国家开放大学学位英语考试复习-管理英语4阅读练习及参考答案(学位)

管理英语（4）练习（学位）Passage1 It’snosecretthatgoodleadersarealsogoodcommunicators.Indeed,communicationandleadershipareinextricablytied.Howcanyouinspireorguideothersifyoudon’tcommunicateinaclear,credibleandauthenticway?Herearefiveessentialcommunicationpracticesofeffectiveleaders:1.Mindthesay-dogapTrustisthebedrockofeffectiveleadership—yourbehaviorisyoursinglegreatestmodeofcommunication,anditmustbecongruentwithwhatyousay.Ifyouractionsdon’talignwithyourwords,youarestoringuptroubleforthefuture.2.MakethecomplexsimpleEffectiveleadersdistillcomplexthoughtsandstrategiesintosimple,memorabletermsthatcolleaguesandcustomerscangraspandactupon.Themostimportantthingistoclarifywhatyouwanttosay,lookoutfortechnicaljargonandavoidbusinessspeak,whichaddcomplexity.Saywhatyoumeaninasfewwordsaspossible.3.FindyourownvoiceUselanguagethat’sdistinctlyyourown;letyourvaluescomethroughinyourcommunication.Correctuseoflanguageandgrammarisimportant,ofcourse,butdon’tbecomeoverlyfixatedoneloquenceforeloquence’ssake;concentrateonbeingdistinctandreal.Peoplewantreal,peoplerespectreal,peoplefollowreal.4.BevisibleVisibilityisaboutlettingyourkeystakeholdersgetafeelforwhoyouareandwhatyoucareabout.Don’thidebehindacomputerandonlyinteractwithpeopleelectronically—seethemfacetofaceandvoicetovoice,andinteractwiththeminareal,substantialway.Intoday’senvironment,wherepeopleareoftenburnedout,it’simportantforemployeestohaveapersonalconnectionwithyouandtheworkyoubelievein.Showthepeoplewhoworkforyouthatyou’reengagedandyoucareaboutthemandtheirwork.5.ListenwithyoureyesaswellasyourearsEffectivecommunicationisatwo-wayprocess,andgoodleadersknowhowtoaskgoodquestions,andthenlistenwithboththeireyesandtheirears.Becauseyouareinapositionofauthority,othersmaybereluctanttoexpresstheirrealopinionstoyoudirectly.Youwon’talwaysgetdirectfeedback,soyoualsoneedtobeabletoreadbetweenthelinesandlookforthenon-verbalcues.1.Accordingtothepassage,______aregoodleaders.A.sincerecommunicators    B.ineffectivecommunicatorsC.invisibleleaders        D.eloquentspeakers     2.EffectivecommunicationisbasedonthefollowingEXCEPTthat______.A.youractionmustagreewithyourwords    B.languageandgrammarmustbeusedcorrectly    C.youinteractwithpeoplefacetoface    D.youalwayswanttogetdirectfeedback  3.Accordingtothepassage，theincorrectstatementisthat______.A.communicationandleadershiparecloselyrelated    B.goodcommunicatorsavoidusingcomplicatedterms    C.itisvisiblewhenleadersonlyinteractwithpeopleelectronicallyD.leaderssometimescangetindirectfeedbackthroughnon-verbalcommunication4.Theunderlinedword“reluctant”inthelastparagraphmeans_______.A.willing        B.unwillingC.eager          D.bold5.Thepassageismainlyabout______.A.howtoinspireothers      B.howtokeepgoodrelationshipswithothers    C.howtocommunicatewithothers  D.howtomakenon-verbalcommunicationPassage2 It’simportantforaCEOtobepassionateandenthusiastic,butthere’salineofprofessionalismthatmustalwaysbemaintained.AccordingtoareportfromthetechnologywebsiteVentureBeat,PayPalCEODavidMarcuswroteacriticallettertohisemployeesblamingthemfornotusingPayPalproductsandencouragingthemtoleaveiftheydidn’thavethepassiontousetheproductstheyworkfor.Accordingtothewebsite,partoftheleakedletterreads:“It’sbeenbroughttomyattentionthatwhentestingpayingwithmobileatCafe17lastweek,someofyourefusedtoinstallthePayPalapp,andothersdidn’tevenremembertheirPayPalpasswords.That’sunacceptabletome,andtherestofmyteam;everyoneatPayPalshoulduseourproductswhenavailable.That’stheonlywaywecanmakethembetter,andbetter.”“Inclosing,ifyouareoneofthefolkswhorefusedtoinstallthePayPalapporifyoucan’trememberyourPayPalpassword,doyourselfafavor,goandfindsomethingthatwillconnectwithyourheartandmindelsewhere.”Whilenotobviousatfirst,theletterrevealsaproblemofmoraleandcultureatPayPal.Asanexecutive,youcertainlywantyouremployeestouseandpromoteyourproducts.However,whenfacedwithasituationwherestaffaren’tembracingwhattheymake,youneedtoinvestigatetherootoftheproblem—notthreaten.Whenfacedwithinternalproblems,goodexecutivesstartbyasking“why”.Theyreachouttotheirexecutiveteamfirstandthentotheentirestafftofindtherootofaproblemandhowtofixit.Sendingoutaone-sidednoteabouttheproblemisnotleading;it’sretreating.Leadershipstartsbylistening.Goodexecutivesneedtogetoutamongthestaffandaskquestionsandlistenwithoutjudgmentorreaction.ThefactthatcompanyemployeesarenotembracingandusingitsproductsisafailureofleadershipthatMarcusneedstoaddressbyself-reflection.Attheendoftheday,ifhisemployeeshavetobeforcedtousetheapp,howcanheexpectconsumerstowanttowillinglypaytouseit?Marcusshouldhavefocusedonthreequestions:•Whyareyounotusingtheapp?•Whatisitthatwecandotoensureyouuseourapp?•Whatdoyouneedfromme?1.PayPalCEOwroteacriticallettertoblamehisemployeesfortheirnot_____.A.buyingtheirproducts      B.havingthepassionfortheirwork    C.installingtheapp      D.promotingtheirproducts2.TheCEOencouragedthosewhodidn’tusePaypalproductsto______.A.quittheirjobs        B.dohimafavor    C.installthePayPalapp      D.investigatetheproblem3.Thecriticallettershowsthat______.A.theexecutivethreatenedhisemployees  B.theexecutiveinvestigatedtheproblem    C.theemployeeswerenotpassionatefortheirwork    D.theemployeesneededself-reflection4.TheauthorthinkstheCEOneedsto______.A.askhisemployeesforself-reflection    B.forcehisemployeestousetheapp    C.listentohisemployeeswithjudgmentD.getsomeinformationfromhisemployeesbyaskingthemquestions  5.Thebesttitleforthispassageis______.A.HowtoPromoteProducts   B.TheRightWaytoMotivateEmployees    C.GoodLeadershipforPayPal    D.MoraleandCultureofPayPalPassage3 Performancemanagementaimstoacknowledgetheemployees’achievements,supporttheirpersonalandprofessionaldevelopment,andmotivateandempowerthemtoperformtheirworkeffectively.Performancemanagementhelpsemployeestodeveloptheirunderstanding,knowledgeandskillssothattheycancontributetotheachievementoftheenterprise’sgoalsandgainpersonalandjobsatisfaction.Itisavitalpartofanyqualityhumanresourcesystem.Everyenterprisewantsandshouldexpecthighperformancefromeachemployee.Theelementsofacompetency-basedperformancemanagementsystemwill,ifimplementedwell,enablehighperformancewhichwilldefineenterpriseandpersonalsuccess.Usingperformancemanagementprocesses,anenterprisecanbebetterplacedtomeetcompetitivechallenges.Thisisdoneby:•identifyingthecriticalpositions;•determiningthemostimportantcompetenciesforthesepositions;•providingtheeducation,trainingandfeedbackrequiredbyemployees;•holdingeachpersonaccountablefortheirresults.Thekeytotheperformancemanagementprocessis“performanceappraisal”.Performanceappraisalissimplyanevaluationofhowwellanemployeeperformshisorherjobcomparedtoasetofpredeterminedstandards.Itisasystematicprocessoffeedbackonanemployee’sworkperformance,andagreementtofuturetrainingplans,jobgoalsandjobaspirations.Tobeeffective,aperformanceappraisalneedstohaveasetofagreedcriteriathatwillbethebasisoffeedbackaswellasofsettingfuturegoals.Unitsofcompetencyprovideaveryeffectivetoolforsettingbenchmarksorcriteriaforworkperformance.Theperformancecriteriawithinunitsofcompetencycanbeusedasmeasurestoassessagainstinaperformanceappraisalorreview.1.Theaimof______istorecognizetheemployees’achievements,supporttheirpersonalandprofessionaldevelopment,andencouragethemtoperformtheirworkeffectively.A.performancecriteria      B.performancemanagement    C.performanceappraisal    D.performancereview2.Everyenterpriseshouldexpecteachemployeeto______. A.givehighperformance    B.gainjobsatisfaction    C.makepersonalsuccess    D.meetcompetitivechallenges3.AppraisalisNOTsimilarinmeaningto______.A.evaluation          B.review    C.assessment          D.competency4.Thekeytotheperformancemanagementprocessis______.A.performancecriteria      B.performanceappraisal    C.futuregoals          D.unitsofcompetency5.The______canbeusedasmeasurestoassessagainstinaperformanceappraisalorreview.A.predeterminedstandards    B.performanceappraisal    C.performancecriteria      D.workperformancePassage4Ifthere’sonewordthatcapturestheessenceofwhatisoccurringintheworldtoday,it’s“change”.Downsizing,reorganizing,andcuttingcosts,arenowthenormforsurvival.Noindustryisexempt.Eventhemostconservativeinstitutionsareundergoingsignificantchangesjusttosurvive.Changemanagementhasalwaysbeenanissueofdebateamongstscholars:howcanemployerscreatesuitableconditionsforasuccessfulchangeprocess?Andwhatcanemployeesdotogetthroughit?Tipsfordealingwithchangeintheworkplace:•Makeyourselfawarethatchangehappens:ithappensinpersonallife;ithappensinyourprofessionallife.Youcannotliveinthepast,sodenyingthatchangecouldoccuronlymakesthingsmorecomplicatedforyou.•Stayalertintheworkplace:knowwhatishappeningaroundyou.Whenyoucomeacrosscluesthathintchangeisontheway,acknowledgethem!•Maintainopencommunicationchannels.Don’tliebackandexpectthingstopassyoubysmoothly.Youneedtogetacquaintedwiththeoccurringchanges.Seekmoredetailsfromyourmanagementandpeerstoformanaccurateunderstandingofthematter.Betransparentandhonestaboutyourfears:dealingwiththeunknownisoftenresentedanddaunting.Makethepictureasclearasyoucan.•Assessyourself.Changeisatimewhenone’sconfidenceaboutone’sskillsandcapabilitiesgetsshaky.Recognizeyourstrengthsandwhereyoucouldbringthemintoplay.Atthesametime,stayawareofyourdevelopmentalareasandworkonimprovingthose.•Don’tbestiff.Itwillmakethechangeprocessmuchharderifyouarerigid.Beflexibleenoughtolookatthedifferentanglesofthechangeandseewhereyoucouldapplyyour“existing”skillsandknowledge,andwhatnewskillsyouneedtoacquire.•Stayoptimistic.Keepapositiveattitudeanddon’tletyourselfdrowninuncertainty.Involveyourselfinthenewprocess;locateyourselfproperlyinthenewscenario.Adjust!“Youcan’tgettothetopofEverestbyjumpingupthemountain.Yougettothemountaintopbytakingincrementalsteps.Stepbystep,yougettothegoal,”saysRobinSharma,oneoftheworld’smostsought-afterleadershipandpersonalsuccessexperts.1.Inordertosurviveinanewsituation,______isNOTsuitableforeveryindustry.A.downsizing          B.reorganizing    C.cuttingcosts        D.keepingconservative2.Whenchangeoccurs,employeesshouldNOT______.A.makethemselvesawareof  it  B.takeastiffattitude    C.getacquaintedwithit      D.bringtheirstrengthsintoplay3.Ifyou______,itwillbeunhelpfulforyoutomanagethechangeprocess.A.keepapositiveattitude  B.stayoptimistic    C.liebackoraredrownedinuncertainty    D.stayawareofyourdevelopmentalareas4.Theunderlinedword“incremental”inthelastparagraphmeans_______.A.increasing          B.decreasing    C.permanent          D.elemental5.Thebesttitleforthepassageis______.A.HowtoManageChangeinLife    B.HowtoGettotheGoal  C.HowtoBeSuccessfulExpertsD.HowtoAdapttoChangeintheWorkplace   Passage5Justasindividualshavepersonalities,so,too,doorganizations.Individualshaverelativelyenduringandstabletraitsthathelpuspredicttheirattitudesandbehaviors.Organizations,likepeople,canbecharacterizedas,forexample,rigid,friendly,warm,innovative,orconservative.Thesetraits,inturn,canbeusedtopredictattitudesandbehaviorsofthepeoplewithintheseorganizations.Thecultureofanyorganization,althoughitmaybehardtomeasureprecisely,neverthelessexistsandisgenerallyrecognizedbyitsemployees.Organizationshaveculturesthatgovernhowmembersbehave.Organizationalculturereferstoasystemofsharedmeaningheldbymembersthatdistinguishestheorganizationfromotherorganizations.Itisasetofkeycharacteristicsthattheorganizationvalues.Therearesevenprimarycharacteristicsthatcapturetheessenceofanorganization’sculture.Theyare:innovationandrisktaking,attentiontodetails,outcomeorientation,peopleorientation,teamorientation,aggressivenessandstability.Appraisingtheorganizationonthesesevencharacteristicsgivesacompositepictureoftheorganization’sculture.Thispicturebecomesthebasisforfeelingsofsharedunderstandingthatmembershaveabouttheorganization,howthingsaredoneinit,andthewaymembersaresupposedtobehave.Cultureperformsanumberoffunctionswithinanorganization.First,itcreatesdistinctionsbetweenoneorganizationandothers.Second,itconveysasenseofidentityfororganizationmembers.Third,culturefacilitatesthegenerationofcommitmenttosomethinglargerthanone’sindividualselfinterest.Fourth,itenhancesthestabilityofthesocialsystem.Finally,cultureservesasasense-makingandcontrolmechanismthatguidesandshapestheattitudesandbehaviorsofemployees.Theroleofcultureininfluencingemployeebehaviorsappearstobeincreasinglyimportantintoday’sworkplace.Whoreceivesajoboffertojointheorganization,whoisappraisedasahighperformer,andwhogetsapromotionarestronglyinfluencedbytheindividual-organization“fit”.ItisnotacoincidencethatemployeesatDisneythemeparksappeartobealmostuniversallyattractive,clean,andwholesomelooking,withbrightsmiles.Andonceonthejob,astrongculture,supportedbyformalrulesandregulations,ensuresthatDisneythemeparkemployeeswillactinarelativelyuniformandpredictableway.1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcharacteristicsareNOTmentionedwhendescribingorganizations?A.Strictandconservative.  B.Innovative.    C.Cordialandfriendly.    D.Aggressiveandstable.2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisthedefinitionoforganizationalculture? A.Itexistsandisgenerallyrecognizedbyitsemployees.   B.Itgovernshowmembersbehave.    C.Itisasystemofsharedmeaningunderstoodbymembersthatdividesoneorganizationfromothers.    D.Itisthebasisforfeelingsofsharedunderstandingthatmembershaveabouttheorganization.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“appraising”inthe2rdparagraphmean?A.Valuing.        B.Evaluating.    C.Evading.        D.Evolving. 4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesnotbelongtothefunctionsoforganizationalculture?A.Itmakesoneorganizationdifferentfromothers.  B.Itgivesemployeesasenseofidentity.  C.Itimprovesthesteadinessofsocialsystem.  D.Itservesasalaw-makingmechanism.5.WhichofthefollowingCANNOTbeusedtodescribetheemployeesofDisneythemeparks?A.Unpredictable.      B.Smiling.  C.Healthy.         D.Charming.  Passage6Haveyounoticedthecourageburiedintheword“encourage”?Tocreateacultureinwhichinnovationflourishestakescourage.Determinedinnovatorsarealwayscourageousenoughtoestablishacultureinwhichinnovationisgreatlyencouragedandrewarded.Herearethreewaystodothat.Putinnovationattheheartofstrategy,andpersistwithitineverymessage.Thinkofinnovationstrategyasapyramid:bigbetsatthetop,afewprojectsindevelopmentinthemiddle,andabroadbaseofcontinuousimprovements,lastingcontributions,andearly-stagenewideasatthebottom.Definejobsaroundinnovation.Makeitajobprerequisite.Consider3M’smovetobecomeoneofthefirstcompaniestotellprofessionalsthattheycouldspend15percentoftheirtimeonprojectsoftheirownchoice.Nowmanyhigh-techcompaniesknowthattheycan’tgetthebesttalentwithoutprovidingthiskindofflexibility.Andsomeofthoseself-selected,self-organizedprojectsmightevenresultinablockbusterproductorlineofbusiness.For3M,itwasthePost-itnote.Recognizeinnovationineverypartofthecompany.Tobuildacultureofcreativityandinnovation,Gillettedevelopedaninnovationfairinwhicheveryunitcouldshowoffitsmostpromisingnewconcepts.Itshowsthateveryonehasaroletoplayinacultureofinnovation.Togofromideatosuccessfulinnovationrequiresagreatdealofsupportandcollaboration.Whenpeoplearesurroundedbyconstantcommunicationandencouragement,theycanfindthecouragetotry,fail,redo,andtryagain.1.Whatisimportantforestablishingacultureofinnovation?A.Reward.      B.Courage.    C.Strategy.      D.Talent.2.Wherearethenewideasplacedwheninnovationstrategyisregardedasapyramid?A.Inthebottom.     B.Inthemiddle.    C.Atthetop.      D.Ineverypart.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“blockbuster”inthe3rdparagraphmean?A.Somethingthatisdifficult.  B.Somethingthatissuccessful.  C.Somethingthatisworthbuying.    D.Somethingthatisworthwatching. 4.WhatofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothepassage?A.3M’sprofessionalsareallowedtospendsometimeontheirself-chosenprojects.   B.Lotsofhigh-techcompaniesprovideworkflexibilityforprofessionals.    C.Gillette’sinnovationfairencouragedemployeestobecreative.    D.Itiseasyforideastoturnintosuccessfulinnovation. 5.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheImportanceofInnovation  B.InnovationStrategy  C.HowtoTakeCourage    D.HowtobuildaCultureofInnovation管理英语（4）练习参考答案（学位）Passage1 1.A    2.D    3.C    4.B    5.CPassage2 1.C    2.A    3.A    4.D    5.BPassage3 1.B    2.A    3.D    4.B    5.CPassage41.D    2.B    3.C    4.A    5.DPassage51.D    2.C    3.B    4.D    5.APassage61.B    2.A    3.B    4.D    5.D