（推荐）Chapter 2 Philosophy and Religion

PhilosophyandReligionsPhilosophySomebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested.MajorphilosophiesintheWorldChinesePhilosophyWesternphilosophyChinesephilosophyIndianphilosophyChinesePhilosophythevariousschoolsofthought.TheDevelopmentofChinesePhilosophyThephilosophyinpre-QintimesTheorthodoxphilosophyduringtheHanDynastyMetaphysicsduringtheWeiandJindynastiesTheBuddhistphilosophyduringtheSuiandTangdynastiesNeo-ConfucianisminSongandMingdynastiesApplicationphilosophyintheMingandQingdynastiesThephilosophyinpre-Qintimes1.Confucianism2.Taoism3.Mohism4.LegalismConfucianism亚圣Confucius’slegacycompiledandpreservedliteraryworksofthreegenerations(6books).establishedasystemofphilosophicalthoughtswith“ren”asitsfundamentalvirtue.establishedprivateschoolsandfoundedasystematiceducationframework.12:11齐景公问政于孔子。孔子对曰：“君君、臣臣、夫夫、子子。”TheMastersaid,"Thereisgovernmentwhentherulerisruler,theministerisminister,thefatherisfatherandthesonistheson."MainliteratureFourBooks:TheGreatLearning;(Howtoreachhighestgood;eightways)TheDoctrineoftheMean;(highestvirtue)TheAnalectsofConfucius;(howtobehave)Mencius(perfectgovernance)FiveClassicsTheBookofChange(knowledgeoftheuniverse)TheBookofHistory(summaryoflessonfromXiaandShang)TheBookofSongs(teachingofknowledge)TheBookofRites(teachingofbehavior)TheSpringandAutumnAnnals(achroniclethatreflectsChinesevalues)Corevalue诚DoctrinesofConfuciusRenLiGovernmentbyVirtueZhongyongRen–inneridealRen--“man”and“two”(tobearealmanandtolove)Benevolence,humanity,virtueEthicalperfectionthebaseofallotheraspectsofConfucianthoughtLoyaltyandreciprocity--忠恕；慈悲Confucius'centraldoctrinesBenevolence,affectionandlove樊迟问仁，子曰爱人。FanChiaskedwhat"ren"is.Confuciussaid,"Loveothers".己所不欲，勿施于人。Donotdotootherswhatyouwouldnotwantotherstodotoyou.“notinflictingonothersthatwhichyoudonotwantyourself”Li—outwardexpressionthegreatestprincipleofliving,socialnormsofhumanrelationsPoliteness,courtesy,propriety（actandspeakproperly),ritualRectificationofnames—everyonehashisproperpositioninthesocialgroupandasetofduties;eachpersonactsaccordingtohisroleexpectationsocialhierarchy(eachpersonactsappropriatelyaccordingtotheirroleexpectationsandcountry)HelpattainorderandharmonyGovernmentbyVirtueVirtue--centerofConfucius’Politically,therulershouldcultivatemoralperfectioninordertosetagoodexampletothepeople.Ren—personalmoralityGovernmentbyVirtue—politicalmoralityZhongyongZhongyongplaysanimportantroleinshapingtheChinesenationalcharacterandapproachestotheirlifeproblems.Itmeansstanding“centralandbalanced”indealingwithmanagementofthingsorhumanbeings.Nowadays,manyChinesevalueslikeharmony,modesty,stabilityandendurancecanallfindtheirrootsintheConfucianconceptofZhongyong.InfluenceofConfuciusThoughtCodeoflifePoliticaltheoryeducationCriticismLackofcreativityQuotemorethancreate孔子在陈国和蔡国之间的地方（缺粮）受困，饭菜全无，七天没吃上米饭了。白天睡在那，颜回去讨米，讨回来后煮饭，快要熟了。孔子看见颜回用手抓锅里的饭吃。一会，饭熟了，（颜回）请孔子吃饭，孔子假装没看见颜回抓饭吃的事情。孔子起身说：“刚刚梦见我的先人，我自己先吃干净的饭然后才给他们吃。”颜回回答道：“不是那样的，刚刚碳灰飘进了锅里（弄脏了米饭），丢掉又不好，就抓来吃了。”孔子叹息道：“（按说）应该相信眼睛（看见）的，但是眼睛也不一定可信；应该相信自己的心，自己的心也不可以相信。你们记住，要了解人本来就不容易啊。”见贤思齐焉；见不贤而内省也Whenyouseeagoodperson,thinkofbecominglikehim/her;whenyouseesomeonenotsogood,reflectonyourownweakpoints.一箪食,一瓢饮,在陋巷,人不堪其忧,回也不改其乐。修身在正其意。《大学》Thekeytoself-cultivationistomakeone’smindjust.曾子曰：‘吾日三省吾身；为人谋而不忠乎?与朋友交而不信乎?传不习乎?’天行健，君子以自强不息。《易经》AsHeavenkeepsactiveandvigorous,Soagentlemanmakesunremittingeffortstoimprovehimself.Thus,whenHeavenisabouttoconferagreatofficeonanyman,itfirstexerciseshismindwithsuffering,andhissinewsandboneswithtoil.Itexposeshisbodytohunger,andsubjectshimtoextremepoverty.Itconfoundshisundertakings.Byallthesemethodsitstimulateshismind,hardenshisnature,andsupplieshisincompetencies.在儒家文化圈内的历史上，从未发生过宗教战争，世界宗教战争中失败的一方，都可以到中国继续传教、发展，儒家文化圈像一个黑洞，任何外来文化都会被吸收消化，改造为本民族文化的组成部分。儒家文化不像西方文化那样主动扩张，而是使周围文化一层层塌陷进来，被同化，是一圈一圈地缓慢扩张，同化.DaoismDaoNon-actionDaoismasphilosophySththatcan’tbeexplained.BasiccompositionoftheworldtheoriginthatcreatestheworldthewayofthenatureThelawofhumanbehaviorGuidelineExistenceVSnonexistenceNon-actionPassivityBeingoverdoingNeverforcingthingsagainstnature*Letnaturetakeitscourse*Followingthewayofnature*BeingnaturalDaoism--waterSeekthepathofleastresistanceCarvethroughrocksandwearoutthingsthatresistit.SoftandadaptableContenttostayinalowpositionandtolerateotherthings.Benefittenthousandcreaturesyetitselfdoesnotscramble.ContributionofDaoismTheDialecticalPatternofthought:wethinkintermsoftwooppositeelements,theinteractionofwhichisbelievedtohaveimpelledtheeverchangingworld;everythingisrelativee.g.ablessingindisguises水深火热、悲喜交加、矛盾、长幼、多少Softnessconquerhardness(Taiji)CriticismagainstDaoismPassivity上善若水。水利万物而不争，居众人之所恶，故几于道。Thehighestgoodislikethatofwater.Thegoodnessofwateristhatitbenefitsthetenthousandcreatures;yetitselfdoesnotscramble,butiscontentwiththeplacesthatallmendisdain.ItisthisthatmakeswatersoneartotheWay.大智若愚,大巧若拙,大音希声,大象无形,大盈若冲,大辩若讷,大方无隅,大直若屈,大成若缺.(庄子：超越名利；苏格拉底：超越生死VS当代价值观）Amanofgreatwisdomoftenappears[seems]slow-witted.反者道之动themovementtowardtheopposite致虚极，守静笃beinanextremeemptinessofmind上士闻道，勤而行之;中士闻道，若存若亡;下士闻道，大笑之。不笑不足以为道HearingDao,thebestscholarassiduouslypracticesit;theaveragescholarhalfbelievesandhalfdoubtsaboutit;theworstscholarburstsintolaughteraboutit.祸兮福所倚,福兮祸所伏 Misfortunemightbeablessingindisguise,andviceversa.企者不立，跨者不行,Hewhostandsontiptoescannotstandwell;Hewhowalkswithgreatstridescannotwalkwell.骤雨不终日asuddenraindoesnotlastallday.ConfucianismEstablishorderlyhierarchicalsocietyMoraleducationActionGointothesocietyHelpeachotherincaseofdifficultyDaoismRevertingtoprimitiveagrariancommunitiesandagovernmentthatdidnotcontrolorinterferewithlifeFollowingthewayofnatureNon-actionStayawayfromsocietyfreedomDoyoustillfindConfucianismandDaoismusefultoday?Inwhatways?Mozi墨翟ApeasantfamilyAdiscipleofConfucianismRepresentativeoflaboringclassAthriftylife兼爱非攻尚贤节葬非乐MaindoctrinesUniversallove兼爱equalloveforallotherindividuals,regardlessoftheiractualrelationshipNoaggression非攻Exaltationoftheworthy尚贤aslongasapersonwascapableforthetask,heshouldbeengagedandpromotedregardlessofbloodrelations.Ifanofficerwereincapable,evenifhewereacloserelativeoftheruler,heoughttobedowngraded.LegalismTheQindynastyhumansareevilandneedtobecontrolledusinglawsinordertopreventchaos.HanFeiZiproposethreetoolstogovern:Fa法("laworprinciple"):Thelawcodemustbeclearlywrittenandmadepublic.Allpeopleundertherulerwereequalbeforethelaw.Shu术("method,tacticorart"):Specialtacticsand"secrets"aretobeemployedbytherulertomakesureothersdon'ttakeovercontrolofthestate.Shi势("power"):Itisthepositionoftheruler,nottherulerhimselforherself,thatholdsthepower.Therefore,analysisofthetrends,thecontext,andthefactsareessentialforarealruler.TheBasicfeatures—howaretheyrelatedtoConfucianism,DaoismStressonspiritualexistenceStressonpracticeStressonmoralityStressonharmonyStressonintuitionCharacteristicsofChineseEthicsandMoralitySeekingharmonyandmaintainingequilibriumCollectivismoverindividualismSpirituallifemateriallifeTheorthodoxphilosophyduringtheHanDynasty1.独尊儒术2.天人感应3.君权神授4.天人合一ReligionWhatisChinesepeople’sattitudetowardreligion?atheismReligionandsuperstitionThecriteriaofareligionDoctrinesDisciplesPlaceforworshipGodMuslimPriests,ministersmonksDaoistGod,peoplesinBitternessbecauseofdesireLongevity&immortalitybeliefMosquechurchTemplemonasteryDaoisttempleAllahJesusSakyamuniSupremePatriarchIslamChristianityBuddhismDaoismplaceDaoismasreligionNativereligioninChinaThreePureGodsEightimmortalsintheTaoistReligionSakyamuni(释迦牟尼);Itsdoctrineisbasedonreincarnation(轮回).“ThreeJewels”ofBuddhism三宝FourNobleTruths四真谛Eight-foldPath八正道TypesofBuddhismSpreadofBuddhisminChinaInfluenceonChineseCulturefeaturesAtheismkarmaThe“ThreeJewels”（三宝)ofBuddhismBuddha–theteacherDharma法–theteachingsSangha–thecommunityWhowastheBuddha?ThefounderofBuddhismthesonofaprinceofShakyasRaisedingreatluxurytobeaking.Hemarriedatage16andhadasonAt29herejectedhisluxuriouslifetoseekenlightenmentandthesourceofsuffering.Livedastrict,ascetic(禁欲的)lifefor6years.WhowastheBuddha?●Rejectingtheextremesofluxuryandasceticism禁欲,hesatinmeditation沉思,andfoundnirvana涅槃.●Became“TheEnlightenedOne”at35.●Spenttheremaining49yearsofhislifeteachingothershowtoachievethepeaceofmindhehadachievedWhowastheBuddha?Hediedattheageof80,afterassemblingagroupofmenandwomendiscipleswhocontinuedtospreadhisteachingbywordofmouth.1“extinction”(灭渡重生)2anawakeningtothetruthaboutlifeWhatisthefundamentalcauseofallsuffering?Desire!Therefore,extinguishtheself,don’tobsessaboutoneself.WhatdidtheBuddhateach?FourNobleTruthsThereissufferingintheworld.Toliveistosuffer.TheBuddhafoundthisoutwhenhewasyoungandexperiencedsufferinganddeathinothers.FourNobleTruthsThecauseofsufferingisself-centereddesireandattachments.FourNobleTruthsThesolutionistoeliminatedesireandattachments,thusachievingNirvana.FourNobleTruthsToreachnirvana,onemustfollowtheEightfoldPath.WhatistheEight-FoldPath?（八正道）Wisdom:RightunderstandingRightmotivationMoraldiscipline:RightspeechRightactionRightlivelihoodMentaldiscipline:RighteffortRightmindfulnessRightmeditation正见：正确的见解Itistheknowledgeoftheexistenceofsuffering,theknowledgeoftheoriginofsuffering,theknowledgeofthecessationofsuffering,andtheknowledgeofthepathleadingtothecessationofsuffering.正思维:根据四谛的真理进行思维Itisresolvetofreeone’sthoughtsofdelusion谬见,greed,andanger,torenouncesensualpleasures,itistheeffortandresolvetohavemalice恶意towardsnone,andtheeffortandresolvetohavecompassionforalllivingcreatures.正语：说话要符合佛陀的教导Toabstainfromfalsehood,toabstainfromslander,toabstainfromharshlanguage,andtoabstainfrommaliciousgossip.正业：正确的行为Toabstainfromdestroyinglife,toabstainfromtakingthatwhichisnotgivenone,andtoabstainfromimmorality.正命：过正当的生活ItisabandoninganoccupationthatfollowsthewrongWayandkeepingtoanoccupationthatfollowsthetrueWay.正精进：修行佛法以达到涅槃的理想境界Righteffortisdetailedinfourtypesofendeavours1evilqualitiesnotyetarisenmaynotarise2evilqualitiesalreadyarisenmaybeabandoned3goodqualitiesnotyetarisenmayarise4goodqualitiesalreadyarisenmaybepreserved,retained,increasedandbeperfected正念：有意识地觉察Wheneverapersonhasgotridoflustandgrief,withrespecttothemind,observantoftheactivitiesofthemindwithstrenuous,clearlyconscious,attentiveawareness.正定：专心修习佛教禅定以进入清净的境界Aperson,achievingisolationfromsensualpleasuresandfromcensurabletraits,andstillexercisingreasoning,stillexercisingreflection,entersuponthefirstlevelofmeditation,whichisproducedbyisolationandcharacterizedbyjoyandhappiness.EightfoldPathNirvana涅槃Twowaystoobtainnirvana:NorthernChan—“gradualapproach(渐悟)”SouthernChan—“immediatelyenlightenment(顿悟)”(六祖慧能)NirvanaNirvanaisapeaceful,detachedstateofmindAchievingNirvanameansescapefromthecycleofrebirthBasicunderstandingBuddhaisahumanbeing,notimmortal.Buddhaisnotunique,everyonehasanopportunitytobeaBuddha.Buddhaisanequalitysupporter.Buddhaisnotunique,everyonehasanopportunitytobeaBuddha.Buddhismpreachestheviewofgettingintotheworld,notgettingoutoftheworld.BasicDoctrinesTypesofBuddhismTheravadaBuddhism(小乘佛教)MahayanaBuddhism（大乘佛教）TibetanBuddhism(藏传佛教)ZenBuddhism(禅宗佛教)TheravadaBuddhism(小乘佛教)TheoldestschoolofBuddhism.FoundinsouthernAsia.Themonastic(简朴克己的)lifeisthebestwaytoachievenirvana(涅槃).Focusonwisdomandmeditation.Goalistobecomea“Buddha佛,”or“EnlightenedOne.”Over100,000,000followerstoday.MahayanaBuddhism（大乘佛教）FoundedinnorthernAsia(China,Japan).SeekguidancefromBoddhisattvas（菩萨）,wisebeings.Goal:Notjustindividualescapefromthewheel,butthesalvationofallhumanitythroughself-sacrificeofthoseenlightenedfew.Boddhisattva菩萨TibetanBuddhism(藏传佛教)DevelopedinTibetinthe7cCE.AmixtureofTheravadaandMahayana.BodhisattvaasincludeLamas喇嘛ZenBuddhism(禅宗佛教)The“Meditation冥想School.”arrivingatemptinessBeauty,art,andaesthetics:Gardens.Archery箭术.Teaceremony.Calligraphy.ContributionEnrichChinesephilosophyContributetoliteratureArt(architecture,painting,sculpture)ContributetoPinyinEnrichvocabularyWordsthatcomefromIndia缘自由方便刹那三生有幸大彻大悟觉悟世界平等解脱RelieveStress&Meditate:GetaMantra(咒)!Ohm...mani...padme...hung...Hailtothejewelinthelotus莲花!应无所住而生其心asthediamondsutrasays,enlightenmentcomeswhenwedonotattachtoanythingLotus2.Doctrines教义（一）SixBeliefs（六大信条）（二）FiveDuties（五功）SixBeliefs六大信条BelieveinAllah信安拉BelieveinProphets信使者BelieveinAngel信天使BelieveinBookssentbyGod信经典BelieveinDayofJudgement信末日BelieveinDestiny信前定Fiveduties五功Professionoffaith(念功)“ThereisnogodbutGod,andMuhammadistheMessengerofGod"Prayer(礼功)-topray5timesadayFasting(斋功)-noeatinginSeptemberCharity(课功)-topaytaxPilgrimage(朝功)-pilgrimagetoMeccaPrayer(礼功)thedaily5timesprayerSalatal-Fajr晨礼（sunrise）Zuhr响礼（atnoon）Asr晡礼(afternoon）Maghrib昏礼（sunset）Isha宵礼（evening）fasting斋功ThewholeSeptemberofeveryyearisforfastingMuslimsareprohibitedfromeating,drinking,smoking,andengaginginsexualintercoursefromdawntosunsetPilgrimage(朝功)（禁凶杀、抢劫、械斗）3.Qu`ran&CrescentThebibleofIslamisKoran（古兰经）ThesymbolofIslamisCrescent(新月）Customs大小净：Beforeenteringthetemplepeopleneedtocleanthemselvesfromheadtotoe不吃猪肉：Muslimsdonoteatpork,deadanimals,blood,especiallythemeatofdonkeys,mulesanddogs.Itisforbiddentodrinkalcohol.衣着：Womenarerequestedtowearmasksandcovers右手：Peopleusetheirrighthandstoservethetea,carrybowlsandshakehands.Itisabadmannertousethelefthand.伊斯兰教的圣地：麦加、麦地那、耶路撒冷圆顶光塔拱门光塔柱形光塔楼阁形埃及乌兹别克印度的泰吉·玛哈尔陵ChristianityTenetsofChristianity基督教教义theTenCommandmentsTrinitytheoriginalsinsalvationJustificationbyFaithheavenandeternallifeHelltheendoftheworldUsefulExpressions儒家思想道家思想佛家忠恕仁政诸子百家圣人天人合一五常：仁义礼智信中庸之道ConfucianismDaoismBuddhismLoyaltyEmpathyGovernmentbyVirtueHundredSchoolsofThoughtSageManbeinginharmonywithnatureFiveconstantvirtues:benevolence,righteousness,propriety,wisdomandfidelityThegoldenmean四书《大学》《中庸》《论语》《孟子》五经《诗经》《书经》《礼记》《易经》《春秋》等级孝顺TheFourBooksTheGreatLearningTheDoctrineoftheMeanTheAnalectsofConfuciusMenciusTheFiveClassicsTheBookofSongsTheBookofHistoryTheBookofRitesTheBookofChangesTheSpringandAutumnAnnalsHierarchyFilialpiety