonCasablancaandMehdia,andtwodestroyerswerelostoffAlgiers.However,theweakestpointoftheAlliedplanwasitsfailuretooccupyTunisiainthefirstlandings.Germantroopsbegantoarrivethereon9Novem-bertocoverRommel'sretreatandformedadefensiveperimeter.TheAlliedcaptureofVichyleaderAdmiralDarlanatAlgiershelpeddimin-ishresistancefromFrenchforces;fewerthan2000casualtieswereincurredinthethreemainlandingareas.ThelargestdifficultywaspushingtheconsiderableAlliedforcethe400milestoTunisbeforetheGermanscouldpourintroopsandaircraftfromSicily.Thistheydidwithgreatspeed,oninstructionsfromHitlerandCommanderinChiefMediterranean6]62FromTripolitoTunisighthArmy'spursuitofRommel'sforceswashamperedbyweatherEandsupplyproblems.IttookMont-gomeryalmostthreeweekstoreachAge-dabia(23November1942),andhehadtohaltthereuntilhewasresupplied.Soonafter,theshort-livedGermanpositionatElAgheilawasoutflankedandtheracetowardTunisiaresumed.TheportofTripoliofferedtheBritishhopeofalleviatingtheirsupplyprob-lems,buttheGermansgottherefirstanddidasmuchdamageastheycouldtoportinstallationsbeforepushingontoTuni-sia.TheBritishreachedTripolion23January1943,anditwasnotuntilmid-MarchthattheportbegantofunctioneffectivelyasapipelineforBritishsup-AxisdivisionssoughttodefendTunisiavictory.Alliedtroopsbrokethroughinplies.Meanwhile,Axisforceshadcon-against19Allieddivisionsthathadreco-earlyMay.Tunisfellonthe7th,andfivesolidatedbehindtheMarethLineafterveredfromtheirearlierreversestotakedayslaterItaly'sMarshalMesseandinflicting10,000casualtiesonAlliedonanoverwhelmingsuperiorityinairGermany'sGeneralvonArnimsurren-troopsfromtheTorchlandingsatthepowerandarmor.TheAllieshad1200deredwithsomequarterofamillionBattleofKasserine.RommelnowfacedtankstotheAxis'130,1500gunstothetroops.Theseforceswouldbesorelymis-Montgomery'sEighthArmyinhislastAxis'500.sedbyHitlerwhentheAllieslaunchedbattleinAfrica-abitterfightthatragedHill609washotlycontestedbyAmer-theirinvasionofItaly.from6to27March.Axisforceswereout-icanforcesseekingaccesstotheso-calledflanked,andbymid-AprilhadretreatedMousetrapValleyleadingtothecoastalAbove:TheEighthArmy'sattempttoupthecoasttoformatightperimeterplain.BritishtroopsmadesomeprogressprogressupTunisia'seastcoastwasonthehillsaroundBizertaandTunis.atLongstopHillandPeter'sCorner,delayedatWadiAkarit.RommelurgedevacuationofGermanwhichcommandedtheMedjerdaValley.Right:TheAlliedconquestofTunisia.andItalianforcesfromAfricawhenheThenGeneralAlexanderswitchedex-BizertaandTunisfellon7May.returnedtoGermany,buthiscounselperiencedunitsfromEighthArmytoVBelow:TheEighthArmy'sprogressinthewasignored.ThirteenunderstrengthCorps,whichmadepossibleadecisivewakeofElAlamein.fit66TheWinterWar:Finland,1939-40n30November1939,theSovietandconsiderableterritoryinthenorth.UnioninvadedFinland,afterfail-Theywouldseektomakegoodtheselos-Oingtoobtainterritorialconces-sesthefollowingyearinanalliancewithsionsdemandedinearlyOctober.FiveNaziGermany.differentSovietarmiescrossedtheTheFinnishfightwassolitaryandulti-Russo-Finnishfrontieronfourmajormatelyhopeless,becausetheBritishandfronts,buttheconquestofthissmallFrenchGovernmentsfearedtoarouseneighboringnationprovedmuchmoreSoviethostilitybyinvolvingthemselves.difficultthanhadbeenforeseen.DeepNevertheless,theRusso-FinnishWarsnowandheavyf