法律英语中的拉丁语

法律英语中的拉丁语abinitio（自始，例：voidabinitio自始无效）fromthebeginningadhoc（特别；特定；为某一目的特设，例：ahhoccommittee特设委员会；临时委员会；专门委员会）forthispurposeadlitem（专为某一诉讼目的；例：agentadlitem诉讼代理人）forthelawsuitafortiori（更加，更不必说）accordingtoWebster:"withgreaterreasonormoreconvincingforce--usedindrawingaconclusionthatisinferredtobeevenmorecertainthananother."Example:Ifitisaviolationofthesendingstate'srightstoarrestitsconsularofficial,thenafortioriitwouldbeaviolationtoarrestitsambassador.aposteriori（经验的；归纳的；后验的）fromeffecttocause;fromparticulartogeneral;inductive(basedonobservationorexperience).apriori（先验的；演绎的）fromcausetoeffect;fromgeneralizationtoparticular;deductive;presupposedbyorreasoningfromself-evidentpropositions(basedontheoryratherthanpractice).amicuscuriae（法庭之友）"friendofthecourt";apersonwithastronginterestinorviewsonthesubjectmatterofagivenlegalactionmaypetitionthecourtforpermissiontofileabrief,ostensiblyonbehalfofapartybutactuallytosuggestarationaleconsistentwithitsownviews.Suchamicuscuriaebriefsarecommonlyfiledinappealsconcerningmattersofabroadpublicinterest.Example:NPCofIranv.M/TStoltSheafcasebonafide:actingingoodfaithcontralegem（违反法律）"againstthelaw"(termusedtodescribeanequitabledecisionofacourtortribunalthatiscontrarytothelawgoverningthecontroversy. Suchadecisionwouldnotnormallybepermittedunlessthetribunalhadbeenempoweredtoactexaequoetbono). Asopposedtointralegem.defacto（事实；事实上）infact(asopposedtoinlaw,dejure)delegeferenda（根据拟议法）whatthelawoughttobe(asopposedtowhatthelawis,lexlata).delegelata（根据现行法）whatthelawis(asopposedtowhatthelawoughttobe,delegeferenda).dejure（法理上；法律上）inlaw(asopposedtoinfact,defacto).dolusspecialis（特殊目的）specialintent.Ininternationalhumanitarianlaw,genocideisconsidereduniquebecauseofthespecialintenttodestroyinwholeorinpart,anational,ethnic,racialorreligiousgroup.ergaomnes （对所有国家；普遍适用；对国际社会整体。例：obligationergaomnes对国际社会整体的义务；对世义务）"towardall"wrongfulactsthatharmeveryoneandnotsimplyoneinjuredparty)exaequoetbono（根据公允及善意原则；本着公平与正义的精神）ajudgmentbasedonconsiderationsoffairness,notonconsiderationsofexistinglaw.Suchajudgmentisrendered"beside"or"againstthelaw"(praeterlegemorcontralegem),notwithinthelaw(infralegemorintralegem).Example:Article38(2)oftheI.C.J.StatutepermitstheCourttorenderajudgmentonthesegroundsexpropriomotu（出于自愿的；出自本意的）onitsownaccord.expropriovigore（由于本身的力量）byitsownstrength/ofitsownforce.Alaworatreatymaybebindingexpropriovigore,oronitsown.Ifaninternationallawisnotbindingexpropriovigoreindomesticlaw,thenlegislativeactionisneeded.Atreatythatrequiresdomesticlegislationisreferredtoasanon-self-executingtreaty.forumconveniens（便利法庭；合适的裁判地）convenientforum.Thecourtisconvenienttohearacaseandhasjurisdiction.Thedoctrineofforumnonconveniens("inconvenientforum")allowsacourttorefursetoadjudicateacaseongroundsofinconvenience.forumnonconveniens（不便利法庭；非方便裁判地）inconvenientforum.inparidelicto（同等过错；互有过失）equallywrong.Onepartyisasmuchatfaultastheopposingparty.inparimateria（以相同方式）onlikesubjectmatter;samemanner.typicallyusedinregardstostatuteswhichrelatethesamethingorperson.inpersonam（对人）againsttheperson.Jurisdictionoverthepersonofanindividual.inrem（对物）“inathing”.Inalawsuit,anactioninremisdirectedtowardssomespecificpieceofproperty,instatunascendi（在新生状态/初始状态/原初状态中）initsoriginalform/inbirthstatus/beingjustborn.Underinternationallaw,thistermgenerallyisusedtorefertoanascentstateorapoliticalentityseekingrecognitionofstatehood.Italsoisusedtorefertoemergentlaws,rules,orprinciplesofcustomaryinternationallaw.interalia（在其他事项外；此外）amongotherthings.intralegem（法内）"withinthelaw"(termusedtodescribeanequitabledecisionofacourtortribunalthatisconsistentwiththerulesoflawgoverningthecontroversy). Asopposedtocontralegem.interarmasilentleges(战争的时候无法律可言；战时法律暂停生效)intimeofwar,thelawsaresilentipsofacto（根据事实本身；事实使然）bythefact(oract)itself.ipsojure（依照法律；根据法律）bythelawitselfjus（法；权利）laworthebodyoflawjusadbellum（诉诸战争权）RighttoWar.Whenandunderwhatconditionsiswareverjustifiable?Jusadbellumsetstheboundariesfortheuseofforce.Warwasdenouncedinthe1919CovenantoftheLeagueofNationsandthe1928TreatyofParis(Briand-KelloggPact).TheUNCharteradoptedin1945states:"AllMembersshallrefrainintheirinternationalrelationsfromthethreatoruseofforceagainsttheterritorialintegrityorpoliticalindependenceofanystate,orinanyothermannerinconsistentwiththePurposesoftheUnitedNations."Article2(4).TheCharterauthorizestheuseofforceinselfdefense.Article51.SeeChapterVIIandChapterVIIIformoreprovisions.Comparejusadbellum(righttouseforce)withjusinbello(conductduringwar).juscivile（市民法）lawcreatedwithineachcountry. JuscivileisoneoftwocategoriesoflawinformalRomanlaw,alongwithjusgentium.juscogens（强制性法规；强制法；绝对法）"compellinglaw,"peremptoryprinciplesofinternationallawthatcannotbeoverridenbyspecifictreatiesbetweencountries;thatis:normsthatadmitofnoderogation;theyarebindingonallstatesatalltimes(e.g.,prohibitionsonaggression,slavery,andgenocide)..jusgentium（万民法）"lawofpeoples"or"lawoftribes," abodyoflawdevelopedbyaRomanpraetorperegrinus;appliedtonon-RomansintheEmpireandtodealingsbetweenRomansandnon-Romans. JusgentiumisoneoftwocategoriesoflawinformalRomanlaw,alongwithjuscivile.jusgentiumprivatum（国际私法）PrivateInternationalLawjusgentiumpublicum（国际公法）PublicInternationalLawjusinbello（战时法）JusticeinWar.Theseprinciplesgoverntheconductofpartiesduringthelawofwarandarmedconflict,andinabroadersensedefinetherightsandobligationsofneutralparties.Thebasiclegalframeworksinclude,butarenotlimitedto:the1907HagueConventionsandRegulations;GenevaConventionsof1949andthe1977ProtocolsIandII;the1925GenevaGasProtocol;the1954HagueCulturalPropertyConvention;the1972BiologicalWeaponsConvention;the1980ConventionalWeaponsConvention;andthe1993ChemicalWeaponsConvention.Seealsojusadbellum.jusintergentes（国家间法）"lawamongpeoples"(nations).jusnaturale（自然法）lawofnature.TheclassicalGreeksoriginatedthe"naturallaw"idea,butitwasgreatlyelaborateduponbytheRomans,includingMarcusAureliusandCicero;naturallawscholarsarguethatlawhasametaphysicalsource(God,nature)andisapprehensiblebyrationalhumans;thelawtranscendstiem,place,andcircumstancejussanguines（血统主义；儿童国籍决定于父母国籍的惯例；根据血统决定国籍的原则）the"rightofblood"or"lawofdescent":atbirthanindividualacquiresthenationalityofherorhisparents. Incontrasttojussoli.jussoli（出生地主义；儿童国籍决定于他的出生地的惯例；根据出生地决定国籍的原则）the"law(orright)ofthesoil"-thelegalprinciplethatanindividual'snationalityisdeterminedbythatperson'splaceofbirth(thatis,theterritoryofagivenstate).Contrasttojussanguineslacunae（漏洞；“法律的间隙”）"holes"inthelaw;agaporblankinawriting.lexcommunis（普通法）thecommonlaw;thebodyoflawdevelopedbyhumanpractice.lexferenda（拟议法；应有法）whatthelawoughttobelexlata（现有法律；现行法）whatthelawislexloci（所在地法）lawoftheplace.Thenotionthattherightstoalegalproceedingaregovernedbythelawoftheplacewherethoserightsarose.lexposteriorderogatpriori（后法优于前法；孰后优先）morerecentlawprevailsover(abrogrates,overrrules,trumps)aninconsistentearlierlaw.Onetestthatisappliedincircumstanceswhen(1)bothcustomaryandtreatysourcesoflawexistand(2)thesetwosourcescannotbeconstruedconsistently.Contrasttolexspecialisderogatgenerali.lexscripta（成文法）written,"blackletter"lawlexspecialisderogatgenerali（特别法优于一般法；特别法优先）specificlawprevailsover(abrogrates,overrrules,trumps)generallaw.Onetestthatisappliedincircumstanceswhen(1)bothcustomaryandtreatysourcesoflawexistand(2)thesetwosourcescannotbeconstruedconsistently.Contrasttolexposteriorderogatpriori.locusdelicti（不法行为地；犯罪地）Theplaceoftheoffense.malecaptus,benedetentus（以不恰当手段抓捕的罪犯可以合法拘押）"badlycaptured,welldetained,"thelegalprinciplethatpermitsthetrialofanimproperlyseizeddefendant;inU.S.practice,articulatedbythe"Ker-Frisbiedoctrine"maluminse（不法）inherentlywrong.Anactthatiswrongbyitsnature,regardlessofspecificprohibitionagainstit.malumprohibitum（法律禁止的不法行为）prohibited,asbylaw.Anactthatiswrongbecauseitisexpresslyprohibitedbylaw.mareclausum（领海；闭海）closedseas;asopposedtomareliberum(freedomoftheseas)mareliberum（公海）freedomoftheseas;asopposedtomareclausum(closedseas)mutatismutandis（加以必要的变通；比照；参照）"whenwhatmustbechangedhasbeenchanged,"aftermakingthenecessarychanges;withalterationstofitthenewcircumstances. Forexample: "Thenewprovisionsgoverningthetribunal'soperationsaretoapplyaswelltothecourt'soperations,mutatismutandis.nonliquet（法律欠缺；不予裁决）thelawisinsufficienttoprovideadecisionnuncprotunc（事后补正）nowforthen.Referstoactionsthatmaybetakenwithretroactiveeffect.opiniojurissivenecessitatis（法律必要确信）(orsimply,opiniojuris)theperceptionthatagivenbehaviorisrequiredbylaw,thatitislegallyobliged,aduty.(asopposedtobehaviorsthataremotivatedbyotherconcerns,orsimplyrandomorhabitualbehavior).Example:theS.S.Lotuscase.pactasuntservanda（有约必守）thedoctrinethatagreementsmustbeobserved(thatis:honored,obeyed).Contrasttorebussicstantibus.percuriam（经由法庭；法院意见；法庭整体意见）bythecourt.Anopinionwrittenbythecourtwithnoidentifiedauthor.personanongrata（不受欢迎的人）Anunwelcomeperson--thisisthebasisofexpulsionindiplomaticexchanges.praetorperegrinus（外事裁判官）theRomanmagistratewhodevisedtherulesofthejusgentiumprimafacie（初步，例：primafacieevidence初步证据）"atfirstsight,"onthefaceofit,onfirstconsideration.Somethingpresumedorinferredtobetrue,unlessprovenotherwise.ThestandardofevidenceappliedatU.S.extraditionhearings.quodhoc（关于此事；单就这一点）onthismatter.ratioscripta（成文的理性）"writtenreason,"theassessmentofRomanlawcommonlyheldintheMedievalperiodrebussicstantibus（情事变更） "mattersstandingthus," "thingsstayingastheyare"-thedoctrinethattreatyobligationsholdonlyaslongasthefundamentalconditionsandexpectationsthatexistedatthetimeoftheircreationhold.Contrasttopactasuntservanda.UnderArticle62oftheUNViennaConventionontheLawofTreaties(VCLT),apartymaybeabletomodifyorterminateatreatyduetoanunforeseeableandfundamentalchangeofcircumstances.Thisprinciplecannotbeusedforatreatydefininggeographicalboundariesandcannotbeinvokedastheresultofabreachofatreaty.SeetheGabcikovo-NagymarosProject(Hungaryv.Slovakia,ICJ)(applyingArticle62).resjudicata（既判力）"amatteradjudged",thelegalprinciplecommontomanymunicipallawsystemsthatprovidesthatamatterissettledonceafinaljudgmenthasbeenmade.Arguably,ageneralprincipleofinternationallawunderArticle38(1)(c)oftheI.C.J.Statute.rescommunis（共有物）belongingtoeveryone/lawofthecommons.Typicallyusedtorefertoaterritorialcategoryforpropertyandlandsincapableofbeingowned,suchasthehighseasandouterspace.resjudicata（已决事件；一事不再理原则）athingdecided.Acommonlawdoctrineholdingthatanadjudicatedmattercannotbelitigatedagainbyanothercourt.respublicachristiana（基督教共同体）thecommunityofChristiannations.sinequanon（绝对必需；必不可少的条件）"withoutwhichnot,"anindispensablecondition,aprerequisitestaredecisis（遵循先例；判决拘束原则）Thedoctrinethatpreviouscourtdecisionsestablishbindingprecedentforfuturecasesofsimilarsituations;thatis,thatcourtswillabidebypreviouslydecidedcases. StaredecisisisinapplicabletotheI.C.J.Seearticle59oftheStatuteoftheICJ.terranullius（无主地）landwithoutanowner("noman'sland");territorythatmaybeacquiredbyastate'soccupationofit.Typicallyusedtorefertoaterritorialcategoryforlandthatisnotoccupiedbutcapableofbeingoccupied.ultravires（越权）"beyondthepowers";inexcessoftheauthorityconferredbylaw,andhence,invalid,lackinglegaleffectutipossidetis（占有保持原则）"asyoupossess",soyoumaycontinuetopossess.Inthepost-warcontext: theconceptthatastatemayretainpossessionofterritoryacquiredbyforceduringwar.Inthepost-colonialcontext: theconceptthatcolonialterritorialboundariescontinueinthepost-colonialperiodandthatdecolonizedterritoriesarenotterranullius(andthus,subjecttooccupation).See,forexample,BurkinaFasov.Malivelnon（或者不是）"ornot"