现代英语词汇学概论7-Sense-relations-between-words

ChapterVIISenseRelationsBetweenWordsTeachingContentsI.Synonymy1.Definition2.Kinds3.Patterns4.UseII.Antonymy1.Definition2.Types3.Relevantpoints4.UseIII.HyponymyIV.SemanticFieldKeyPointsI.Synonymy1.Definition2.Kinds3.Patterns4.UseII.Antonymy1.Definition2.Typesanddifferentiation4.UseIII.Hyponymy1.Definition2.UseIV.SemanticField1.Definition2.FeaturesDifficultPoints1.Differentiationanduseofsynonyms2.CharicteristicsofanddifferencesbetweenthethreekindsofantonymsⅠ.Synonymy(同义关系):Relationshipbetweensynonyms1.Definitionofsynonyms(同义词):◆Synonymsarebetterdefinedaswordshavingthesameessentialorgenericmeaning,thatis,denotativemeaning,anddifferinginconnotation,application,oridiomaticuse,etc.2.Kindsofsynonyms:1.)Complete/absolutesynonyms(完全同义词):◆wordswhosemeaningisfullyidenticalinanycontextsothatonecanalwaysbesubstitutedfortheotherwithouttheslightestchangeinmeaning.spirant&fricative摩擦音(phonetics)word-formation&word-building构词(lexicology)compounding&composition复合构词法(lexicology)malnutrition&undernourishment营养不良(medicine)caecitis&typhlitis盲肠炎(medicin)2.)Relativesynonyms(相对同义词;近义词)Quasi-synonymouswords:◆indegreeofagivenqualityorinshadeofmeaning(语义色彩)☆Differenceindegreeofagivenquality:1.Mybedroomissmallerthanyours.2.Fleasaretinyinsects.3.Thediminutivesuffix-lingin“duckling”denotesaffection.4.Theofficeisminute,withbarelyroomforadeskandtwochairs.5.amicroscopicplant6.Thebody‘sannualintakeofmetallicironisinfinitesimal.☆Differenceinshadeofmeaning:1.declineaninvitationtodinner2.thosewhoacceptedtheofferandthosewhorejectedit3.refuseachildpermissiontogoout◆inaffectivemeaning,andstylisticmeaning:☆Differenceinaffectivemeaning:asmallroompoorlittleboyAppreciative/Favourablethrifty/frugal（节俭的）bravery（勇敢,勇气）firm（坚定的,坚决的）intellectual（知识分子）black（黑人）Derogatory/Unfavourableniggardly/miserly（吝啬的）foolhardiness（蛮勇）pigheaded（顽固的）egghead（书呆子）nigger（黑鬼）☆Differenceinstylisticmeaning:man(neutral)chap/fellow/bird(colloquial)guy/bozo(slang)gent(vulgar/jocular)◆incollocationanddistribution☆Differenceincollocation:sailasmallboat驾驶小船teacharithmetic教算术scholarlyintelligence学者的智慧offeringtoachurch向教堂捐赠navigatealiner驾驶客轮inculcatedoctrine谆谆教诲animalcunning动物的狡猾doletotheunemployed救济失业者☆Differenceindistribution:◆Heisthegreatestlivingscientist.Heisthegreatestscientistalive.◆Don’tdisturbthesleepingoldladyinthenextroom.Don’tdisturbtheoldladyasleepinthenextroom.3.Patternsofsynonyms:1.)Thedoublescalepattern:◆native(informal)----borrowed(learned)↓↓EnglishLatinbodilycorporealfriendshipamityheartycordialmotherlymaternaltotiretofatigue◆native(literary)----borrowed(common)↓↓EnglishLatindalevalleydeedactionfoeenemymeedreward2.)Thetriplescalepattern:native----borrowed----anotherborrowed↓↓↓EnglishFrenchLatinaskquestioninterrogatefastfirmsecurefireflameconflagrationfearterrortrepidationgoodnessvirtueprobityholysacredconsecratedrisemountascendtimeageepoch4.Useofsynonyms:1.)Thechoiceanduseofsynonyms:◆Avoidingrepetition:Weweregreatly(much)surprisedtoseesogreat(large)anumberofpeopleassembled,evidentlyforsomegreat(important)occasion.◆Achievingprecisioninmeaning:Totakeoffherbootsortoputthemonwasanagony(verygreatmentalorphysicalpain)toher,butithadbeenanagonyforyears.Infact,shewassoaccustomedtothepain(sufferingordistressofbodyormind)thatherfacewasdrawnandscrewedupreadyforthetwinge(asudden,brief,dartingpain)beforeshe’dsomuchasuntiedthelaces.◆Achievingvarietyinstyle:…AsyetIhadspokentonoone,nordidanybodyseemtotakenoticeofme;Istoodlonely(a.)enough,buttothatfeelingofisolation(n.)Iwasaccustomed…◆Avoidingvulgarnessoroffendingothersgrave----restingplacetolie----todistortthefactsdrunk----elevated◆Usedforemphasis:Therearetemporarysetbacksandreverses.Wehavebutoneaimandonesingle,irrevocablepurpose.Hehassolongthrivedandprospered.Wewillneverparley,wewillnevernegotiate…2)Synonymalsoincludesthreeaspects:◆Synonymsofdifferentword-classes:jealous&jealousy◆Wordssynonymouswithphrases:totolerate&toputupwith◆Differentsentencepatternsexpressingroughlythesameidea:Hewasthesoleproviderofthefamily.Healonehadtosupportthefamily.Hewastheonlypersontoprovideforthefamily.3)Fakesynonyms:havingnosimilaroridenticaldenotativemeaningdoubt&suspect:怀疑,疑心object&oppose反对II.Antonymy:Relationshipbetweenantonyms(oppositenessofmeaning)1.Definitionofantonyms:Wordsthatareopposite2.Typesofantonyms:1.)Accordingtosemanticcontrast（语义对比）:◆Contraries相对性反义词◆Complementaries互补反义词◆Conversives换位反义词2.)Accordingtomorphologicalstructure(形态结构):◆Rootantonyms词根反义词◆Derivationalantonyms派生反义词1.)Accordingtosemanticcontrast（语义对比）:◆Contraries相对性反义词/gradedantonyms:rich&poorheavy&lightdeep&shallow◆Gradability可分级性:degreeofthequalityinvolved:richveryrichricherrichest◆Relativity相对性:intermediatetermsbetweenthetwoopposites:rich----well-to-do----well-off----moderatelywealthy----comfortablyoff----hardup----poor★Othercontraries:fool&wiseman(n.)tolove&tohate(v.)up&down(ad.)afew&many(determiner)◆Complementaries互补反义词Contradictories词义矛盾/对立性反义词:alive&deadsingle&married→complementariespresent&absent﹡Binarysemanticopposition★Absoluteness绝对性:theassertionofoneimplyingthedenialoftheother★Beingnongradable:neithermodifiedbyadverbsnorhandledintermsofcomparisonandadmittingnointermediatemembersThiswomanisneitheralivenordead.(F)Thiswomanisneitherrichnorpoor.(T)◆Conversives换位反义词Relationalopposites相对关系词/关系对立词:lend&borrowhusband&wifeemployer&employee★Binaryopposition★Interdependenceofmeaning→onememberpresupposestheother☆Thedefinitionofreciprocalsocialroles☆Spatialrelationship2.)Accordingtomorphologicalstructure(形态结构):◆Rootantonyms词根反义词:wordswithdifferentrootsDeep&shallowTolove&tohateUp&down◆Derivationalantonyms派生反义词:wordswiththesamerootshavingnegativeaffixesHappyunhappyConformistNonconformistCodeDecodeHarmfulharmless3.Relevantpointsaboutantonyms:1.)Marked（有标记项）Unmarkedmembers（无标记项）:UnmarkedmemberstigeroldbigwideheavyCarryingnoparticularimplication(general笼统的)Howbigisit?→sizeofsomethingMarkedmemberstigressyoungsmallnarrowlightCarryingacertainimplicationofdistinctiveness(specific具体的)Howsmallisit?→degreeofsmallness2.)Somewordswithoutantonyms:★Notallwordshaveantonyms.★Antonymsarefoundin﹡Qualitativeadjectives:clean&dirty﹡Somenouns:love&hatred﹡Someverbs:toagree&todisagree﹡Someadverbs:loudly&softly﹡Determiners:few&many3.)Differentantonymsunderdifferentcircumstances:◆Polysemicword:fast(fixedfirmly)----loose/insecurefast(steadfast,loyal)----disloyalfast(dissipated,pleasureseeking)----temperate,sober,moderate)◆Differentcontexts:anoldman----ayoungmananoldhouse----amodern/newhouse◆Differentcollocations：freshbread----stalebreadfreshair----stuffyairfreshflowers----fadedflowers◆Thesamecollocations：aclever(quickinlearning)worker----astupidworkeraclever(skillfiul)worker----aclumsyworker4.)Lexicalantonymsvs.syntacticnegation:impossible----notpossibleunfair----notfair↓Stronger5.)Wordorderofantonymouspairs:heavenandearthfireandwatermanandwifeheatandcoldcauseandeffecteatanddrink↓↓thesameastheoppositeoftheChineseChinesecounterpartequivalents4.Useofantonyms:Usecontrastofantonymstoimpressthelistenerorreader.Antithesis对偶Sweetashoney,bitterasgall.Artislong,lifeisshort.III.Hyponymy（上下义关系）:Hyponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexicalitems,suchthattheformeris‘included’inthelatter.Thegenerallexicalitem:vague&triteasuperordinateterm（支配词，上义词，同类概括词）anuppertermThespecificlexicalitem:vivid&preciseasubordinatetermalowertermhyponym（受支配词，下义词）Food↙↓↘meatvegetablefruit↙↓↘↙↓↘↙↓↘beefporkmuttonceleryspinachcabbageappleorangepeachIV.SemanticField（语义场）◆ItwasdevelopedinEuropeinthe1930s,especiallybyJostTrier.◆Thevocabularyisnotsimplyalistingofindependentitems,butisorganizedintoareas,orfields,withinwhichwordsinterrelateanddefineeachotherinvariousways.Red,green,blue,white,orange,etc.→thesemanticfieldofcoloursFather,mother,son,daughter,etc.→thesemanticfieldofkinship★Featuresofthewordsinthesamesemanticfield1.)Wordfrequencyvaries.thesemanticfieldofcolour:white----pink----lemon2.)Wordsarenotsynonymous.thesemanticfieldoffruit:apple,pear,orange3.)Wordshavecollocationsincommon.thesemanticfieldofmeat:↗porkstew/fry→beef↘muttonAssignmentsReviewChapterⅦPreviewChapterⅧ